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    -
CROSS-CULTURAL TRAINING

   Welcome to our
  training program!

      START
-   Section   1         SECTION 1: ICE BREAKING
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   In this first section you will be introduced to the other managers.
-   Section   4   You will virtually meet your colleagues and face a simple ice-breaking
-   Section   5   game.
                  Take 30 minutes to complete this part. At the end of this time, the section
                  will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the
                  same time of your colleagues   .
-   Section   1
                  LETS’ START!
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5
-   Section   1   Who we are
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5
-   Section   1
                                   THE ITALIAN MANAGER
-   Section   2   Name: Fabrizio
-   Section   3   Surname: Mantegazza
                  Born in: Rome, Italy
-   Section   4   Date of birth: 3-6-1970
-   Section   5   Field of interest: accounting
                  Other interests: football, cinema, Italian music
                  How he describes himself in three words: Punctual, imaginative, perfectionist
                  A sentence that rapresent Himself: Veni, vidi, vici (Julius Caesar)
                  Favourite Film: Scarface, Brian de Palma
                  Favourite song: Certe Notti, Luciano Ligabue
                  Three things in which he believes: family, friendship and hard work
                  His strength: tireless
                  His weakness: excessive self-oriented

                  Curriculum vitae

                  October 1990- July 1995 Graduated in Business Administration at Luiss Guido Carli, Rome
                  October 1996- July 1997 Master in Business Adiministration at Harvard Business school
                  August 1998- September 2003 Consultant at Apple Inc.
                  October 2003 P&G, Milan.
-   Section   1
                                 THE BRASILIAN MANAGER
-   Section   2   Name: Consuelo
-   Section   3   Surname: De Silva
                  Born in: Teresina , Brasil
-   Section   4   Date of birth: 4-10-1975
-   Section   5   Field of interest: corporate finance
                  Other interests: dancing, ITC, litterature
                  How he describes herself in three words: outgoing, determined, ambitious
                  A sentence that rapresent Herself: De boas intencòes està o Inferno cheio (of good
                               intenctions it is full the hell)
                  Favourite film: The bridge of Madison County, Clint Eastwood
                  Favourite song: Agua de marzo , Elis Regina
                  Three things in which he believes: family, friendship, music
                  His strength: patient
                  His weakness: moody

                  Curriculum vitae

                  October 1994- July 1999 Graduated in Finance at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
                  October 1999- July 2000 Master in Business Adminstration at Bocconi University
                  September 2000 P&G, San Paolo
-   Section   1
                                  THE AMERICAN MANAGER
-   Section   2
                  Name: Peter
-   Section   3   Surname: Donaway
                  Born in: Menphis, USA
-   Section   4   Date of birth: 12-12-1972
-   Section   5   Field of interest: International management
                  Other interests: golf, travel, yacht, woman
                  How he describes himself in three words: smart, direct, friendly
                  A sentence that rapresent Himself: If i will ever talk about love and stars, kill me.
                  Favourite Film: Carlito’s way, Brian De Palma
                  Favourite song: Sweet home Alabama, Lynyrd Skynyrd
                  Three things in which he believes: seriousness, perseverance, friendship
                  His strength: compliant
                  His weakness: careless

                  Curriculum vitae

                  October 1990- July 1995 Graduated in Business Administration at Princeton
                  October 1996- July 1997 Master in International management at Hong Kong Baptist University
                  August 1998- September 2003 Consultant at Dell Inc.
                  October 2003 P&G, New York
-   Section   1
                                  THE CHINESE MANAGER
-   Section   2   Name: Wan
-   Section   3   Surname: Chen
                  Born in: Shanghai
-   Section   4   Date of birth: 7-7-1971
-   Section   5   Field of interest: Marketing
                  Other interests: play piano, opera, cusine
                  How he describes himself in three words: meticulous, reflective, complaisant
                  A sentence that rapresent Herself: The man who have too many words, often have no certainty
                  Favourite Film: Inception, Christopher Nolan
                  Favourite song: Green light, Yanzi Sun
                  Three things in which he believes: constancy, reflection before action, coherence
                  His strength: peaceful
                  His weakness: too introspective

                  Curriculum vitae:

                  October 1990- July 1995 Graduated in marketing management af Fudan Univesity
                  August 1996- September 1997 Master in Marketing at Sorbonne, Paris
                  October 1998-June2004 Product manager L’Oreal
                  October 2004 P&G, Shanghai
-   Section   1
                         Let’s break the ice: a simple exercise
-   Section   2   Imagine that you have two different dates with both your opposite
-   Section   3   gender collegues. The dates will last a whole afternoon and involve also
                  dinner.
-   Section   4   Imagine that you can choose any place to go and any activity to do.
-   Section   5   Your task is to persuade him/her coming out with you, explaning her/him
                  the place you will visit, the dish you will taste and the experience you will
                  live in order to present as better as you can the features of your culture.
                  Imagine your date, use picture and videos to better involve your collegue.

                  You now have to connect to Skype and have a 5 minutes chatting with
                  each of your opposite gender colleagues. The game will thus last 10
                  minutes. At the end of this time, the section will automatically end in
                  order to let you start the next session at the same time of your
                  colleagues.
                                                                  START
                                  Are you ready?
                                                                 THE GAME
-   Section   1
                    Lets break the ice: a simple exercise
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5
                                    LOADING...

                  Waiting that all the partecipants are ready
-   Section   1
                  Lets break the ice: a simple exercise
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5
-   Section   1
                          Lets break the ice: a simple exercise
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   With this simple tool you have had the opportunity to start understanding
-   Section   4   something about your colleagues. You started eliminating cultural and
                  gender barriers.
-   Section   5
                  We preferred not to let you talk yet in order to allow you to better express
                  your idea and interests, without beeing embarassed.
-   Section   1   SECTION 2: CROSS-CULTURAL AWARNESS
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   Cross-cultural projects are usually the most challenging but, on average,
-   Section   4   the most successful.
-   Section   5
                  We try with this section to increase the understanding of your colleagues’
                  cultures, in order to make you feel confortable and tolerant in facing
                  differences during your future project.

                  Take 30 minutes to complete this part. At the end of this time, the section
                  will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the
                  same time of your colleagues.
-   Section   1
                  Was the ice-breaking enough?
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5      Are you seriously concerned on the outcomes of this new
                     collaboration between you and your foreign colleagues?

                  Probably considering all the differences between you and them,
                                   you are even more worried.
-   Section   1        Well... Go beyond!
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5



                   If your collegues were similar to you, probably now you would feel more
                  relaxed; in fact it is quite common that we are attracted to people who
                  share our demographic traits (race, age and gender), which belong to
                  what is called “surface-level diversity”. We pay attention to surface
                  diversity because we assume it is related to “deep-level diversity”, such
                  as values, beliefs and attributes. However, when we meet people for the
                  first time, we are not able to understand whether they share our own
                  values or not. Researchers define this as Similarity-Attraction
                  Phenomenon.
-   Section   1     Beside the theory...
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
                  If you are not among the most enthusiastic estimators of theory,
-   Section   4
                                   you will not probably feel reassured.
-   Section   5
                     Thus, you are willing to prefer collaborating with people that
                                  you think are closer to your mind-set.

                               But how are they really similar to you?



