Glycolysis is a 9-step process that breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm without oxygen. It requires 2 ATP molecules at the start but produces 4 ATP molecules and 2 pyruvate molecules at the end. Glycolysis involves many enzymes that catalyze reactions to break down glucose and other 6-carbon sugars into smaller 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate or lactate, with a net production of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.

1. GLYCOLYSIS

2. THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT
GLYCOLYSIS:
 IT IS AN ANAEROBIC PROCESS
 IT TAKES PLACE IN THE CELL’S CYTOPLASM
 IT REQUIRES BURNING 2 ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
 THERE ARE 9 STEPS IN ALL GLYCOLYSIS
 THERE ARE A WHOLE BUNCH OF DIFFERENT ENZYMES THAT PLAYS
IMPORTANT ROLES IN BREAKING DOWN THE DIFFERENT
GLUCOSE/FRUCTOSE MOLECULES

3. VOCABULARY WORDS
 OXIDATION – ADDITION OF OXYGEN; LOSS OF ELECTRONS
 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - The molecule from which cells derive energy.
Comprised of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphates, each
phosphate bond contains energy, especially the third bond. By breaking that
one bond and reducing ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the cell can get
the energy to carry out its various processes.
 Alcohol dehydrogenase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for catalyzing the
reaction that converts acetaldehyde to ethanol in the alcoholic fermentation of
pyruvate.
 Alcoholic fermentation - The process that converts pyruvate to carbon dioxide
and ethanol that takes place in yeast under anaerobic conditions.
 Aldolase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction that
converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) and
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).

4.  Glucose - A six-carbon molecule that is a digestive product of
carbohydrates and plays a major role in the metabolism of living cells.
 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase - The glycolytic enzyme
responsible for converting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into 1,3-
bisphoglycerate with the reduction of NAD to NADH.
 Hexokinase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for catalyzing the
reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a molecule of ATP to a
6-membered glucose ring.
 Homolactic fermentation - The process that converts pyruvate into
lactate while oxidizing NADH to NAD under anaerobic conditions.
 Lactate dehydrogenase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for
converting pyruvate into lactate while oxidizing NADH to NAD under
anaerobic conditions.
 Phosphofructokinase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for
converting fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by
transferring a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate.
 Phosphoglucose isomerase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for
converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

5. Phosphoglycerate kinase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for converting 1,3-
bisphoglycerate into 3- phosphoglycerate by transferring a phosphate group from 1,3-
bisphoglycerate to an ADP molecule to yield ATP.
Phosphoglycerate mutase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for rearranging 3-
phosphoglycerate into 2- phosphoglycerate.
Phosphorylation - A reaction that transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to
another.
Pyruvate - The end product of glycolysis.
Pyruvate decarboxylase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate
into acetaldehyde under anaerobic conditions during alcoholic fermentation.
Trisphosphate isomerase - The glycolytic enzyme responsible for converting
dihydroxyacetone adenine phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate so that it can
continue in the glycolytic pathway.

6. INVESTMENT