seminar on Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on Cucurbitaceous Crops

1. Vani firdos b.
M. Sc.(Vegetable Science)
Reg.No.:- 04-HORMA-01457-2015
Associate Professor & Head
Department of vegetable science
College of Horticulture
S.D. Agricultural University,
Sardarkrushinagar.
Dr. B. M. Nandre
Assistant Research Scientist,
Agriculture Research Station,
S. D. Agricultural University,Aseda-
385 535 1

2. Out line
Introduction
What is Integrated Nutrient Management?
Objective of nutrient management
Need of nutrient management
Constraints in adoption of INM
Review of literature
Future strategies
Conclusion

3. In India vegetables are grown in about 90.83
lakh ha area with the production of 1564.45 lakh MT
out of which cucurbiticeous crops occupies an about 4.
22 lakh ha area with the production of 38.67 lakh MT
(Anon., 2015-2016).
In Gujarat total vegetable covers an area about
5.38 lakh ha with the production of 105.37 lakh MT.
In Gujarat, pea crop is not grown commercially so area
and production is not estimated.
1

4. Per capita requirement of Vegetables
By ICMR
125g
greens
100 g
roots
75 g of
other veg.
300 g
Per capita availability of Vegetables
India
210 g
Gujarat
170 g 2

5. • Vegetables are the friends of the doctors and glory of the cook.
• Cucurbitaceae, includes about 117 genera and 825 species.
• which share about 5.6 % of the total vegetable production.
• In India about 36 genera and around 100 species have been
identified.
• The vegetable of this group are either consumed as salad or
pickle or as cooking or as dessert fruit or preserved.
• As many as 30 to 35 cucurbits are growing in our country.
3

6. IMPORTANCE OF CUCURBITACEOUS VEGETABLE CROPS
 Used as a green vegetables/ salad
 Used as a Pickle
 Used as a dessert fruit
 Eaten as a raw and cooked vegetables
 Eaten as a Stuffed vegetables
 Eaten as a Fried – Chips
 Eaten as a Sweets – Petha, Burfi, Halwa
 Rich source of protein and vitamins
 It has an medicinal and ayurvedic value
4

7. Major Crops of Cucurbitaceae Family
Crop Botanical Name Origin Edible part
Cucumber Cucumis sativus Africa Fruit
Bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria South Africa Fruit
Water melon Citrullus lanatus. Tropical Africa Fruit
Musk melon Cucumis melo Tropical Africa Fruit
Ridge gourd Luffa acutangula Asia Fruit
Bitter gourd Momordica charantia Tropical Asia Fruit
Summer squash Cucurbita pepo America Fruit
Pumpkin Cucurbita moschata Tropical America Fruit
Pointed gourd Trichosanthes dioica India Fruit
5

8. Integrated Nutrient Management
 “Integrated nutrient management means combined application of
different sources of plant nutrients like organics, inorganic and bio
fertilizers for sustainable crop production without degrading the
natural resources on long term basis.”
• Aim of Integrated nutrient management
– To integrate the use of natural and man made soil nutrients to
increase crop productivity and preserve soil productivity for future
generation.
6

9. Objective of Integrated Nutrient Management
 To maintain fertility and physio-chemical properties of soil.
 Encouragement of the judicious use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures,
green manures, biofertilizers, etc. for higher productivity.
 To recycle and use of organic wastes.
 Maximization of nutrient use efficiency.
 To avoid over exploitation of natural resources.
 To use all available pollution free sources of plant nutrient.
 Environmentally safe and eco friendly sustainable agriculture.
 To reduce expenditure cost.
 To protect soil health for future generation.
 Creation of positive nutrient balance in soil.
 To meet the social and economic aspirations of the farmers lower cost with
high productivity and profitability.
7

10. Need of Integrated Nutrient Management
 To promote sustainable agriculture.
 Multiple nutrient deficiency.
 Inorganic sources insufficient for nutritional needs.
 Optimal use of available nutrient sources.
 Prevent deterioration of soil health.
 Ground water and environmental pollution.
 To enhance yield of crop.
8

11. Constraints in adoption of INM
 Insufficient availability of organic manure
 Lack of facilities to collect and market agricultural wastes
 Reduce in importance of organic manures, crop residues and bio
fertilizers
 Urban wastes
 Growing green manure crops
 Use of Biofertilizer
 Financial aid and quality control
9

