The frameworks to protect different types of active and relict environments including National Parks to Antarctc Treaty as well as the pros and cons

1. The Frameworks for protection
Lower Sixth Geography

2. Frameworks Exist at a variety of scales to
help protect glacial areas
• These come at:
• International Scale
• National Scale
• Global Systems that exist for conservation

4. International Scale
• Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
• Antarctica is unique as it has had a system of international
Governance since 1959 for all areas past latitude 60
degrees South
• Deemed a place of peace and science and set claims of
ownership from 7 countries aside
• 60 countries have now signed representing 88% of the
world’s population
• Since 1959 more than 250 recommendations have been
adopted within the ATS:

5. Important Changes
– 1964 Agreed Measure for the Conservation of Antarctic Flora and
Fauna (AMCAFF)
– 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS)
– 1982 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (CCAMLR
– 1998 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
(EP)
• Now over 50 yrs. old it is seen as an excellent example
of successful international agreement.
• However the Arctic is a long way off from mimicking the
ATS. It is an oceanic area surrounded by some very big
and powerful countries

6. Arctic Nations
• Consists of both ice and tundra as well as
important marine life so has economic
value to people
• 4 million people live in the Arctic regions
• 1.2 million of which are Indigenous
people who have a way of life and a
culture that must be protected and
conserved.
• 8 countries currently have territorial
claims USA Russia
Canada Norway
Denmark Iceland
Sweden Finland

7. Working together
• These 8 work together through the Intergovernmental
Arctic Council which was set up in 1996 and acts as a
forum for debate and co-operation.
• Indigenous tribes are consulted on key issues such as
sustainable development and the environment
• Strengthened by the Polar Code in 2003 which
theoretically enables nations to enforce stricter
environmental regulations
• The United Nations (UN) manage territorial disputes
using UNCLOS (UN Convention for the Laws of the Sea)

8. Problems
• Recent melting has led to greater accessibility for:
– Sea routes
– Mineral exploitation
• The problem stems from the fact it is not a treaty and so powers
are limited over disputes, fishing rights, territorial claims and
quotas
• Greenpeace want to see a Global Arctic Sanctuary supported
by the ATS – but this is a long way from being a reality
• Other International Organisations are:
– The Alpine Convention
– Svalbard Treaty

9. National Scale
• Frameworks developed at this level include
• National Parks which have various regulations that can
help protect, permit activity and access
• The Arctic has possibly more protected areas than
anywhere else with over 15% protected (Since there isn’t
many competing land use
• All 8 countries have some parts protected Alaska has 56%
protected status
• There are National parks, wildlife refuge (ANWR)
• The vast array of diversity here is now under threat from
oil drilling which now has permission

10. Finland
• Has an alternative system
• 33% protected with national parks and
public access
• Nature reserves which have stricter
access (Kevo in Finnish Lapland allows
permits holders to use only a few marked
trails)

11. Alpine regions
• Again have national parks
• Hohe Tauern in Austria
have sustainable
strategies
• They have been very
successful and now
attract many tourists
which is becoming an
issue
• This could be said to be
equally true with areas of
Snowdonia and the Lake
District where conflicts
over land uses and views
by different groups have
caused problems

12. Global Systems for Conservation
• The protection of individual species are often protected by
global strategies such as
• Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species
• UNESCO
• IUCN
• RAMSAR
• Using page 104 of the textbook and websites please write
the benefits and problems associated with these
organisations.

13. Past questions and SAMs
• Evaluate the view that tourism poses the greatest threat to
both active and relict glaciated landscapes. (20)
• A range of threats affect glaciated landscapes.
Evaluate whether sustainable management schemes are
always the most appropriate approach to dealing with these
threats. (20)
• Evaluate the threats to the economic and environmental
value of glacial landscapes (20)

14. Class and homework
• Write a short paragraph on each of the following:
– 1964 Agreed Measure for the Conservation of Antarctic Flora and
Fauna (AMCAFF)
– 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS)
– 1982 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (CCAMLR
– 1998 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
(EP)
• Including what they are and what significant changes were
made to ATS
– The Alpine Convention
– Svalbard Treaty