                        Let’s try this simple exercise!
-   Section   1   What do you see in this picture?
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5
-   Section   1    What do you see in this picture?
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
                  Have you seen a young
-   Section   5       appealing lady?




                                          Or an old woman?
-   Section   1   What do you see in this picture?
-   Section   2
-   Section   3                            Look again
-   Section   4                       The young woman’s cheek is
-   Section   5                      actually the old woman’s nose.

                                    The young woman’s nose is the
                                    old woman’s right eye while her
                                     left eye is the young woman’s
                                                  left ear.

                                     The old woman’s mouth is the
                                       young woman’s necklace.

                                       The headscarf and the fur
                                     remain the same for both the
                                               figures.
-   Section   1       What do you see in this picture?
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   Try with this one
-   Section   4
-   Section   5




                                      What do you see?
-   Section   1   What do you see in this picture?
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4                   Do you see a saxophonist
-   Section   5
                                     or a femine visage?
                                    If you look at the black figure
                                   you can observe the musitian, if
                                        you concentrate on the
                                    background of the image, you
                                          will notice the girl.
-
-
    Section
    Section
              1
              2
                     Differences in perspectives
-   Section   3
                  It is always fascinating to check the results of this game; in fact, it
-   Section   4   shows how people may have different perspectives on something
-   Section   5   that, at least apparently, seems to be the same.

                  The game aims in showing that people, even those similar in
                  demographic traits, are likely to reach different conclusions. This
                  does not have to scare you, instead it has to help you destroying the
                  barriers between you and people that you judge as different from
                  you.

                  Let’s start considering something that goes beyond it, focusing on
                  the cultural background of each person…
-
-
    Section
    Section
              1
              2
                      Create cultural awarness
-   Section   3
-   Section   4   What do you know about the cultures of your colleagues?
-   Section   5
                  Grade each of the following statements about your country and
                  others’ and see the final results in order to understand how much
                  prejudices influence your answers.

                  Each manager has to complete the questionaire by himself for all
                  the countries provided.
-   Section   1   How do people behave?
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4               Self-oriented               Group-oriented
-   Section   5
                                    1    2    3   4   5   6    7   8
                     Brasil
                                    1    2    3   4   5   6    7   8
                      Italy
                                    1    2    3   4   5   6    7   8
                       US
                                    1    2    3   4   5   6    7   8
                      China
-   Section   1   To what extent do people care about the
-   Section   2        distribution of power?
-   Section   3
-   Section   4               Extremely low               Extremely high
-   Section   5
                                   1    2     3   4   5   6    7   8
                     Brasil
                                   1    2     3   4   5   6    7   8
                     Italy
                                   1    2     3   4   5   6    7   8
                      US
                                   1    2     3   4   5   6    7   8
                     China
-   Section   1   To what extent are people propense to
-   Section   2        risk?
-   Section   3
-   Section   4               Extremely low               Extremely high
-   Section   5
                                   1    2     3   4   5   6    7   8
                     Brasil
                                   1    2     3   4   5   6    7   8
                     Italy
                                   1    2     3   4   5   6    7   8
                      US
                                   1    2     3   4   5   6    7   8
                     China
-   Section   1   Which temporal horizont do people take
-   Section   2         into consideration?
-   Section   3
-   Section   4               Short term                Long term
                              orientation               orientation
-   Section   5
                                   1    2   3   4   5   6   7   8
                     Brasil
                                   1    2   3   4   5   6   7   8
                     Italy
                                    1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8
                      US
                                    1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8
                     China
-   Section   1   Is there a division of roles between
-   Section   2         sexes within the society?
-   Section   3
-   Section   4               Weak                               Strong
-   Section   5
                                     1   2   3   4   5   6   7     8
                     Brasil
                                     1   2   3   4   5   6   7     8
                     Italy
                                     1   2   3   4   5   6   7     8
                      US
                                     1   2   3   4   5   6   7     8
                     China
Why these questions?
-   Section    1
                     They are linked to five dimensions that actually explain cultural differences among
-   Section    2     countries, according to a study conducted by Hofstede.
-   Section    3                                                      How much members of
                                                                      the culture define
-   Section    4                              Individualism           themselves apart from
                                                                      their group             Are people anxious
-   Section    5                             vs Collectivism          memberships?            about the
                                                                                              unpredictability of the
                          Power                                                               future?


                        distance                                          Uncertainty
    How much the less
    powerful members of
                                               CULTURAL                    avoidance
    institutions and
    organizations expect and                 DIFFERENCES
    accept that power is
    distributed unequally?


Are people competitive,
assertive and ambitious or                                                             Which is the time
do they mostly care about      Masculinity vs                Long term vs              horizon of people’s
relationships and quality                                                              objectives?
of life?                        Femminility                   Short term
Our countries...
-   Section   1
                  120
-   Section   2                                                                 Italy
-   Section   3   100
-   Section   4    80                                                           China
-   Section   5    60
                   40                                                           Brasil
                   20
                                                                                 US
                    0
                        PDI      IDV MAS UAI                        LTO
                                PDI –Power Distance Incex
                                IDV –Individualism
                                MAS –Masculinity
                                UAI –Uncertainty Avoidance Index
                                LTO –Long Term Orientation
                         Geert Hofstede’s research, updated dataat year 2011.
-   Section   1     CHINA
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   LTO_ High time perspective and attitude of persevering, overcoming of
-   Section   4   the obstacles with time, if not with will and strength.

-   Section   5   PDI_ High level of inequality of power and wealth within the society.
                  This condition is not necessarily forced upon the population, but
                  rather accepted by the society as their cultural heritage.

                  MAS_High level of emphasis on a collectivist society by the communist
                  rule. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes
                  responsibility for fellow members of their group.
-   Section   1     BRAZIL
-   Section   2
-   Section   3    UAI_ Low level of tolerance for uncertainty. Presence of strict rules,
-   Section   4   laws, policies, and regulations to lower this phenomenon. The ultimate
                  goal of this population is to control everything in order to eliminate or
-   Section   5   avoid the unexpected. The society does not readily accept change and
                  is very risk adverse.

                  IDV_ Close long-term commitment to the member 'group', be that a
                  family, extended family, or extended relationships.
-   Section   1     USA
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   IDV_ Individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. The
                  population is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and their close
-   Section   4   family members.
-   Section   5
                  MAS_ High degree of gender differentiation of roles. The male dominates a
                  significant portion of the society and power structure. This situation
                  generates a female population that becomes more assertive and competitive.

                  LTO_ Strong belief in meeting obligations and tendency in reflecting an
                  appreciation for cultural traditions.

                  PDI_ Equality between societal levels, including government, organizations,
                  and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction
                  across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment.

                  UAI_ Few rules and great level of tolerance for a variety of ideas, thoughts,
                  and beliefs.
-   Section   1     ITALY
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   IDV_ Self-expression is important and overcomes the relationships
-   Section   4   with other people.

-   Section   5   UAI_ People prefer predictable situations and have low tolerance for
                  ambiguity.