12. Essential Nutrients Required By Plant
1.Nitrogen(N)
2.Phosphorous(P)
3.Potassium(K)
4.Sulphur(S)
5.Calcium(Ca)
6.Magnesium(Mg)
7.Carbon(C)
8.Hydrogen(H)
9.Oxygen(O)
Mo
Ni
Cu
Zn
Mn
B
Fe
Cl
O
H
C
Ca
Mg
S
K
P
N
A. Macroutrients B. Micronutrients
1.Molybdenum(Mo)
2.Nickel(Ni)
3.Copper(Cu)
4.Zinc(Zn)
5.Manganese(Mn)
6.Boron(B)
7.Iron(Fe)
8.Chlorine(Cl)
10

13. Deficiency symptoms in plant
11

14. Basic
Components of INM
Organic
manures
Chemical
fertilizers
Biofertilizers
Basic
Components of INM
12

15. Chemical Fertilizers
“A chemical fertilizer is a substance applied to soils or
directly onto plants to provide nutrients optimal for plants growth
and development.”
Fertilizer consumed in India :
1. Nitrogenous fertilizer
2. Phosphatic fertilizer
3. Potassic fertilizer
4. Complex fertilizer
5. Fertilizer mixtures
13

16. Different chemical fertilizers and their sources
Sr. No. Chemical Fertilizer Example
1 Nitrogenous fertilizer Urea, Ammonium sulphate,, Ammonium
Nitrate, Sodium nitrate, Calcium Nitrate.
2 Phosphatic fertilizer SSP, TSP, Ground mineral phosphate, Basic
slug.
3 Potassic fertilizer MOP,SOP, Potassium nitrate,.
4 Complex fertilizer DAP , Ammonium phosphate sulphate
5 Fertilizer mixtures Nitro- phosphate with potash 15:15:15 of
N, P and K.
14

17. Organic fertilizer
 Organic fertilizers are the result of a decomposition process of
the organic remainders, by the diverse organisms action.
 Characteristic of organic fertilizer
Bulky in nature.
They are rich in nourishment and low in cost.
Improve the soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
Increase water holding capacity.
Add organic matter.
15

18. Vermicompost
Oil cake FYM
Green manure Bio fertilizer
16

19. Vermicompost contains :
1.6% Nitrogen;
0.7% Phosphorus;
0.8% Potash;
0.5% Calcium;
0.2% Magnesium;
175 ppm Iron;
96.5 ppm Manganese;
24.5 ppm Zinc
15.5 C:N ratio.
Vermicompost
Worms feed on organic material, break it down and then
excrete it as worm castings or vermicompost. The castings are in the
form of tiny pellets which are coated with a gel. This crumb-like
structure helps improve soil drainage and aeration.
17

20. FYM
Farm yard manure is a decomposed mixture of Cattle dung
and urine with straw and litter used as bedding material and
residues from the fodder fed to the cattle
 Well rotten FYM contains about 0.5 N, 0.2%P & 0.5%K
 Bulky material
 Nutritional status of FYM (%)
Nitrogen 0.5000
Phosphorus 0.2500
Potassium 0.5000
Calcium 0.0800
Sulfur 0.0200
Zinc 0.0040
Copper 0.0003
Manganese 0.0070
Iron 0.4500
18

21. Green manure
Green manuring is a practice of ploughing or turning into the soil
under composed green plant material for improving the physical
condition of the soil or for adding nitrogen when the green manure crop
is a legume.
Green manure
In situ
Ex situ
 In situ green manuring crop : Crotalaria juncea, Sesbania
rostrata,Vigna ungiculata, Cymopsis tetragonalobus , and
Sesbania aculeta.
 Ex situ (Green Leaf )manuring crop : Sesbania grandiflora,
Pongamia globra, Azardica indica, Gliricida sepium,
Peltophorum ferrugenum.
19

22. Average nutrient content in organic manures
Manures Nitrogen (%) Phosphorous (%) Potash (%)
FYM 0.5 0.2 0.5
Poultary manure 2 1 2
Vermicompost 0.5 - 1.50 0.1 - 0.30 0.15 - 0.56
Fish meal 4 -10 3 - 9 0.3 - 1.5
Oil cake
Castor cake 4.3 1.8 1.3
Cotton seed cake 3.9 1.8 1.6
Karanj cake 3.9 0.9 1.2
Mahua cake 2.5 0.8 1.2
Coconut cake 3.0 1.9 1.8
Ground nut cake 7.3 1.5 1.3
20

