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Mutual prosperity - Why north and south need each other.
Agrinatura Workshop. Uppsala,27 April 2017
Agriculture Intensification Pathways:
caring for diversity !
by Philippe Petithuguenin
General outline
 Work conducted by the ProIntensAfrica (H2020) project
 Transformation of agriculture follows diverse paths.
 This diversity has to be recognized, characterized (and
not hidden behind loose concepts) and promoted in
order to
1. Respond to diversity of contexts and
expectations
2. Support decision making (by farmers,
agrodealers, policy makers…)
3. Programme research
4. Support innovation processes
General outline
ProIntensAfrica methodological
approach to build the R&I Agenda
 Considering a wide spectrum of documented
intensification options and pathways for Africa
 Defining contrasted pathways
 Organizing a participative approach with a range
of diversified stakeholders
A methodology involving the review of
convergences, contradictions and controversies,
gaps and trade-offs is essential
Literature review…
and Case studies are critical in addressing the
above issues.
High-input intensification
n=3329
Agriculture,
research
History,
archaeology
Educa on, extension,informa on
and training
Organiza ons, Laws
Economics
Plant
science
Pathogen, pest, parasite and weed
management
Soil
science
Forestry, forest products and
agroforestry
Animal
science
Aqua c sciences
Engineering and equipment
Natural
resources
Food science and food products
Forage and feed products (non
human)
Non-food and non-feed agricutural
products
Social
sciences
Human health and hygiene
Biotechnology
Wastes Zoology
and wild
animals
Other
sciences
Case studies
5/9/2017
PROIntensAfrica – Towards a long-term Africa-EU partnership to raise
sustainable food and nutrition security in Africa
In depth case studies Light case studies
Proposed typology of I. pathways
Four contrasted pathways
A pathway = a given technical system
+ actors + policies
Five key aspects are defining the pathways: vision and
values; organization of the food chain; dimensions
addressed by the agricultural model; agricultural
practices; and source of energy and materials.
Website: http://www.intensafrica.org/
Four contrasted pathways (or ideotypes)
CONVENTIONAL
AGRICULTURE
PATHWAY
This pathway is dominated by high use of external inputs (such as improved
varieties and breeds of crop and livestock, GMO, pesticides and mineral
fertilizers) and extensive use of irrigation and mechanization. This pathway
is a continuity of the green revolution and endears the use of high-tech
provided that such will improve productivity. It dominantly refers to
maximizing production as its goal in the short term.
ECOTECHNIFIED
AGRICULTURE
PATHWAY
This “ecotechnified” pathway primarily seeks intensification through
rational use of biotechnology, modest external inputs, irrigation and
mechanization in such a way that the ecological cycles are maintained. It
seeks to integrate new knowledge, indigenous knowledge and ecological
services to ensure a sustainable intensive agriculture.
AGROECOLOGY
PATHWAY
This “agroecology” pathway is based on a convergence of agronomy and
ecology and on integration of technical and socio/political considerations.
Maximization of productivity or production are not the main goals of this
pathway, rather the optimization of outputs (economic, environmental,
social). Intensification in this sense is subordinated to welfare development
and autonomy of the production system and of the farm.
ORGANIC
AGRICULTURE
PATHWAY
The organic agriculture pathway refrains from the use of pesticides and
mineral fertilizers and emulates ecological systems and cycles. Its main
objective is not intensification but a shift to better quality and certification
for better valorization.
Collaboration Exploring and Caring for the Diversity of Agriculture Intensification Pathways: Learnings for Europe and for Africa from the ProIntensAfrica Project
How the pathway approach can be used
to establish a R&I Agenda
ImpresS based on a case study approach
4 research and innovation patterns
Participatory transfer of knowledge and technologies Co-design of innovation
Supporting the innovation process Open innovation
• The diversity of contexts (biophysical and socio-economic)
is high. There is no “one size fits all”.
• It “pays” to care for a diversity of pathways (better
understanding of on-going transformation processes; easier
identification of promising options; avoiding confrontational
postures; broader range for higher impact, especially at farmers’
level)
• But diversity has to be “nurtured”, and some pathways are
under explored. (concept of “lock-in”: cf IPES-Food report)
• The role of R&I is to
• broaden the range of options
• and provide adecuate information to allow comparisons
within options and between options, to support decision.
• Need to further develop the understanding of the linkages
between pathways and innovation processes. May be by
creating a research and innovation community where
diverse options are discussed !
5 Main Conclusions
• For further information:
• Thank you for your attention !
Website: http://www.intensafrica.org/
Website: http://impress-impact-recherche.cirad.fr/
and you can contact me
at:philippe.petithuguenin@cirad.fr
Reserve slides
Sustainable Intensification
 Definition of “Sustainable Intensification”: to produce
more outputs (not limited to agricultural products) with
a more efficient use of all inputs (not only improved
seeds and fertilizers but also knowledge and know-
how) on a durable basis (maintaining soil fertility,
avoiding erosion and desertification), while building
resilience and the social and natural capitals, reducing
environmental damage and improving the flow of
environmental services.
or to “produce more and better with less”
=> An excessively broad concept. Sustainability has
trade-offs, and is therefore not only “technical” but very
much a social/political choice !
Sustainable Intensification
 In the “classical” view, the three traditional production
factors are mobilized to explain agricultural
intensification: Land, Labour and Capital.
Intensification relies on quantity of inputs per one of
these factors, the inputs concerned being mainly
fossil-energy-based obtained with capital investment.