                  MAS_ Quite strong separation of gender roles. Achievement needs
                  overcome affiliation ones.
-   Section   1        Why is culture so important in
-   Section   2             understanding differences?
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5   •   Cultures differ on such things as leadership, decision-making, and
                      motivation.
                  •   Cultures influence the appropriateness of HRM practices.
                  •   Cultures affect compensation systems.
                  •   Cultural differences shape the communication and coordination
                      processes in organizations.
                  •   Global organizations are transferring people increasingly to other
                      countries. This creates cultural diversity within work teams.
-   Section   1
-   Section   2      Cultural points of view
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5
                  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FP531_EkIOY&feature=fvwrel
-   Section   1
-   Section   2   This is the end of section two.
-   Section   3
                  Now that you have better undersood the cultural background of
-   Section   4   your colleagues you will be more tolerant and comprehensive
-   Section   5   with them.

                  Take now 10 minutes break. At the end of this time, the
                  program will automatically begin in order to let you start the
                  next session at the same time of your colleagues.
-   Section   1
                       SECTION 3: TEAM BUILDING
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   In this section you will collaborate with your colleagues in order to
-   Section   4   form a single entity, aware and tolerant of the differences that
                  compone itself, and ready to work for a successful project.
-   Section   5
                  This part will be completely done in video conference with your
                  colleagues. You are required to continue the training with them,
                  helping each other to understand the rules and coordinating your
                  moves in order to achieve the best possible outcomes.

                  This part will last 70 minutes. At the end of this time, the section will
                  automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the
                  same time of your colleagues.
-   Section   1        Lets start with a Tag Team Game
-   Section   2   Materials:
-   Section   3    – Large sheet of paper
                   – Writing paper
-   Section   4    – Pens or pencils
-   Section   5    – Marking pens

                  Description:
                  Imagine the "ultimate team member" by combining all of the best
                  traits of your colleagues into one imaginary person.
                  Give this "person" a name and draw a picture of him/her on the large
                  sheet of paper with different attributes labeled.
                  Imagine a story about this person.

                  Share your picture with the aid of the webcam and tell your story to
                  the other managers.

                  Take 5 minutes to do this exercise. At the end of this time, the section
                  will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the
                  same time of your colleagues.
-   Section   1        Discussion Prompts
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   •   How can you as a group member contribute to the team?
-   Section   4
-   Section   5   •   What can you do in a team than you can't do by yourself?

                  •   Which attributes do you think you have to contribute to the team
                      that were not mentioned in your story?
-   Section   1        Case study
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4   We are now going to present you two readings. Please read them
-   Section   5   carefully and compare your findings.

                  A Successful Project: The Year 2000 (Y2K) projects

                  A Failed Project: Iridium project
-   Section   1       The year 2000 (Y2k) projects
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   The Year 2000 (Y2K) projects were conducted by public and private
                  organizations around the globe. Diligent multi-cultural teams
-   Section   4   cooperated to prepare and remediate computer systems, outdated
                  software code, telecommunications networks, imbedded systems,
-   Section   5   and other infrastructure for the millennium date change. Countries
                  and organizations throughout the world recognized that while
                  maintaining management of their own Y2K projects, they would gain
                  from sharing information on their project plans, progress, problems
                  and successes. Even organizations in cultures not normally
                  accustomed to collaboration realized the value and importance of
                  sharing information and knowledge. Public and private organizations
                  throughout the world formed networking and information sharing
                  partnerships to respond to Y2K challenges. National, regional, and
                  global organizations shared knowledge about Y2K risks, problems, and
                  strategies. Some countries passed laws and regulatory guidance to
                  allow organizations to share information without legal concerns .
-   Section   1         Iridium project
-   Section   2
                  This project launched into space 66 low orbiting satellites to produce a
-   Section   3   telecommunication network that would cover the entire globe, and allow anywhere to
                  anywhere communications. It was the largest telecommunications project ever
-   Section   4   undertaken by the human race, costing $5 billion and involving several widely respected
                  high technology organizations and about 6,000 engineers, technicians and business
-   Section   5   administrators from many parts of the world. The project used some of the highest levels
                  of technology, included the largest commercial software development effort in history,
                  and involved 26 countries.
                  During its planning, design, and early implementation stages, the project was expected to
                  be a major success. However, the project was a dismal commercial and financial failure,
                  ultimately forcing Iridium LLC to file for bankruptcy in 1999. But, in bankruptcy court, the
                  entire venture was ultimately sold to a new entity, Iridium Satellite LLC. Iridium used
                  proven project management methods and best practices. However, the project strategy
                  relied heavily on the technical aspects and the schedule milestones. It appears to have
                  insufficiently addressed quality, feasibility, global marketing, team communications, and
                  customer acceptance of the product.
                  “Iridium’s international structure has proved almost impossible to manage: the 28
                  members of the board speak many languages, turning meetings into mini-U.N.
                  conferences complete with headsets translating the proceedings into five languages.
                  Problems in cross-cultural communications may have played an important role in the
                  demise of Iridium: The Chief Executive Officer of Iridium LLC “set up a chart with red,
                  green and yellow cars to illustrate which consortium partners were on schedule, which
                  were lagging, and which were far behind. According to one person who was there, several
                  partners who had been tagged with red cars refused to talk to him after the meeting”.
-   Section   1         Case discussion
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   •   What contribute to Y2K’s success and what lead to Iridium’s failure?
-   Section   4
-   Section   5   •   What are the pros and cons of cross-culture teams?

                  •   Which are your suggestions to avoid cross-cultural weaknesses?
-   Section   1       Lets come back with some theory...
-   Section   2          Why are team successful?
-   Section   3
-   Section   4       When one person cannot accomplish a job alone and several individuals must
                      cooperate to fulfill a mission, you need a team. Why?
-   Section   5
                  •   Teams initiate change
                  •   Teams are natural problem solving device
                      A team setting opens up new communication lines. Because of the necessity
                      of communication within a team, members encounter problems and
                      challenges in early stages and they are able to head them off with greater
                      efficiency and success.
                  •   Teams are collections of the organization’s best assets
                      Each team member has specific talents. By combining individuals in team
                      fashion, all of these talents are joined to work toward a common goal.
                  •   Opinions and perspectives sharing increase creativity


                                                                   BETTER OUTCOMES
-   Section   1       Team bulding role game
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
                Now four of you form a team to compete with other virtual
-   Section   4 teams during a computer online game called World of Warcraft.
-   Section   5
                 You are required to play for 20 minutes. At the end of this time,
                 the section will automatically end in order to let you start the
                 next session at the same time of your colleagues.

                 Are you ready?


                                    START
Team bulding role game


                 LOADING...
Waiting that all the partecipants are ready
-   Section   1       Discussion
-   Section   2
-   Section   3      Now share your opinions about your team tactics.
-   Section   4      Take 20 minutes for the discussion. At the end of this time, the
-   Section   5      section will automatically end in order to let you start the next
                     session at the same time of your colleagues.

                  1. During this process, what did you learn as a team player?
                  2. What was your role during the game? Did you manage to make
                     contribution to the team using your role advantage?
                  3. What can be done better as a team if given another chance?
                  4. Share the takeaways you learnt from this section which you
                     think can be used in the future team work.
-   Section   1
-   Section   2   This is the end of section three.
-   Section   3
                  Take now 10 minutes break. At the end of this time, the section
-   Section   4   will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at
-   Section   5   the same time of your colleagues.
-
-
    Section
    Section
              1
              2
                  SECTION 4: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
-   Section   3
-   Section   4   In this section you will understand the potential area of conflict
-   Section   5   with your colleagues and find some possible solutions to solve
                  them.


