Rise of non-communicable diseases like RTA, obesity, psychological disturbance, etc. Its impact towards the healthcare of a nation. The steps or approach that can be taken to minimize the disease.
2. The study of the distribution and determinants of
health-related states in specified populations, and
the application of this study to control health
problems
3. Distribution: occurrence of cases by time, place and
person
Eg: according to study of deaths in country X in 2008,
1034 cervical cancer deaths occurred among women
between the ages of 45-54
4. Determinants: All the causes and risk factors for the
occurrence of a disease, including physical,
biological, social, cultural, and behavioral factors
Eg: Smoking was a risk factor or determinant for the
greater number of cancer deaths among women ages
45-54
5. Health related states: Diagnosis of specific disease or
cause of death
Eg: according to study of deaths in country X in 2008,
1034 cervical cancer deaths occurred among women
between the ages of 45-54
6. Specified population: A measurable group, defined by
location, time, demographics, and other characteristics
Eg: women aged 45-54 living in a rural village in country
X from 2001 through 2009
7.
Application: analysis, conclusion, distribution, and timely use of
epidemiologic information to protect the health of the population.
Eg: As a result of the country X study, free cervical cancer
screening programs were implemented. They targeted women
living in remote areas in hopes of finding women with cervical
cancer at an earlier stage of cancer in order to prevent death
Application :
8.
To measure frequency of disease
To asses distribution of disease
- who is getting disease?
- where is disease occurring?
- when is disease occuring?
To form hypotheses about causes and preventive
factors
To identify determinants of disease
Purpose of epidemiology
9. Approach/ Consideration Clinical Medicine Epidemiolgy
Focus Individuals populations
Main goal Diagnosis and treatment Prevention and control
Questions What is wrong with this
patient?
What are the leading
causes death or disability
in this population? Risk
factor?
Treatment What treatment is
appropriate?
What can be done to
reduce or prevent disease
or risk factors?
Who is involved? Physician, laboratorian,
nurse, and others
Epidemiologists,
statisticians, and others
from diverse disciplines
Approaches in Medicine vs
Epidemiology
10.
Descriptive epidemiology
- Studies the pattern of health events and their frequency in
populations in terms of: place, person, time
- Purpose: to identify problems for further study. To plan,
provide and evaluate health services
Analytic epidemiology
- Studies the association between risk factors and disease
- Purpose: to determine why disease rates are high in a
particular group
Approaches to epidemiology
11.
Public health surveillance
Investigation
Data analysis
Intervention
Evaluation
Communication
Management and team work
Function of Epidemiology
12.
13. Not communicable, especially with reference to a disease that is NOT
transmitted through contact with an infected or afflicted person (not infectious)
• Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases.
• Long duration and generally slow progression.
• Random genetic abnormalities, heredity, lifestyle or environment can
cause non-communicable diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, asthma,
hypertension and osteoporosis.
• Autoimmune diseases, trauma, fractures, mental disorders, malnutrition,
poisoning and hormonal conditions are in the category of non-
communicable diseases.
DEFINITION
26.
2004 : USD 9.1 Billion out-of-pocket were spent on
test, treatment and medical devices to manage NCD
2005 : India experienced “highest loss in potentially
productive years of life”
2006-2015 : the projected cumulative loss of national
income for India due to NCD mortality will be
USD237 billion
WHY?
30.
Arthritis was the most common non-communicable disease
(NCD), followed by HBP, diabetes, asthma and CHD.
Older females were more likely than males to have arthritis
and HBP, but males were more likely to have asthma.
Diabetes and CHD were most prevalent among Indians, while
arthritis and HBP were most prevalent among the Indigenous
groups.
Older people were more likely to report poor health if they
suffered from NCD, especially CHD.
Chinese that had HBP were more likely to report poor health
compared to other ethnic groups with the same disease.
Among those with arthritis, Indians were more likely to report
poor health.
