New ways of power mobile smart devices by means of energy harvesting (EH) for future IoT ecosystems

1. FUTURE
INTERNET OF THINGS
POWERING THE
M A R K W O N G
OF THE
3 0 t h M A R 2 0 1 6
I o T A s i a 2 0 1 6

2. IoT is…
Sensors Controller Communication

3. 20,797,000,000Smart connected devices by 20201
1Gartner, November 2015

4. “
Audio-Visual Headset
Augmented Reality (AR), event recorders,
communication headsets
Mobile Device
Central Gateway to all smart devices and
wearables
Smart-apparel
Wearable body/cardiac metrics, comfort-
regulation, fatigue-detection
Smart-watches
Secondary GUI interface, short-cut access
Peripheral devices
Power cords, chargers and energy banks,
laptops, tablets, entertainment devices etc.

5. OUR POWER
CONSUMPTION
IS RISING
The way we consume power is
more complex than before

6. TODAY’S
CHALLENGES
As smart-devices becomes more pervasive, so will the problems

7. 90’s 00’s 10’s
1Paradiso, Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics, Pervasive Computing, IEEE, 2005
Storage1,000
100
10
Computing
Power
Wireless
Communication
Battery Energy
Density
CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
Snail’s Law
Moore’s Law

8. ENERGY STORAGE DENSITIES
Energy Density (Wh/kg)
101100
102 103
Longer usage / lighter
101
102
103
104
105
SC
Peak
Power
(W/kg)
SLA
NiCd
NiMH Li-Co
Li-Mn Li-Air
Fuel
Cell
Gasoline
AlcoholsAl-Air
104
Rapid
release
Emerging
technologies
Established
technologies
Fuel-based
technologies

9. ENERGY STORAGE DENSITIES
Nickel Metal
Hydride
Lithium
Chemistries
Metal-Air
Chemistries
Gasoline

10. C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N
S E N S O R SP O W E R
I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A SMART DEVICE
M I C R O
C O N T R O L L E R

11. C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N
S E N S O R S
M I C R O
C O N T R O L L E RP O W E R
I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S
TYPICAL CONSUMPTION OF A SMART DEVICE
LoRa
WiFi HaLow
14mA
50mA

12. APPLICATION TRADE-OFFS
More challenging to store energy
than it is to pack transistors

13. COMPLEXITY IN DESIGN FORM FACTORS
Image: Athos smart apparel Image: Amazon fulfilment
centers
Unusual
shapes
Massive
deployment
Inconvenient
locations
Image: WJE's DAT Team

14. ENERGY
HARVESTING
Augmented power solutions for the
next-generation IoT smart device

15. REMEMBER THIS?

16. Energy Harvester
Photovoltaic Radio - FrequencyThermoelectric Kinetic
SOURCES OF HARVESTABLE ENERGY
Storage
PMIC /
PMU /
Load
device

17. Photovoltaic Radio - FrequencyThermoelectric Kinetic
SOURCES OF HARVESTABLE ENERGY
Thermoelectric Photovoltaic Kinetic RF
High duty cycle (~100%) Low duty cycle <50% Dependent High duty cycle (~100%)
Low energy density Low energy density High energy density Low energy density
DC DC AC Half-wave AC
Temperature-dependent
impedance
Low impedence Very high impedence High impedence

18. SOLAR ENERGY
Image: Skylock
Image: Chanel’s Eco-Couture
Single-junction
Photovoltaic Panels

19. KINETIC ENERGY
Image: AMPY Move linear kinetic
generator
Image: Solepower insole power generator
Piezoelectric
generator
Kinetic
eccentric mass
generator

20. THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY
Image: Seiko Thermic TEG watch
Image: Powerpot thermogenerator
Thermoelectric
generator (TEG)

21. RADIO-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
Image: Hatem Zeine, CEO of
Ossia demonstrating the COTA
power system
Image: Nikola Labs iPhone RF-
harvesting casing
Rectennas
Image: WattUp wireless energy
charging

22. AUGMENTATION OF LEGACY BATTERIES
Controller I/OPower EH
Lifetime
Battery life
100%
0%
Perpetual
operation

23. ENERGY STORAGE
Lithium-Ion
battery (Li-Ion)
Thin-Film Battery
(TFB), LiPON
Super capacitor (SC,
EDLC)
Solid-State Energy
Storage
Cycle Life ~500 > 1,000 Millions  5000
Self-discharge 10% / week <2% / year >10% / minute Very Low
Energy Capacity
(mAh)
1-10,000 0.1 - 10 0.01 – 1.5 0.012 – 0.05
Charge Time Hours Few minutes Seconds 30 – 50 minutes