                  Complete this session in 30 minutes. At the end of this time, the
                  program will automatically begin in order to let you start the next
                  session at the same time of your colleagues.
-   Section   1   Conflict is inevitable!
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   Good teams always go through a "form, storm, norm and
-   Section   4   perform" period. Getting the most out of diversity means
                  often-contradictory values, perspectives and opinions.
-   Section   5
-   Section   1
                         Conflict dimensions
-   Section   2    PRECIPITATING EVENT AND/OR HOT BUTTONS
-   Section   3
-   Section   4                    INITIATE CONFLICT                                  Functional conflict
                                                                                      works toward the goal
-   Section   5      CONSTRUCTIVE                  DESTRUCTIVE                        of an organization or
                                                                                      group:
                       RESPONSES                    RESPONSES
                      Behaviors which keep        Behaviors which escalate
                      conflict to a minimum          a prolong conflict              increases information
                                                                                      and ideas
                                                                                     encourages innovative
                     TASK-FOCUSED                 PERSON-FOCUSED                      thinking
                       CONFLICT                      CONFLICT                        unshackles different
                      (cognitive)                   (emotional)                       points of view
                   - focus on task and problem    - focus on personalities           reduces stagnation
                   solving                        - negative emotions (anger,
                   - positive affect              frustration)
                   -tension decreases             -tension increases
                   - group functioning improves   - group functioning decreases



                  CONFLICT DE-ESCALATES CONFLICT ESCALATES
-   Section   1
                         Conflict dimensions
-   Section   2    PRECIPITATING EVENT AND/OR HOT BUTTONS
-   Section   3                                                                       Dysfunctional conflict
-   Section   4                    INITIATE CONFLICT                                  blocks an organization or
                                                                                      group from reaching its
-   Section   5      CONSTRUCTIVE                  DESTRUCTIVE                        goal:
                                                                                              high conflict
                       RESPONSES                    RESPONSES
                      Behaviors which keep        Behaviors which escalate
                      conflict to a minimum          a prolong conflict              tension, anxiety, stress
                                                                                     reduced trust
                                                                                     poor decisions because of
                     TASK-FOCUSED                 PERSON-FOCUSED                      withheld or distorted
                       CONFLICT                      CONFLICT                        excessive management
                      (cognitive)                   (emotional)                       focus on the conflict
                   - focus on task and problem    - focus on personalities
                   solving                        - negative emotions (anger,                 low conflict
                   - positive affect              frustration)
                   -tension decreases             -tension increases
                                                                                     few new ideas
                   - group functioning improves   - group functioning decreases      poor decisions from lack
                                                                                      of innovation and
                                                                                      information
                  CONFLICT DE-ESCALATES CONFLICT ESCALATES                           stagnation
-   Section   1
                       Effect of conflict on organization
-   Section   2            performance
-   Section   3                                                        Optimum level of conflict leads to

-   Section   4            HIGH                                        effective decision making and high
                                                                                  performance

-   Section   5
                     Level of
                  organizational
                   performance
                                           Too little conflict       Too much conflict
                                         causes performance         causes performance
                                               to suffer                 to suffer
                             LOW
                                     LOW               Level of conflict                        HIGH
                        Either too low or too high conflict can lead to poor performance.
-   Section   1         Discussion
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
-   Section   4   •   What kind of conflicts may you face in your future online
                      cooperation?
-   Section   5
                  •   Rank the importance of these conflicts.
-   Section   1
                    Little questionnaire
                  Complete the “Conflict-Handling Style Questionnaire” according to you past
-   Section   2   experience:
-   Section   3             What of the following mode do you use most frequently?
                            Avoid / Accommodation / Compromise / Collaboration
-   Section   4
-   Section   5                                         PROS                                   CONS
                                                                               •Establishes the battleground for the
                      competition          •The winner is clear
                                           •Winners usually experience gains
                                                                               next conflict
                                                                               •May cause worthy competitors to
                                                                               withdraw or leave the organization
                          win/lose

                      accomodation         •Curtails conflict situation
                                           •Enhances ego of the other
                                                                               •Sometimes establishes a precedence
                                                                               •Does not fully engage participants
                          lose/win

                       compromise          •Shows good will
                                           •Establishes friendship
                                                                               •No one gets what they want
                                                                               •May feel like a dead end
                          lose/lose
                                                                               •Hard to achieve since no one knows
                                           •Everyone “wins”                    how to achieve it
                      collaboration        •Creates good feelings              •Often confusing since players can
                                                                               “win” something they didn’t know
                          win/win                                              they wanted
Five conflict-Handling Styles
-   Section   1
-   Section   2                      Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Modes
-   Section   3                                    Competing                                Collaborating
                                                  -Zero-sum orientation                   -Expand range of possible options
-   Section   4                                  -Win/lose power struggle                    -Achieve win/win outcomes

-   Section   5   ASSERTIVENESS                                         Compromising
                                                                       -Minimally acceptable to all
                  Focus on my needs, desired                           - Relationships undamaged
                    outcomes, and agenda

                                                      Avoiding                                Accommodating
                                                -Withdraw from the situation                   -Accede to the other party
                                                    -Maintain neutrality                          -Maintain harmony



                                                                 COOPERATIVENESS
                  Besides, every country has its preferred way of conflicting resolving:
                  •   The Status Model – Preferred by the Japanese, this model assumes that when there is
                      conflict, one should defer to status power within the group.
                  •   Applying Regulations – Preferred by the Germans, and it emphasizes referring back to
                      preexisting independent regulations, rule sand policies to shape the resolution of a
                      conflict.
                  •   Integrating Interests – Preferred by the Americans. It involves incorporating the concerns
                      of all parties in an attempt to create an outcome most worthwhile to the entire group.
-   Section   1         Discussion
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   •   Conflict-solving style
                      Think about the typical conflict-solving mode of your country. Explain
-   Section   4       it to your colleagues and clarify what will you do in the future in order
-   Section   5       to deal with conflicts you have already faced during your previous
                      projects.
                  •   Potential solutions
                      Review your cooperation in team building part and discuss the
                      possible solution to future conflicts.
                  •   Case discussion
                      Unfortunately we don’t have time here, but we strongly recommend
                      you to read the case “Conflict management case study - Dr Agadir”
                      before you start the project. You can easily find it online.
-   Section   1   SECTION 5: FEEDBACK QUESTIONAIRE
-   Section   2
-   Section   3
                  We now ask you to answer this short questionnaire that make us
-   Section   4   understand if your expectations about the training were met so that we
-   Section   5   can improve in our next programmes.

