4. “
Audio-Visual Headset
Augmented Reality (AR), event recorders,
communication headsets
Mobile Device
Central Gateway to all smart devices and
wearables
Smart-apparel
Wearable body/cardiac metrics, comfort-
regulation, fatigue-detection
Smart-watches
Secondary GUI interface, short-cut access
Peripheral devices
Power cords, chargers and energy banks,
laptops, tablets, entertainment devices etc.
7. 90’s 00’s 10’s
1Paradiso, Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics, Pervasive Computing, IEEE, 2005
Storage1,000
100
10
Computing
Power
Wireless
Communication
Battery Energy
Density
CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
Snail’s Law
Moore’s Law
8. ENERGY STORAGE DENSITIES
Energy Density (Wh/kg)
101100
102 103
Longer usage / lighter
101
102
103
104
105
SC
Peak
Power
(W/kg)
SLA
NiCd
NiMH Li-Co
Li-Mn Li-Air
Fuel
Cell
Gasoline
AlcoholsAl-Air
104
Rapid
release
Emerging
technologies
Established
technologies
Fuel-based
technologies
10. C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N
S E N S O R SP O W E R
I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A SMART DEVICE
M I C R O
C O N T R O L L E R
11. C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N
S E N S O R S
M I C R O
C O N T R O L L E RP O W E R
I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S
TYPICAL CONSUMPTION OF A SMART DEVICE
LoRa
WiFi HaLow
14mA
50mA
17. Photovoltaic Radio - FrequencyThermoelectric Kinetic
SOURCES OF HARVESTABLE ENERGY
Thermoelectric Photovoltaic Kinetic RF
High duty cycle (~100%) Low duty cycle <50% Dependent High duty cycle (~100%)
Low energy density Low energy density High energy density Low energy density
DC DC AC Half-wave AC
Temperature-dependent
impedance
Low impedence Very high impedence High impedence
19. KINETIC ENERGY
Image: AMPY Move linear kinetic
generator
Image: Solepower insole power generator
Piezoelectric
generator
Kinetic
eccentric mass
generator
21. RADIO-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
Image: Hatem Zeine, CEO of
Ossia demonstrating the COTA
power system
Image: Nikola Labs iPhone RF-
harvesting casing
Rectennas
Image: WattUp wireless energy
charging
22. AUGMENTATION OF LEGACY BATTERIES
Controller I/OPower EH
Lifetime
Battery life
100%
0%
Perpetual
operation
23. ENERGY STORAGE
Lithium-Ion
battery (Li-Ion)
Thin-Film Battery
(TFB), LiPON
Super capacitor (SC,
EDLC)
Solid-State Energy
Storage
Cycle Life ~500 > 1,000 Millions 5000
Self-discharge 10% / week <2% / year >10% / minute Very Low
Energy Capacity
(mAh)
1-10,000 0.1 - 10 0.01 – 1.5 0.012 – 0.05
Charge Time Hours Few minutes Seconds 30 – 50 minutes
35. 1. Huang, P., et al. (2016). "On-chip and freestanding elastic carbon films for micro-supercapacitors." Science 351(6274): 691-695.
2. Lei Li et al. (2015) High-Performance Pseudocapacitive Microsupercapacitors from Laser-Induced Graphene, Advanced Materials
3. Zhang et al. (2013) doi:10.1038/ncomms4026 – “A high-energy-density sugar biobattery based on a synthetic enzymatic pathway”
4. Xu, Sheng (02/2013). "Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems". Nature communications (2041-1723), 4 , p. 1543.
5. IBM creates a breathing, high-density, lithium-air battery http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126745-ibm-creates-breathing-high-density-light-weight-lithium-air-battery
6. Kwon, Y. H., S.-W. Woo, et al. (2012). "Cable-Type Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Based on Hollow Multi-Helix Electrodes." Advanced Materials: 1-6.
BATTERY INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ACADEMIA
Enzymatic sugar-based biobattery3
Lithium-Air battery5
Increasing Energy
Density
Silicon-based micro-
supercapacitors1
laser-induced graphene (LIG)
micro-supercapacitors2
Increasing Power
Density /
Charge Cycles
Stretchable lithium
battery4
Novel Form Factors
Cable-type flexible lithium-
ion batteries6
36. NEW POWER SOURCES
Kraftwerk Portable Pocket Fuel
Cell Power Generator1
Fujitsu Laboratories Hybrid EH
for from Heat and Light
(photovoltaic + thermoelectric)2
1. https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ezelleron/kraftwerk-highly-innovative-portable-power-plant
2. http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2010/1209-01.html
http://www.gizmag.com/supercapacitor-inside-chip/41855
http://www.gizmag.com/sand-grain-micro-batteries/28107/
http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/flexible-printed-and-thin-film-batteries-2016-2026-technologies-markets-players-000463.asp
http://www.telecomreview.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1988:powering-mobiles-of-the-future-a-look-into-battery-innovations
In 2009, Sony demonstrated a glucose battery, 1 bowl of rice = 96 AA alkaline batteries, this is 10x Lithium