24. ENERGY HARVESTER SOLUTIONS
STMicro
SPV1050
Maxim
MAX17710
Linear
LTC3330
Analog
ADP5090
Spansion
MB39C811
Texas
Instruments
BQ25570
Power Levels ~1mW ~10mW ~100mW 16µW-200mW ~200mW ~200mW
Sources or and or and or
Energy
storage
Various Supercap MECs Various Supercap Various

25. 49%
51%
EH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

26. EH
EH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
ENERGY
CAPACITY
SMART
DEVICE
Power
Requirements
Application and
environment
Systematic
design
considerations
Size
constraints

27. AUGMENTATION OF LEGACY BATTERIES
Remaining
Power
Time
Primary power source
Batteries with no EH
Battery depleted,
device ceases operation
“Perpetual” operation
Eharvest ≥ Econsume
“Decaying” operation
Eharvest < Econsume
Device
lifetime
extended
Device
“revives”

28. EMERGENT
DESIGN
TRENDS
FOR FUTURE SMART DEVICES

29. FLEXIBLE & STRETCHABLE CIRCUITRY
Image: IMEC ultra-thin chip package
(UTCP)
Image: 2011 University of Illinois/
Northwestern flexible epidermal sensor
Image: Bluespark’s Temptraq bluetooth
Temperature sensor

30. ULTRA-THIN BATTERIES
Image: Bluespark UT, 1.5V. 12
mAh
Image: Infinite Power Solutions
Thinergy MEC 4.1V, 0.7mAh
Image: Prologium
Lithium-Ceramic, 26mAh,
3.75V FLCB 255-
290Wh/Kg
Image: Sekisui Chemical
film-type lithium-ion
battery
Image: Front Edge NanoEnergy
1-5 mAh, 50microns thick
Image: Stmicroelectronics EnFilm™
micro-battery, 3.9V, 0.7mAh
Image: Powerstream
battery 0.5mm thick,
3.6V, 45mAh
Image: Cymbet Enerchip
12µAh - 50µAh

31. HYBRID ARCHITECTURE
Battery
SC
Peak Output Assist
EH/PMIC Load 1
SCBattery
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4
Battery Load Reduction
SC
Energy Smoothing
Battery+SC
Battery only Harvested energy

32. FUTURE
TECHNOLOGIES
Augmented power solutions for the next-generation
smart device

33. Rectenna (RF) / kinetic-EH
AAA battery
Semi-flexible TEG
0.6mm-thickness, RoHS compliant 1.25V, 34.5mA,
4.5mW at 10K ΔT ~1-3 W/cm2
MICRO-OPTIMIZED EH RESEARCH AT ARTIC

34. EH-AUGMENTED CONSUMER BATTERIES

35. 1. Huang, P., et al. (2016). "On-chip and freestanding elastic carbon films for micro-supercapacitors." Science 351(6274): 691-695.
2. Lei Li et al. (2015) High-Performance Pseudocapacitive Microsupercapacitors from Laser-Induced Graphene, Advanced Materials
3. Zhang et al. (2013) doi:10.1038/ncomms4026 – “A high-energy-density sugar biobattery based on a synthetic enzymatic pathway”
4. Xu, Sheng (02/2013). "Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems". Nature communications (2041-1723), 4 , p. 1543.
5. IBM creates a breathing, high-density, lithium-air battery http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126745-ibm-creates-breathing-high-density-light-weight-lithium-air-battery
6. Kwon, Y. H., S.-W. Woo, et al. (2012). "Cable-Type Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Based on Hollow Multi-Helix Electrodes." Advanced Materials: 1-6.
BATTERY INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ACADEMIA
Enzymatic sugar-based biobattery3
Lithium-Air battery5
Increasing Energy
Density
Silicon-based micro-
supercapacitors1
laser-induced graphene (LIG)
micro-supercapacitors2
Increasing Power
Density /
Charge Cycles
Stretchable lithium
battery4
Novel Form Factors
Cable-type flexible lithium-
ion batteries6

36. NEW POWER SOURCES
Kraftwerk Portable Pocket Fuel
Cell Power Generator1
Fujitsu Laboratories Hybrid EH
for from Heat and Light
(photovoltaic + thermoelectric)2
1. https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ezelleron/kraftwerk-highly-innovative-portable-power-plant
2. http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2010/1209-01.html

37. “
Thank you
Image: Deviantart - artist FMHQBattousai (2011)