                                             Thank you!
-   Section   1       Feedback questionaire
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   1. How much did the training catch your attention?
-   Section   4
                            Very much
-   Section   5
                            So so
                            Not so much

                  2. Which part do you consider the most relevant
                            Cultural differences awareness
                            Team bulding
                            Conflict management
-   Section   1      Feedback questionaire
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   3. Would you recommend this training to others
-   Section   4
                        menager involved in a international team?
-   Section   5
                          Yes
                          No

                  4. Did you have some difficulties in following the
                          whole training?
                           Yes
                           No
-   Section   1      Feedback questionaire
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   5. If yes, in which session?
-   Section   4
-   Section   5            Cultural differences awareness
                           Team bulding
                           Conflict management

                  6. Did you expected anything different?
                          Yes
                          No
-   Section   1     Feedback questionaire
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   7. Which are your suggestions for a future
-   Section   4
                         training programme?
-   Section   5


                                 Click here to add text.
-   Section   1     The end
-   Section   2
-   Section   3   This was the end of your training program.
                  Thank you very much for having attended it.
-   Section   4
-   Section   5   You have learned how to approach to a cross-cultural team project
                  through a step process which is letting you gain success in the
                  future.

                  You have understood your personality’s features, your cultural
                  differences and the approach that you have to use in order to work
                  together.

                  Hope you didn’t get bored and you have relly leared something
                  important not only for this project, but for your whole life.

                  If you need help for any future training, please call us!
-   Section   1
-   Section   2     Thank you and good luck with your project!
-   Section   3
-   Section   4
-   Section   5
                  Grazie e in bocca al lupo per il vostro progetto!

                  感谢拨冗参与,谨祝计划一帆风顺!

                       Obrigado e boa sorte com seu projeto!
Training Activities          Goals                            Methods              Reasons



Ice breaking section         Introduce the managers to        Sharing of CV        Every manager will have
                             each others and make a first     Online game          clearly in mind who is going
                             impression of the future                              to work with
                             colleagues.

Cultural awareness section   Make the managers aware          Self-questionnaire   Better understanding of
                             that their different attitudes   Theoretical models   colleagues’ managers culture
                             could come from their                                 will allows them to
                             different cultures. Make                              cooperate in the most
                             them more tolerant to each                            effective way
                             others.

Team building section        Raise their willingness, help    Online game          Practical experiences help
                             to achieve skills needed to      Case studies         the trainees to be more
                             cooperate in the future work     Discussion           willing to share
                             environment

Conflicts management         Make the managers                Questionnaire        Managers need to be prone
section                      understand that it won’t be      Theoretical models   to face obstacles and find
                             easy to collaborate in the                            quick solutions to succeed.
                             future project and suggest
                             possible behavioural devices.


Summary and feedback         Resume the goals of the          Questionnaire        Reflection can help them
section                      program and ask a feed-back                           transfer what they learnt to
                             from managers.                                        the future work

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Cross-Cultural Training Program_ Organizational Behavior

