Great Britain controlled Singapore and Burma to protect its Indian possessions and gain access to China. France took control of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Annam, combining them into French Indochina to maintain its trade influence. The United States inherited the Philippines from Spain after the Spanish-American War and sought to "civilize" the country while also using it for trade with China. Local rulers maintained indirect rule through cooperation with colonial powers, while direct rule replaced local elites with colonial officials when opposition was strong. Colonial economies developed plantation agriculture and infrastructure through native labor to export goods and profits. Thailand remained the sole independent Southeast Asian state through Western education and diplomacy.

1. New Imperialism

2. Why did they do it?Europeans wanted direct control over vast territories

3. What countries controlled what parts of Southeast Asia?

4. Who controlled what?

5. Great Britain Singapore: founded by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and was a stopping point on the way to China Burma: wanted to use Burma to protect its possessions in India and gain a land route to China

6. France Vietnam: French forced them to accept French protection in order to keep British from monopolizing trade Eventually controlled Saigon and Mekong River Delta and then slowly gained control over the rest of the country Indochina: Later gained control over Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Loaswhich they combined into a new Union of French Indochina

7. The United States Inherited the Philippines from Spain after winning the Spanish-American War in 1898 President McKinely made it a colony because he wanted to “civilize” other countries. The Philippines also gave them a jumping off point for trade with china

8. Indirect Rule Local rulers maintained their authority by cooperating with their foreign rulers. It made government cheaper because less officials had to be trained Allowed local culture to continue; did not interfere with the customs of the people

9. Direct Rule When local elites are replaced with officials from the colonial power Used only when colonial rule was strongly opposed

10. Colonial Economies Led to a plantation agriculture because colonial powers wanted to export more goods Native people worked for low wages in bad conditions so that foreign investors could make more money Colonial rule did lead to the beginning of a modern economic system Colonial governments built railroads, highways and other structures

11. Thailand The only remaining free state from Southeast Asia Rulers promoted western learning and maintained friendly relations with major European powers

12. Resistance to colonial rule Eventually the generation raised with western style education in the new urban-middle class created by colonization began to revolt Europeans created their own worst nightmare