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Biodegradation of xenobiotics
- 1. Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds: Petroleum Hydrocarbons and pesticide degradation Gaurav Raja Parmar M.Sc. 3rd sem. Department of Biotechnology, BU, Bhopal
- 2. Synopsis 1. Biodegradation 2. Xenobiotics 3. Source of Xenobiotics 4. Biodegradation pathway of xenobiotics 5. Microbial degradation of xenobiotics - Degradation of Petroleum - Degradation of Pesticide compounds 6. Recent research 7. References
- 3. Biodegradation Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are decomposed by micro-organisms into simpler substances such as carbon dioxide, water and ammonia. Biodegradation is nature's way of recycling wastes, or breaking down organic matter into nutrients that can be used by other organisms. Degradation" means decay, and the "bio-" prefix means that the decay is carried out by a huge assortment of bacteria, fungi, insects, worms, and other organisms that eat dead material and recycle it into new forms. http://www.eawag.ch/en
- 4. Xenobiotics What are Xenobiotics ? A compound that is foreign in nature to biological systems is known as a Xenobiotic compound. This compounds are relatively persisting in the environment because they are highly thermodynamically stable This compounds can have various toxic effects on humans such as exhibit acute carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic effects. Pandit et al, 2007
- 5. Sources of Xenobiotics • Chemical and pharmaceutical industries - Produce a wide array of xenobiotics and synthetic polymerase. • Pulp and Paper bleaching- Natural and man-made chlorinated organic compound in environment. • Mining – Which release heavy metals into biochemical cycle. • Fossil fuels – Coal and petroleum. • Intensive Agriculture- Which releases massive amounts of Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. Thakur , 2011
- 7. List of xenobiotic compounds and their degrading microbial species Xenobiotic compounds Microorganism degrading xenobiotics Reference Petroleum hydrocarbons: Crude oil, Engine oil, Petrol, Bacillus sp. S6 and S35 Sepahi et al, 2008 Pseudomonas sp. PSI, PSII, Mittal et al, 2009 Bacillus subtilis Darsa et al, 2014 Micrococcus sp. Santhini et al, 2009 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Umanu et al, 2017 Proteus vulgaris SR1 Olajide et al, 2010
- 8. Xenobiotic compounds Microorganism degrading xenobiotics Reference Pesticides: Glyphosate Pseudomonas putida, P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter faecalis Olawale et al, 2011 Organochlorine- DDT Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. putida, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, Barragan et al, 2007 Tetrachlorvinphos Stenotrophomonas malthophilia, Proteusvulgaris, Serratia ficaria, Serratia sp. and Yersinia enterocolitica Ortiz et al, 2010
- 9. Xenobiotic compounds Microorganism degrading xenobiotics Reference Atrazine Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Providencia sp. and Pseudomaonas sp. El-Bestawy et al, 2014 Organochlorine Actinomycetes Feuntes et al, 2010
- 10. Biodegradation pathways of xenobiotic Compounds Microorganisms apply two modes of action for degradation of xenobiotics compound. 1- Aerobic biodegradation- Xenobiotic compound + O2----------------CO2 + H2O + biomass + residue 2- Anaerobic biodegradation- Xenobiotic compound------------------------ CO2 + CH4 + H2O + biomass + residue Jayasekara et al, 2005
- 11. Aerobic and Anaerobic xenobiotics degradative bacteria Aerobic bacteria Anaerobic bacteria Pseudomonas Pelatomaculum Gordonia Desulphovibrio Bacillus Methanospirillum Moraxella Variovorax Micrococcus Syntrophobacter Escherichia Syntrophus Sphingobium Rhodococcus Hamsavathani et al 2015
- 13. Microbial degradation of xenobiotic compounds Microorganism has the capability of degrading all naturally occurring compounds; this is known as the principle of microbial infallibility proposed by Alexander in 1965. Microorganism play a major role in degradation of xenobiotics. They transform toxic contaminants in to non-hazardous or less hazardous substances. Most of the micro-organisms, particularly bacteria are known for detoxifying abilities. Hamsavathani et al, 2015
- 14. Microbial Enzymes involved in biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides Microbial Oxidoreductases- Oxidoreductases detoxify toxic xenobiotics like phenolic or anilinic compounds, either by polymerization, copolymerization. Microbial Oxygenases- Oxygenases classified under the oxidoreductase group of enzymes (Class 1). Oxidation reaction is the major enzymatic reaction of aerobic biodegradation is catalyzed by oxygenases. Phosphotriesterases (PTEs)- PTEs are microbial isolated enzyme which hydrolyze and detoxify organophosphatepesticides (OPs).These enzymes mainly hydrolyze phosphoester bonds like P –O, P–F, P–NC, and P–S. Hamsavathani et al, 2015