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  • 8. : 1 - (25 ) 2 (25 ) 3 (70 ) 4 (30 ) 5 (10 ) 10 3 4
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  • 10. +01:00 -08:00 -03:00 +08:00
  • 11. • • ’ • • -
  • 12. CROSS-CULTURAL TRAINING Welcome to our training program! START
  • 13. - Section 1 SECTION 1: ICE BREAKING - Section 2 - Section 3 In this first section you will be introduced to the other managers. - Section 4 You will virtually meet your colleagues and face a simple ice-breaking - Section 5 game. Take 30 minutes to complete this part. At the end of this time, the section will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the same time of your colleagues .
  • 14. - Section 1 LETS’ START! - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5
  • 15. - Section 1 Who we are - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5
  • 16. - Section 1 THE ITALIAN MANAGER - Section 2 Name: Fabrizio - Section 3 Surname: Mantegazza Born in: Rome, Italy - Section 4 Date of birth: 3-6-1970 - Section 5 Field of interest: accounting Other interests: football, cinema, Italian music How he describes himself in three words: Punctual, imaginative, perfectionist A sentence that rapresent Himself: Veni, vidi, vici (Julius Caesar) Favourite Film: Scarface, Brian de Palma Favourite song: Certe Notti, Luciano Ligabue Three things in which he believes: family, friendship and hard work His strength: tireless His weakness: excessive self-oriented Curriculum vitae October 1990- July 1995 Graduated in Business Administration at Luiss Guido Carli, Rome October 1996- July 1997 Master in Business Adiministration at Harvard Business school August 1998- September 2003 Consultant at Apple Inc. October 2003 P&G, Milan.
  • 17. - Section 1 THE BRASILIAN MANAGER - Section 2 Name: Consuelo - Section 3 Surname: De Silva Born in: Teresina , Brasil - Section 4 Date of birth: 4-10-1975 - Section 5 Field of interest: corporate finance Other interests: dancing, ITC, litterature How he describes herself in three words: outgoing, determined, ambitious A sentence that rapresent Herself: De boas intencòes està o Inferno cheio (of good intenctions it is full the hell) Favourite film: The bridge of Madison County, Clint Eastwood Favourite song: Agua de marzo , Elis Regina Three things in which he believes: family, friendship, music His strength: patient His weakness: moody Curriculum vitae October 1994- July 1999 Graduated in Finance at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro October 1999- July 2000 Master in Business Adminstration at Bocconi University September 2000 P&G, San Paolo
  • 18. - Section 1 THE AMERICAN MANAGER - Section 2 Name: Peter - Section 3 Surname: Donaway Born in: Menphis, USA - Section 4 Date of birth: 12-12-1972 - Section 5 Field of interest: International management Other interests: golf, travel, yacht, woman How he describes himself in three words: smart, direct, friendly A sentence that rapresent Himself: If i will ever talk about love and stars, kill me. Favourite Film: Carlito’s way, Brian De Palma Favourite song: Sweet home Alabama, Lynyrd Skynyrd Three things in which he believes: seriousness, perseverance, friendship His strength: compliant His weakness: careless Curriculum vitae October 1990- July 1995 Graduated in Business Administration at Princeton October 1996- July 1997 Master in International management at Hong Kong Baptist University August 1998- September 2003 Consultant at Dell Inc. October 2003 P&G, New York
  • 19. - Section 1 THE CHINESE MANAGER - Section 2 Name: Wan - Section 3 Surname: Chen Born in: Shanghai - Section 4 Date of birth: 7-7-1971 - Section 5 Field of interest: Marketing Other interests: play piano, opera, cusine How he describes himself in three words: meticulous, reflective, complaisant A sentence that rapresent Herself: The man who have too many words, often have no certainty Favourite Film: Inception, Christopher Nolan Favourite song: Green light, Yanzi Sun Three things in which he believes: constancy, reflection before action, coherence His strength: peaceful His weakness: too introspective Curriculum vitae: October 1990- July 1995 Graduated in marketing management af Fudan Univesity August 1996- September 1997 Master in Marketing at Sorbonne, Paris October 1998-June2004 Product manager L’Oreal October 2004 P&G, Shanghai
  • 20. - Section 1 Let’s break the ice: a simple exercise - Section 2 Imagine that you have two different dates with both your opposite - Section 3 gender collegues. The dates will last a whole afternoon and involve also dinner. - Section 4 Imagine that you can choose any place to go and any activity to do. - Section 5 Your task is to persuade him/her coming out with you, explaning her/him the place you will visit, the dish you will taste and the experience you will live in order to present as better as you can the features of your culture. Imagine your date, use picture and videos to better involve your collegue. You now have to connect to Skype and have a 5 minutes chatting with each of your opposite gender colleagues. The game will thus last 10 minutes. At the end of this time, the section will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the same time of your colleagues. START Are you ready? THE GAME
  • 21. - Section 1 Lets break the ice: a simple exercise - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5 LOADING... Waiting that all the partecipants are ready
  • 22. - Section 1 Lets break the ice: a simple exercise - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5
  • 23. - Section 1 Lets break the ice: a simple exercise - Section 2 - Section 3 With this simple tool you have had the opportunity to start understanding - Section 4 something about your colleagues. You started eliminating cultural and gender barriers. - Section 5 We preferred not to let you talk yet in order to allow you to better express your idea and interests, without beeing embarassed.
  • 24. - Section 1 SECTION 2: CROSS-CULTURAL AWARNESS - Section 2 - Section 3 Cross-cultural projects are usually the most challenging but, on average, - Section 4 the most successful. - Section 5 We try with this section to increase the understanding of your colleagues’ cultures, in order to make you feel confortable and tolerant in facing differences during your future project. Take 30 minutes to complete this part. At the end of this time, the section will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the same time of your colleagues.
  • 25. - Section 1 Was the ice-breaking enough? - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5 Are you seriously concerned on the outcomes of this new collaboration between you and your foreign colleagues? Probably considering all the differences between you and them, you are even more worried.
  • 26. - Section 1 Well... Go beyond! - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5 If your collegues were similar to you, probably now you would feel more relaxed; in fact it is quite common that we are attracted to people who share our demographic traits (race, age and gender), which belong to what is called “surface-level diversity”. We pay attention to surface diversity because we assume it is related to “deep-level diversity”, such as values, beliefs and attributes. However, when we meet people for the first time, we are not able to understand whether they share our own values or not. Researchers define this as Similarity-Attraction Phenomenon.
  • 27. - Section 1 Beside the theory... - Section 2 - Section 3 If you are not among the most enthusiastic estimators of theory, - Section 4 you will not probably feel reassured. - Section 5 Thus, you are willing to prefer collaborating with people that you think are closer to your mind-set. But how are they really similar to you? Let’s try this simple exercise!
  • 28. - Section 1 What do you see in this picture? - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5
  • 29. - Section 1 What do you see in this picture? - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 Have you seen a young - Section 5 appealing lady? Or an old woman?
  • 30. - Section 1 What do you see in this picture? - Section 2 - Section 3 Look again - Section 4 The young woman’s cheek is - Section 5 actually the old woman’s nose. The young woman’s nose is the old woman’s right eye while her left eye is the young woman’s left ear. The old woman’s mouth is the young woman’s necklace. The headscarf and the fur remain the same for both the figures.
  • 31. - Section 1 What do you see in this picture? - Section 2 - Section 3 Try with this one - Section 4 - Section 5 What do you see?
  • 32. - Section 1 What do you see in this picture? - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 Do you see a saxophonist - Section 5 or a femine visage? If you look at the black figure you can observe the musitian, if you concentrate on the background of the image, you will notice the girl.
  • 33. - - Section Section 1 2 Differences in perspectives - Section 3 It is always fascinating to check the results of this game; in fact, it - Section 4 shows how people may have different perspectives on something - Section 5 that, at least apparently, seems to be the same. The game aims in showing that people, even those similar in demographic traits, are likely to reach different conclusions. This does not have to scare you, instead it has to help you destroying the barriers between you and people that you judge as different from you. Let’s start considering something that goes beyond it, focusing on the cultural background of each person…
  • 34. - - Section Section 1 2 Create cultural awarness - Section 3 - Section 4 What do you know about the cultures of your colleagues? - Section 5 Grade each of the following statements about your country and others’ and see the final results in order to understand how much prejudices influence your answers. Each manager has to complete the questionaire by himself for all the countries provided.
  • 35. - Section 1 How do people behave? - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 Self-oriented Group-oriented - Section 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brasil 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Italy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 US 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 China
  • 36. - Section 1 To what extent do people care about the - Section 2 distribution of power? - Section 3 - Section 4 Extremely low Extremely high - Section 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brasil 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Italy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 US 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 China
  • 37. - Section 1 To what extent are people propense to - Section 2 risk? - Section 3 - Section 4 Extremely low Extremely high - Section 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brasil 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Italy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 US 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 China