23. Bio fertilizers or microbial inoculants are carrier based ready to use live
bacterial or fungal formulations, which on application to plants, soil or
composting pits, help in mobilization of various nutrients by their biological
activity.
Bio fertilizer
Bio fertilizer
Nitrogen fixing micro-
organisms
Symbiotic
• Rhizobium
• Azolla
Non-symbiotic
• Blue green algae
• Azotobactor
• Azospirillum
Phosphate solubilizers
Symbiotic
• mycorrhizae
Non symbiotic
• Fungi, Bacteria,
Actinomycetes
Compost making micro-
organisms
Cellulolytic
Lignolytic
21

24. Product of Biofertilizer

22

25. 25
Brief Review of Research
Work

26. 26
CUCUMBER

27. Table - 1 Integrated Nutrient Management in Cucumber
Treatments Vine
length
(cm)
Days to
first
flowering
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit girth
(cm)
Mean fruit
weight (g)
Number of
fruits/plant
Yield/plant
(kg)
Yield
(t/ha)
T1 –RDF 20:30:30 kg/ha 2.39 35 22.70 15.80 277.00 5.60 1.55 15.50
T2 – FYM 20 t/ha 2.52 35 23.20 16.00 280.00 5.70 1.60 16.00
T3 - VC 4 t/ha 2.63 32 23.60 16.20 290.00 6.50 1.88 18.80
T4 – FYM 10 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha 2.94 31 27.50 17.80 340.00 7.50 2.55 25.50
T5 – GLM 5 t/ha + Biofertilizers 2.76 33 24.00 16.70 295.00 7.00 2.06 20.60
T6 – FYM 10 t/ha+ Biofertilizers 2.82 32 24.20 16.90 310.00 7.10 2.20 22.20
T7 – 50% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha +
Biofertilizers
3.15 30 30.10 20.10 380.00 7.90 3.00 30.00
T8 - 50% RDF + GLM 2.5 t/ha +
Biofertilizers
3.01 31 29.20 19.70 360.00 7.50 2.70 27.00
T9 - 50% RDF + VC 2 t/ha+ Biofertilizers 3.25 29 32.50 21.70 390.00 8.40 3.28 32.80
CD (5%) 0.15 2.34 2.43 1.58 11.97 0.39 0.17 3.37
TNAU, Coimbatore Prabhu et. al. (2006)
25

28. Table -2 Effect of chemical fertilizer and bio-fertilizers on the flowering parameters of cucumber
cv. Gujrat cucumber-1
Treatment Vine length (cm) Appearence of the
first female flower
(days)
Male
flowers/vine
Female
flowers/vine
Male:female sex
ratio
T1 274.00 35.50 70.00 11.15 8.18
T2 292.75 33.50 80.75 16.25 7.44
T3 324.75 28.50 90.75 19.70 6.33
T4 285.50 33.75 73.80 13.45 7.49
T5 317.25 29.75 89.60 19.25 6.60
T6 286.75 34.75 74.90 13.85 7.71
T7 330.75 28.00 92.75 19.75 6.00
T8 296.25 32.00 83.05 17.15 7.10
SEm± 1.37 0.97 3.28 0.86 0.26
CD at 5% 4.01 2.84 9.63 2.54 0.77
Navsari Parmar et al.(2011)
26
T5:75% RDF + PSB

29. Table - 4 Effect of integrated nutrient management on vine length, plant height and number of branches
per plant at 90 Days After Sowing (DAS) in cucumber grown under open condition
Treatment
90 days after sowing (DAS)
Number of leaves vine-1 Plant height (cm) Number of branches plant-1
Summer, 2005 Rabi ,
2006
Summer, 2005 Rabi
,2006
Summer, 2005 Rabi ,
2006
T1 88.00 94.65 205.00 217.50 6.15 7.30
T2 93.26 96.50 250.33 255.16 7.23 7.78
T3 84.50 85.50 195.33 201.16 5.13 5.78
T4 89.76 95.00 208.33 220.33 6.20 7.60
T5 48.53 86.83 194.16 203.43 5.23 6.11
T6 91.10 96.50 247.83 253.76 6.76 7.61
T7 86.50 89.81 203.83 209.33 6.06 7.28
T8 86.16 88.66 203.00 207.33 5.46 6.85
T9 82.93 84.66 190.33 197.50 5.06 5.63
T10 85.50 87.83 195.83 205.16 5.30 6.48
T11 82.83 84.16 178.00 184.16 4.53 5.41
T12 81.83 83.33 169.66 172.16 4.50 5.11
SEm± 4.89 8.29 11.53 6.03 0.47 0.31
CD at 5% NS NS 33.82 17.68 1.40 0.93
CV (%) 9.80 16.07 9.82 4.90 14.69 8.35
GVKV, Bangalore Anjanappa et al. (2012)
29
T2 :75% RDF + 75% FYM +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma

