2. CONTENTS:
PACKAGING
FUNCTIONS OF PACKAGING
TYPES OF PACKAGING
COMPONENTS OF PACKAGING
AEROSOL PACKAGING
CONTAINER & CLOSURES
PACKAGE TESTING
REFERENCES
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3. PACKAGING
Packaging has been defined as the means economically providing :-
• Presentation
• Identification
• Protection
• Convenience
• Containment during storage
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5. 1. SOLID PRODUCTS:
Solid dosages form such as tablets and capsules are by far the most commonly used today.
Traditionally they have been packed in bottles, originally made from glass but latterly from
various plastics.
The walls of the container are usually amber or completely opaque to minimize the
possibility of photo degradation.
Powder or granules have a variety of role when used as a final dosage form.
They usually packed as single dosages in flexible sachets.
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6. 2. SEMI-SOLID PRODUCT
The relevant characteristics of these products for packaging purpose are that they are often too viscous to
flow but contain a sufficient amount of water to be classified as “wet ” products.
Semi solid product include creams, emulsions, gels or ointments.
Flexible tubes are frequently used to contain semi solids.
These can be made from aluminium or plastic such as polyethylene.
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7. 3. LIQUID PRODUCTS
Traditionally glass has been the material of choice for the packaging of liquid but a
variety of plastics is now widely used providing they have little or no permeability to
the liquid
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8. UNIT PACKS:
Unit packs in which individual dosage are separated from each other are popular for
many type of dosage form.
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9. CHILD RESISTANCE PACKAGING:
Child resistance container work on one of two principle-
Certain degree of strength will be needed to open the product.
High degree of manual coordination is required
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10. TAMPER RESISTANCE PACKAGING:
Tamper resistance can be conferred on a pack by using a roll on closure which
has a perforated collar
Which grips on to a lip on the bottle neck & these perforation must be broken
before the cap can be unscrewed.
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11. COMPONENTS OF PACKAGING:
I. GLASS
II. METALS
III. RUBBERS
IV. PLASTICS
V. FIBROUS MATERIALS
VI. FOIL, FILMS &LAMINATES
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12. I. GLASS:
Glass is composed of sand, soda ash, limestone,& cullet.
Si, Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn & Ba are generally used into preparation of glass
ADVANTAGE:
They are transparent.
They have good protection power.
They can be easily labelled.
DISADVANTAGE:
Glass is fragile so easily broken.
Release alkali to aqueous prerparation.
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13. TYPE OF GLASS:
I. COLOURED GLASS OR AMBER GLASS
II. SULPHURED GLASS
III. BOROSILICATE GLASS
IV. TREATED SODALIME GLASS
V. REGULAR SODALIME GLASS
VI. GENERAL PURPOSE SODALIME GLASS
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14. PLASTICS:
These are synthetic polymers of high molecular weight.
These containers are made from following polymers :
a) POLYETHYLENE
b) POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
c) POLYSTYRENE
d) NYLON
e) POLYCARBONATE
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15. METALS:
The thickest aluminium is used for rigid containers. Eg. Aerosol cans
Intermediate thickness is steel important but the pack should be capable of being
deformed under a reasonable force. Eg. Collapsible tube for semisolid preparations.
Thinnest aluminium is used in flexible foils.
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16. RUBBERS:
Rubbers are excellent material for forming seals so they are used almost
exclusively to form closures such as bungs for vials or in similar application
such as gasket in aerosol can
These are consist of Two types:
a) NATURAL
b) SYNTHETIC
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17. FIBROUS MATERIALS:
Paper & board are used in various form for packaging of pharmaceutical
products.
They are used for preparing outer container such as cartons, boxes, envelopes.
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18. FOIL, FILMS & LAMINATES
FOILS:
The most important metal for this application is aluminium.
FILMS
Cellophane is an attractive transparent film which can be colored and printed
upon so it useful as outer wrap.
LAMINATES
Laminates are used to combine the properties of individual foil and films and
strictly are made by bonding the layer with adhesive.
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19. AEROSOL PACKGING
Aerosol may be defined as disperse phase system in which very fine solid
particles or liquid droplets get dispersed in the gas which act as continuous
phase.
ADVANTAGE:
Absence of air prevents oxidation of the product
The application of medicaments is easier
DISADVANTAGE:
Aerosols are costly preparation
Some of the propellants are very toxic
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20. PARTS OF AEROSOL CONTAINER
I. CONTAINER
II. VALVE
III. ACTUATOR
IV. DIP TUBE
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22. CONTAINER AND CLOSURE
CONTAINER:
Pharmaceutical containers has been defined as a device that holds the
drugs or it may or may not be indirect contact with the pharmaceutical
preparation.
TYPES OF CONTAINERS
I. WELL CLOSED CONTAINER
II. SINGLE DOSE CONTAINER
III. MULTI DOSE CONTAINER
IV. LIGHT RESISTANCE CONTAINER
V. AIR TIGHT CONTAINER
VI. AEROSOL CONTAINER
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23. CLOSURE:
An effective closure must prevent the contents from escaping & allow no substance
to the container.
TYPE OF CLOSURE:
A. PLUG TYPE
B. CROWN TYPE
C. PUSH FIT TYPE
D. SCREW TYPE
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27. REFERENCES:
I. Aulton Michael E., “Aulton’s Pharmaceutics The Design and Manufacture of Medicines”, Edited by
Churchill Livingstone Elsevier limited, 3rd edition,2007,pp 626-639.
II. Lachman leon, Lieberman Herbert A., Kanig Joseph L., “The theory & practice of industrial pharmacy”
published by Varghese publishing house, bombay, 3rd edition,1991,pp 711-732.
III. Cooper and Gunn’s, “Tutorial pharmacy”, edited by S.J.Carter,Publishing by CBS publisher &distributors,
Delhi, 6th edition, 2005,pp 131-141.
IV. Mehta R.M., “Pharmaceutics- 1”Published by vallabh prakashan, delhi, 2nd edition, pp 73-93.
V. http://www.ipapharma.org/events/Stability/JBhat.pdf (15/11/09)
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