  • 38. - Section 1 Which temporal horizont do people take - Section 2 into consideration? - Section 3 - Section 4 Short term Long term orientation orientation - Section 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brasil 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Italy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 US 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 China
  • 39. - Section 1 Is there a division of roles between - Section 2 sexes within the society? - Section 3 - Section 4 Weak Strong - Section 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brasil 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Italy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 US 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 China
  • 40. Why these questions? - Section 1 They are linked to five dimensions that actually explain cultural differences among - Section 2 countries, according to a study conducted by Hofstede. - Section 3 How much members of the culture define - Section 4 Individualism themselves apart from their group Are people anxious - Section 5 vs Collectivism memberships? about the unpredictability of the Power future? distance Uncertainty How much the less powerful members of CULTURAL avoidance institutions and organizations expect and DIFFERENCES accept that power is distributed unequally? Are people competitive, assertive and ambitious or Which is the time do they mostly care about Masculinity vs Long term vs horizon of people’s relationships and quality objectives? of life? Femminility Short term
  • 41. Our countries... - Section 1 120 - Section 2 Italy - Section 3 100 - Section 4 80 China - Section 5 60 40 Brasil 20 US 0 PDI IDV MAS UAI LTO PDI –Power Distance Incex IDV –Individualism MAS –Masculinity UAI –Uncertainty Avoidance Index LTO –Long Term Orientation Geert Hofstede’s research, updated dataat year 2011.
  • 42. - Section 1 CHINA - Section 2 - Section 3 LTO_ High time perspective and attitude of persevering, overcoming of - Section 4 the obstacles with time, if not with will and strength. - Section 5 PDI_ High level of inequality of power and wealth within the society. This condition is not necessarily forced upon the population, but rather accepted by the society as their cultural heritage. MAS_High level of emphasis on a collectivist society by the communist rule. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.
  • 43. - Section 1 BRAZIL - Section 2 - Section 3 UAI_ Low level of tolerance for uncertainty. Presence of strict rules, - Section 4 laws, policies, and regulations to lower this phenomenon. The ultimate goal of this population is to control everything in order to eliminate or - Section 5 avoid the unexpected. The society does not readily accept change and is very risk adverse. IDV_ Close long-term commitment to the member 'group', be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships.
  • 44. - Section 1 USA - Section 2 - Section 3 IDV_ Individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. The population is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and their close - Section 4 family members. - Section 5 MAS_ High degree of gender differentiation of roles. The male dominates a significant portion of the society and power structure. This situation generates a female population that becomes more assertive and competitive. LTO_ Strong belief in meeting obligations and tendency in reflecting an appreciation for cultural traditions. PDI_ Equality between societal levels, including government, organizations, and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment. UAI_ Few rules and great level of tolerance for a variety of ideas, thoughts, and beliefs.
  • 45. - Section 1 ITALY - Section 2 - Section 3 IDV_ Self-expression is important and overcomes the relationships - Section 4 with other people. - Section 5 UAI_ People prefer predictable situations and have low tolerance for ambiguity. MAS_ Quite strong separation of gender roles. Achievement needs overcome affiliation ones.
  • 46. - Section 1 Why is culture so important in - Section 2 understanding differences? - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5 • Cultures differ on such things as leadership, decision-making, and motivation. • Cultures influence the appropriateness of HRM practices. • Cultures affect compensation systems. • Cultural differences shape the communication and coordination processes in organizations. • Global organizations are transferring people increasingly to other countries. This creates cultural diversity within work teams.
  • 47. - Section 1 - Section 2 Cultural points of view - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FP531_EkIOY&feature=fvwrel
  • 48. - Section 1 - Section 2 This is the end of section two. - Section 3 Now that you have better undersood the cultural background of - Section 4 your colleagues you will be more tolerant and comprehensive - Section 5 with them. Take now 10 minutes break. At the end of this time, the program will automatically begin in order to let you start the next session at the same time of your colleagues.
  • 49. - Section 1 SECTION 3: TEAM BUILDING - Section 2 - Section 3 In this section you will collaborate with your colleagues in order to - Section 4 form a single entity, aware and tolerant of the differences that compone itself, and ready to work for a successful project. - Section 5 This part will be completely done in video conference with your colleagues. You are required to continue the training with them, helping each other to understand the rules and coordinating your moves in order to achieve the best possible outcomes. This part will last 70 minutes. At the end of this time, the section will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the same time of your colleagues.
  • 50. - Section 1 Lets start with a Tag Team Game - Section 2 Materials: - Section 3 – Large sheet of paper – Writing paper - Section 4 – Pens or pencils - Section 5 – Marking pens Description: Imagine the "ultimate team member" by combining all of the best traits of your colleagues into one imaginary person. Give this "person" a name and draw a picture of him/her on the large sheet of paper with different attributes labeled. Imagine a story about this person. Share your picture with the aid of the webcam and tell your story to the other managers. Take 5 minutes to do this exercise. At the end of this time, the section will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the same time of your colleagues.
  • 51. - Section 1 Discussion Prompts - Section 2 - Section 3 • How can you as a group member contribute to the team? - Section 4 - Section 5 • What can you do in a team than you can't do by yourself? • Which attributes do you think you have to contribute to the team that were not mentioned in your story?
  • 52. - Section 1 Case study - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 We are now going to present you two readings. Please read them - Section 5 carefully and compare your findings. A Successful Project: The Year 2000 (Y2K) projects A Failed Project: Iridium project
  • 53. - Section 1 The year 2000 (Y2k) projects - Section 2 - Section 3 The Year 2000 (Y2K) projects were conducted by public and private organizations around the globe. Diligent multi-cultural teams - Section 4 cooperated to prepare and remediate computer systems, outdated software code, telecommunications networks, imbedded systems, - Section 5 and other infrastructure for the millennium date change. Countries and organizations throughout the world recognized that while maintaining management of their own Y2K projects, they would gain from sharing information on their project plans, progress, problems and successes. Even organizations in cultures not normally accustomed to collaboration realized the value and importance of sharing information and knowledge. Public and private organizations throughout the world formed networking and information sharing partnerships to respond to Y2K challenges. National, regional, and global organizations shared knowledge about Y2K risks, problems, and strategies. Some countries passed laws and regulatory guidance to allow organizations to share information without legal concerns .
  • 54. - Section 1 Iridium project - Section 2 This project launched into space 66 low orbiting satellites to produce a - Section 3 telecommunication network that would cover the entire globe, and allow anywhere to anywhere communications. It was the largest telecommunications project ever - Section 4 undertaken by the human race, costing $5 billion and involving several widely respected high technology organizations and about 6,000 engineers, technicians and business - Section 5 administrators from many parts of the world. The project used some of the highest levels of technology, included the largest commercial software development effort in history, and involved 26 countries. During its planning, design, and early implementation stages, the project was expected to be a major success. However, the project was a dismal commercial and financial failure, ultimately forcing Iridium LLC to file for bankruptcy in 1999. But, in bankruptcy court, the entire venture was ultimately sold to a new entity, Iridium Satellite LLC. Iridium used proven project management methods and best practices. However, the project strategy relied heavily on the technical aspects and the schedule milestones. It appears to have insufficiently addressed quality, feasibility, global marketing, team communications, and customer acceptance of the product. “Iridium’s international structure has proved almost impossible to manage: the 28 members of the board speak many languages, turning meetings into mini-U.N. conferences complete with headsets translating the proceedings into five languages. Problems in cross-cultural communications may have played an important role in the demise of Iridium: The Chief Executive Officer of Iridium LLC “set up a chart with red, green and yellow cars to illustrate which consortium partners were on schedule, which were lagging, and which were far behind. According to one person who was there, several partners who had been tagged with red cars refused to talk to him after the meeting”.
  • 55. - Section 1 Case discussion - Section 2 - Section 3 • What contribute to Y2K’s success and what lead to Iridium’s failure? - Section 4 - Section 5 • What are the pros and cons of cross-culture teams? • Which are your suggestions to avoid cross-cultural weaknesses?