- 15. Degradation of Petroleum products The main components present in petroleum are hydrocarbons, a significant portion of compounds contain nitrogen, Sulphur and oxygen and some metals. The compounds are degraded by aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms containing catabolic enzymes and gene present either plasmid or genomic DNA or both. Thakur et al, 2011
- 16. Benzene Glazer et al, 2007
- 17. Arenes Thakur et al, 2011
- 18. Chlorinate Organic Compounds Thakur et al, 2011
- 19. Degradation of Pesticides The pesticides belong to a category of chemicals that are used worldwide as herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides and plant growth regulators in order to control weeds, pests and diseases in crops as well as for health care of humans and animals. The use of pesticides for pest control has been widely used in agriculture. However, the indiscriminate use of pesticides has inflicted serious harm and problems to humans as well as to the biodiversity. Hamsavathani et al, 2015
- 20. Factors influencing pesticides degradation The Environment pH, temperature and salinity Nutrient availability Light quality and intensity Available water Binding to surfaces The molecule Solubility in water Chemical structure, molecular weight Concentration and solubility Hamsavathani et al, 2015
- 21. Recent research Study on the biodegradation of crude oil by free and immobilized bacterial consortium in marine environment Qingguo Chen1 ,Jingjing Li1, Mei Liu1,Huiling Sun1,Mutai Bao2 1.College of Marine Science & Technology , Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, P.R.China 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theoryand Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R.China March 27, 2017
- 22. References • Barragan H., Costa-Perez, C., Barrera J., Esparza G.F. Rodriguez V.R., (2007), Biodegradation of organochlorine pesticides by bacteria grown in micro niches of the porous structure of green bean coffee, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 59: 239–244. • Chen Q.,Li J.,Liu M.,Sun H., Bao M., (2017), Study on the biodegradation of crude oil by free and immobilized bacterial consortium in marine environment, Plos one, 12(3):1-25. • Darsa K.V., Thatheyus A.J., Ramya D., (2014), Biodegradation of petroleum compound using the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Science International, 20–25 • El-Bestawy E., Sabir J., Mansy A.H., Zabermawi N., (2014), Comparison of the efficiency of different bioremediation technologies of Atrazine contaminated soils. Journal of Bioremediation and Biodegradation, 5: 237- 243. • Feuntes M.S., Benimeli, C.S., Cuozza S.A., Saezl J.M., Amorosa M.J., (2010), Microorganisms capable to degrade organochlorine pesticides, Current Research, Technology and Education topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, 1255-1264.
- 23. • Glazer A.N., Nikaido H., (2007), Microbial degradation of xenobiotics,In: Microbial Biotechnology, 2nd (Edn) Cambridge University press c/o Cambridge university press pvt. Ltd Cambridge house 4381/4 New Delhi, pp 500-527. • Hamsavathani V., Aysha O.S., Valli S., (2015), Biodegradation of Xenobiotics: A review on petroleum hydrocarbons andpestiside degradation, World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 4: 1791-1808. • Jayasekara R., Harding I., Bowater I., Lonergan G., (2005), Biodegradability of selected range of polymers and polymer blends and standard methods for assessment of biodegradation, Journal of Polymers and Environment, 13(3): 231–250. • Mittal A., Singh P.(2009). Isolation of Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from soils contaminated with crude oil spills, Indian J. Experimental . Biology, 47: 760–765. • Olajide P.O., Ogbeifun L.B.,(2010). Hydrocarbon biodegrading potentials of a Proteus vulgaris strain isolated from fish samples, American Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(7): 922–928.
- 24. • Ortiz M. L., Sanchez E., (2010), Biodegradation of the organophosphate pesticide tetrachlorvinphos by bacteria isolated from agricultural soils in Mexico, Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient, 26(1): 27-38. • Pandit T.T., Kandavel D., (2008), Environmental Biotechnology, Biodegradation of Xenobiotics,In:Textbook of Biotechnology, 1st (Edn) I.K. International publishing house Pvt. Ltp., S-25 Upadhyay cinema market New Delhi, pp-507-508. • Sepahi A.A., Golpasha D.I., Emami M., Nakhoda, M.A., (2008). Isolation and characterization of crude oil degrading Bacillus sp, Iranian Jounal of Environmental Health, Science and Engineering, 5(3): 149–154. • Santhini. K, Myla M., Sajani. S., Usharani, G.,(2009), Screening of Micrococcus Sp. from oil contaminated soil with reference to bioremediation. Botany Research International, 2(4): 248–252. • Thakur S.I., (2011), Biodegradation and bioconversion of Xenobiotic compounds, In:Textbook of Environmental Biotechnology, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd.,S-25 Upadhyay cinema market New Delhi, pp 234-288. • Umanu G., Akpe, A.R., Omoikhudu A.R., (2013), Oil degradation assessment of bacteria isolated from used motor oil contaminated soils in OTA Nigeria, International Journal of Advanced Biological Research, 3(4): 506–513.