38.
Schools :provide not only good nutrition curricula but also
healthy meals
Workplace : Not only inform about role of physical activity
but also promote use of non-motorized transportation
Mass media : promote healthy lifestyle
Health centres : promote healthy lifestyle etc..
40.
NATIONAL
TRANSPORTATION
POLICY
AUTOMOBILE
USE
DEPENDENCY
BAD Low taxes on
gasoline, free parking,
wide street design
QUITE GOOD
Narrow streets,
limited parking, high
gasoline costs
HIGH INCOME
COUNTRIES
BAD Lowering taxes,
simplify registration
procedures, allow
foreign finance
QUITE GOOD
Restrict funding,
down payment 40
to 50 %, high taxes
MIDDLE AND
LOW INCOME
COUNTRIES
43.
POLICY
Fortify foods with micronutrients
Limit advertising for unhealthy foods
Provide incentives for food manufacturers to replace unhealthy ingredients with
healthy ones
Netherlands reduced the
trans fat content of the food
supply from about 6 percent
of the energy content to
approximately 1 percent in a
single decade.
government policies
replaced commonly used
palm oils for cooking with
soybean oil, which reduced
the intake of fatty acids and
lowered serum cholesterol
levels.
49.
PRIMARY
PREVENTION
•Eliminates exposure to cancer
causing agent
SECONDARY
PREVENTION
•Detecting and treating pre-
cancerous lesions
TREATMENT
•Surgery, Chemotheraphy,
Radiotheraphy
PALLIATIVE
CARE
•Physical and physiological comfort
from diagnosis through death
52.
Genetic screening and
counselling for couples
Vaccinating against
Hib & Meningitis
(Neurological damage)
+ Rubella vaccine
Readdressing
nutritional deficiencies
among pregnant
women
Screening for
metabolic disorders
(develop neurological
damage after ingesting
certain foods)
Screening for sickle
cell anemia + penicillin
prophylaxis
Screening and
treatment for
congenital
hypothyroidism
Prompt treatment for
cerebral malaria
HEALTH
INTERVENTIONS
53.
Stop alcohol use
during pregnancy
Eliminating
environmental
exposure to
toxins such as Lead
BEHAVIOURAL
INTERVENTION
54.
Treatment ensues
What if Prevention fails?
•Blood transfusion with washed
RBCThalassemia
•Treat with analgesics if severe
bone pain
•Nutrition, rehabilitation, special
education to reduce impairment
Sickle cell
disease
55.
Interventions at associated health conditions
Address environmental constraints on participation
in family and social life
IF BOTH PREVENTION
AND TREATMENT
FAILS..
DOWN SYNDROME
• Therapy for poor vision and hearing
• Congenital heart defect
• Low mental capacity
Wheelchair accessible mass transit, buildings, restrooms
Social support network
Eliminating social stigma, promote inclusiveness
57.
FIRST
•Manage exposure to
risk
•Substitute safe mode of
transport from more
dangerous one
•Minimize high – risk
scenarios (raise legal
age for riding
motorcycle)
SECOND
•Construct safer roads
•Place speed bumps
•Separate vehicle lanes
from paths used by
pedestrians and
bicycles
•Construct median
barriers
•Provide passing lanes
•Improve street lighting
THIRD
•Encourage people to
adopt safer behaviors
(Education)
•Introduce legislation
and enforce it in
relation to Speed limit,
Blood alcohol level,
wearing helmets..
Interventions
62. Legislative
measures
and taxes
•Increase alcohol
taxing
•Restricting sales to a
limited number of
licensed retail outlets
Improved
Law
enforcem
ent
•Strict drunk
driving laws
Mass
media
campaigns
•Bans on advertising
alcohol products
•Manufacturers
substitute other
methods of
marketing Eg:
Sponsoring sporting
events
Education
POPULATION
LEVEL
• School based
education about
risks of drinking
alcohol