  • 56. - Section 1 Lets come back with some theory... - Section 2 Why are team successful? - Section 3 - Section 4 When one person cannot accomplish a job alone and several individuals must cooperate to fulfill a mission, you need a team. Why? - Section 5 • Teams initiate change • Teams are natural problem solving device A team setting opens up new communication lines. Because of the necessity of communication within a team, members encounter problems and challenges in early stages and they are able to head them off with greater efficiency and success. • Teams are collections of the organization’s best assets Each team member has specific talents. By combining individuals in team fashion, all of these talents are joined to work toward a common goal. • Opinions and perspectives sharing increase creativity BETTER OUTCOMES
  • 57. - Section 1 Team bulding role game - Section 2 - Section 3 Now four of you form a team to compete with other virtual - Section 4 teams during a computer online game called World of Warcraft. - Section 5 You are required to play for 20 minutes. At the end of this time, the section will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the same time of your colleagues. Are you ready? START
  • 58. Team bulding role game LOADING... Waiting that all the partecipants are ready
  • 59.
  • 60. - Section 1 Discussion - Section 2 - Section 3 Now share your opinions about your team tactics. - Section 4 Take 20 minutes for the discussion. At the end of this time, the - Section 5 section will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at the same time of your colleagues. 1. During this process, what did you learn as a team player? 2. What was your role during the game? Did you manage to make contribution to the team using your role advantage? 3. What can be done better as a team if given another chance? 4. Share the takeaways you learnt from this section which you think can be used in the future team work.
  • 61. - Section 1 - Section 2 This is the end of section three. - Section 3 Take now 10 minutes break. At the end of this time, the section - Section 4 will automatically end in order to let you start the next session at - Section 5 the same time of your colleagues.
  • 62. - - Section Section 1 2 SECTION 4: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT - Section 3 - Section 4 In this section you will understand the potential area of conflict - Section 5 with your colleagues and find some possible solutions to solve them. Complete this session in 30 minutes. At the end of this time, the program will automatically begin in order to let you start the next session at the same time of your colleagues.
  • 63. - Section 1 Conflict is inevitable! - Section 2 - Section 3 Good teams always go through a "form, storm, norm and - Section 4 perform" period. Getting the most out of diversity means often-contradictory values, perspectives and opinions. - Section 5
  • 64. - Section 1 Conflict dimensions - Section 2 PRECIPITATING EVENT AND/OR HOT BUTTONS - Section 3 - Section 4 INITIATE CONFLICT Functional conflict works toward the goal - Section 5 CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE of an organization or group: RESPONSES RESPONSES Behaviors which keep Behaviors which escalate conflict to a minimum a prolong conflict  increases information and ideas  encourages innovative TASK-FOCUSED PERSON-FOCUSED thinking CONFLICT CONFLICT  unshackles different (cognitive) (emotional) points of view - focus on task and problem - focus on personalities  reduces stagnation solving - negative emotions (anger, - positive affect frustration) -tension decreases -tension increases - group functioning improves - group functioning decreases CONFLICT DE-ESCALATES CONFLICT ESCALATES
  • 65. - Section 1 Conflict dimensions - Section 2 PRECIPITATING EVENT AND/OR HOT BUTTONS - Section 3 Dysfunctional conflict - Section 4 INITIATE CONFLICT blocks an organization or group from reaching its - Section 5 CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE goal: high conflict RESPONSES RESPONSES Behaviors which keep Behaviors which escalate conflict to a minimum a prolong conflict  tension, anxiety, stress  reduced trust  poor decisions because of TASK-FOCUSED PERSON-FOCUSED withheld or distorted CONFLICT CONFLICT  excessive management (cognitive) (emotional) focus on the conflict - focus on task and problem - focus on personalities solving - negative emotions (anger, low conflict - positive affect frustration) -tension decreases -tension increases  few new ideas - group functioning improves - group functioning decreases  poor decisions from lack of innovation and information CONFLICT DE-ESCALATES CONFLICT ESCALATES  stagnation
  • 66. - Section 1 Effect of conflict on organization - Section 2 performance - Section 3 Optimum level of conflict leads to - Section 4 HIGH effective decision making and high performance - Section 5 Level of organizational performance Too little conflict Too much conflict causes performance causes performance to suffer to suffer LOW LOW Level of conflict HIGH Either too low or too high conflict can lead to poor performance.
  • 67. - Section 1 Discussion - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 • What kind of conflicts may you face in your future online cooperation? - Section 5 • Rank the importance of these conflicts.
  • 68. - Section 1 Little questionnaire Complete the “Conflict-Handling Style Questionnaire” according to you past - Section 2 experience: - Section 3 What of the following mode do you use most frequently? Avoid / Accommodation / Compromise / Collaboration - Section 4 - Section 5 PROS CONS •Establishes the battleground for the competition •The winner is clear •Winners usually experience gains next conflict •May cause worthy competitors to withdraw or leave the organization win/lose accomodation •Curtails conflict situation •Enhances ego of the other •Sometimes establishes a precedence •Does not fully engage participants lose/win compromise •Shows good will •Establishes friendship •No one gets what they want •May feel like a dead end lose/lose •Hard to achieve since no one knows •Everyone “wins” how to achieve it collaboration •Creates good feelings •Often confusing since players can “win” something they didn’t know win/win they wanted
  • 69. Five conflict-Handling Styles - Section 1 - Section 2 Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Modes - Section 3 Competing Collaborating -Zero-sum orientation -Expand range of possible options - Section 4 -Win/lose power struggle -Achieve win/win outcomes - Section 5 ASSERTIVENESS Compromising -Minimally acceptable to all Focus on my needs, desired - Relationships undamaged outcomes, and agenda Avoiding Accommodating -Withdraw from the situation -Accede to the other party -Maintain neutrality -Maintain harmony COOPERATIVENESS Besides, every country has its preferred way of conflicting resolving: • The Status Model – Preferred by the Japanese, this model assumes that when there is conflict, one should defer to status power within the group. • Applying Regulations – Preferred by the Germans, and it emphasizes referring back to preexisting independent regulations, rule sand policies to shape the resolution of a conflict. • Integrating Interests – Preferred by the Americans. It involves incorporating the concerns of all parties in an attempt to create an outcome most worthwhile to the entire group.
  • 70. - Section 1 Discussion - Section 2 - Section 3 • Conflict-solving style Think about the typical conflict-solving mode of your country. Explain - Section 4 it to your colleagues and clarify what will you do in the future in order - Section 5 to deal with conflicts you have already faced during your previous projects. • Potential solutions Review your cooperation in team building part and discuss the possible solution to future conflicts. • Case discussion Unfortunately we don’t have time here, but we strongly recommend you to read the case “Conflict management case study - Dr Agadir” before you start the project. You can easily find it online.
  • 71. - Section 1 SECTION 5: FEEDBACK QUESTIONAIRE - Section 2 - Section 3 We now ask you to answer this short questionnaire that make us - Section 4 understand if your expectations about the training were met so that we - Section 5 can improve in our next programmes. Thank you!
  • 72. - Section 1 Feedback questionaire - Section 2 - Section 3 1. How much did the training catch your attention? - Section 4 Very much - Section 5 So so Not so much 2. Which part do you consider the most relevant Cultural differences awareness Team bulding Conflict management
  • 73. - Section 1 Feedback questionaire - Section 2 - Section 3 3. Would you recommend this training to others - Section 4 menager involved in a international team? - Section 5 Yes No 4. Did you have some difficulties in following the whole training? Yes No
  • 74. - Section 1 Feedback questionaire - Section 2 - Section 3 5. If yes, in which session? - Section 4 - Section 5 Cultural differences awareness Team bulding Conflict management 6. Did you expected anything different? Yes No
  • 75. - Section 1 Feedback questionaire - Section 2 - Section 3 7. Which are your suggestions for a future - Section 4 training programme? - Section 5 Click here to add text.
  • 76. - Section 1 The end - Section 2 - Section 3 This was the end of your training program. Thank you very much for having attended it. - Section 4 - Section 5 You have learned how to approach to a cross-cultural team project through a step process which is letting you gain success in the future. You have understood your personality’s features, your cultural differences and the approach that you have to use in order to work together. Hope you didn’t get bored and you have relly leared something important not only for this project, but for your whole life. If you need help for any future training, please call us!
  • 77. - Section 1 - Section 2 Thank you and good luck with your project! - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5 Grazie e in bocca al lupo per il vostro progetto! 感谢拨冗参与,谨祝计划一帆风顺! Obrigado e boa sorte com seu projeto!
  • 78. Training Activities Goals Methods Reasons Ice breaking section Introduce the managers to Sharing of CV Every manager will have each others and make a first Online game clearly in mind who is going impression of the future to work with colleagues. Cultural awareness section Make the managers aware Self-questionnaire Better understanding of that their different attitudes Theoretical models colleagues’ managers culture could come from their will allows them to different cultures. Make cooperate in the most them more tolerant to each effective way others. Team building section Raise their willingness, help Online game Practical experiences help to achieve skills needed to Case studies the trainees to be more cooperate in the future work Discussion willing to share environment Conflicts management Make the managers Questionnaire Managers need to be prone section understand that it won’t be Theoretical models to face obstacles and find easy to collaborate in the quick solutions to succeed. future project and suggest possible behavioural devices. Summary and feedback Resume the goals of the Questionnaire Reflection can help them section program and ask a feed-back transfer what they learnt to from managers. the future work