 In “sustainable intensification”, other factors and
assets are taken into consideration as new inputs to
be used more intensively: knowledge; ecosystem
services (soil, water…) and ecological processes;
human capital, work force, incomes and jobs;
inequalities and territory planning…
General trends: pathways 1 and 2 prevalance
4 pathways
5/9/2017
PROIntensAfrica – Towards a long-term Africa-EU partnership to raise
sustainable food and nutrition security in Africa

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Collaboration Exploring and Caring for the Diversity of Agriculture Intensification Pathways: Learnings for Europe and for Africa from the ProIntensAfrica Project

  • 1. Mutual prosperity - Why north and south need each other. Agrinatura Workshop. Uppsala,27 April 2017 Agriculture Intensification Pathways: caring for diversity ! by Philippe Petithuguenin
  • 2. General outline  Work conducted by the ProIntensAfrica (H2020) project  Transformation of agriculture follows diverse paths.  This diversity has to be recognized, characterized (and not hidden behind loose concepts) and promoted in order to 1. Respond to diversity of contexts and expectations 2. Support decision making (by farmers, agrodealers, policy makers…) 3. Programme research 4. Support innovation processes
  • 4. ProIntensAfrica methodological approach to build the R&I Agenda  Considering a wide spectrum of documented intensification options and pathways for Africa  Defining contrasted pathways  Organizing a participative approach with a range of diversified stakeholders A methodology involving the review of convergences, contradictions and controversies, gaps and trade-offs is essential Literature review… and Case studies are critical in addressing the above issues.
  • 5. High-input intensification n=3329 Agriculture, research History, archaeology Educa on, extension,informa on and training Organiza ons, Laws Economics Plant science Pathogen, pest, parasite and weed management Soil science Forestry, forest products and agroforestry Animal science Aqua c sciences Engineering and equipment Natural resources Food science and food products Forage and feed products (non human) Non-food and non-feed agricutural products Social sciences Human health and hygiene Biotechnology Wastes Zoology and wild animals Other sciences
  • 6. Case studies 5/9/2017 PROIntensAfrica – Towards a long-term Africa-EU partnership to raise sustainable food and nutrition security in Africa In depth case studies Light case studies
  • 7. Proposed typology of I. pathways Four contrasted pathways A pathway = a given technical system + actors + policies Five key aspects are defining the pathways: vision and values; organization of the food chain; dimensions addressed by the agricultural model; agricultural practices; and source of energy and materials. Website: http://www.intensafrica.org/
  • 8. Four contrasted pathways (or ideotypes) CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURE PATHWAY This pathway is dominated by high use of external inputs (such as improved varieties and breeds of crop and livestock, GMO, pesticides and mineral fertilizers) and extensive use of irrigation and mechanization. This pathway is a continuity of the green revolution and endears the use of high-tech provided that such will improve productivity. It dominantly refers to maximizing production as its goal in the short term. ECOTECHNIFIED AGRICULTURE PATHWAY This “ecotechnified” pathway primarily seeks intensification through rational use of biotechnology, modest external inputs, irrigation and mechanization in such a way that the ecological cycles are maintained. It seeks to integrate new knowledge, indigenous knowledge and ecological services to ensure a sustainable intensive agriculture. AGROECOLOGY PATHWAY This “agroecology” pathway is based on a convergence of agronomy and ecology and on integration of technical and socio/political considerations. Maximization of productivity or production are not the main goals of this pathway, rather the optimization of outputs (economic, environmental, social). Intensification in this sense is subordinated to welfare development and autonomy of the production system and of the farm. ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PATHWAY The organic agriculture pathway refrains from the use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers and emulates ecological systems and cycles. Its main objective is not intensification but a shift to better quality and certification for better valorization.
  • 10. How the pathway approach can be used to establish a R&I Agenda
  • 11. ImpresS based on a case study approach
  • 12. 4 research and innovation patterns Participatory transfer of knowledge and technologies Co-design of innovation Supporting the innovation process Open innovation
  • 13. • The diversity of contexts (biophysical and socio-economic) is high. There is no “one size fits all”. • It “pays” to care for a diversity of pathways (better understanding of on-going transformation processes; easier identification of promising options; avoiding confrontational postures; broader range for higher impact, especially at farmers’ level) • But diversity has to be “nurtured”, and some pathways are under explored. (concept of “lock-in”: cf IPES-Food report) • The role of R&I is to • broaden the range of options • and provide adecuate information to allow comparisons within options and between options, to support decision. • Need to further develop the understanding of the linkages between pathways and innovation processes. May be by creating a research and innovation community where diverse options are discussed ! 5 Main Conclusions
  • 14. • For further information: • Thank you for your attention ! Website: http://www.intensafrica.org/ Website: http://impress-impact-recherche.cirad.fr/ and you can contact me at:philippe.petithuguenin@cirad.fr
  • 16. Sustainable Intensification  Definition of “Sustainable Intensification”: to produce more outputs (not limited to agricultural products) with a more efficient use of all inputs (not only improved seeds and fertilizers but also knowledge and know- how) on a durable basis (maintaining soil fertility, avoiding erosion and desertification), while building resilience and the social and natural capitals, reducing environmental damage and improving the flow of environmental services. or to “produce more and better with less” => An excessively broad concept. Sustainability has trade-offs, and is therefore not only “technical” but very much a social/political choice !
  • 17. Sustainable Intensification  In the “classical” view, the three traditional production factors are mobilized to explain agricultural intensification: Land, Labour and Capital. Intensification relies on quantity of inputs per one of these factors, the inputs concerned being mainly fossil-energy-based obtained with capital investment.  In “sustainable intensification”, other factors and assets are taken into consideration as new inputs to be used more intensively: knowledge; ecosystem services (soil, water…) and ecological processes; human capital, work force, incomes and jobs; inequalities and territory planning…
  • 18. General trends: pathways 1 and 2 prevalance
  • 19. 4 pathways 5/9/2017 PROIntensAfrica – Towards a long-term Africa-EU partnership to raise sustainable food and nutrition security in Africa