30. Table - 3 Effect of chemical fertilizer and bio-fertilizers on the performance of yield and quality
characters of cucumber cv. Gujrat cucumber-1
Treatment Fruit length(cm) Fruit girth (cm) Fruit yield TSS
%
Kg/plot Kg/ha
T1 21.99 7.99 10.51 13144.06 2.07
T2 28.63 9.96 15.86 19831.56 2.42
T3 32.80 12.37 18.19 22740.93 2.99
T4 28.30 10.69 14.22 17777.19 2.20
T5 32.06 12.05 18.00 22500.00 2.97
T6 28.14 9.87 13.49 16874.38 2.18
T7 33.75 12.53 18.87 23590.31 3.11
T8 29.01 11.00 16.22 20275.00 2.53
SEm± 1.37 0.63 0.87 1081.39 0.10
CD at 5% 4.01 1.86 2.54 3179.90 0.30
Navsari Parmar et al.(2011)
28
T7:75% RDF + Azospirillum + PSB

31. Treatment detail
T1: Control (Untreated)
T2:100% RDF + (N50:P25:K25 Kg/ha)
T3:75% RDF + Azospirillum
T4:0% RDF + Azospirillum
T5:75% RDF + PSB
T6:50% RDF + PSB
T7:75% RDF + Azospirillum + PSB
T8:50% RDF + Azospirillum + PSB
27

32. Table - 5 Effect of integrated management on fruit length, fruit volume and fruit diameter of cucumber at
harvest grown under open condition
Treatment Fruit length (cm) Fruit volume (cc) Fruit diameter (cm)
Summer, 2005 Rabi ,
2006
Summer, 2005 Rabi
,2006
Summer, 2005 Rabi ,
2006
T1 16.58 17.65 259.33 288.00 22.03 22.20
T2 18.16 20.81 295.61 330.00 22.23 22.40
T3 15.33 15.91 227.66 225.33 21.76 21.93
T4 17.41 17.91 261.66 316.33 22.06 22.21
T5 15.75 17.08 246.66 246.66 21.88 21.93
T6 18.00 19.68 289.00 320.66 22.20 22.33
T7 16.25 17.58 258.33 275.33 22.00 22.06
T8 16.00 17.53 253.66 260.66 21.93 22.00
T9 15.16 15.62 221.33 223.33 21.53 21.93
T10 15.83 17.25 247.00 251.66 21.90 21.93
T11 14.68 15.10 200.33 218.33 21.50 21.86
T12 14.66 15.06 189.00 195.33 21.41 21.86
SEm± 0.81 1.00 12.17 12.36 0.12 0.10
CD at 5% 2.37 2.96 35.17 36.27 0.36 0.31
CV (%) 8.69 10.12 8.58 8.15 9.66 8.13
GVKV, Bangalore Anjanappa et al. (2012)
31
T2 :75% RDF + 75% FYM +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma

33. Treatment detail
T1: 100% Recommended dose of fertilizer (72:60:96 kg NPK ha) +100% FYM (25t ha-1 )
T2 :75% RDF + 75% FYM +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T3: 50% RDF + 50% FYM +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T4:75% RDF + VC (1.5t ha-1) + Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T5: 50% RDF + VC (1.5t ha-1) +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T6: 75% RDF + 50% FYM + VC (1.5t ha-1) + Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T7: 50% RDF + 50% FYM + VC (1.5t ha-1) + Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T8: : 75% RDF + 50% FYM + Azotobacter Tricoderma
T9: 50% RDF + 50% FYM + Azotobacter
T10: 75% RDF + 50% FYM + phosphobacteria
T11: 50% RDF + 50% FYM + phosphobacteria
30

34. Table - 6 Effect of integrated nutrient management on number of fruits per vine and fruit yield of
cucumber grown under protected condition
Treatment 90 days after sowing (DAS)
Number of leaves vine-1 Plant weight(g) Fruit weight(kg vine-1) Fruit yield ( t ha-1 )
Summer,
2005
Rabi ,2006 Summer,
2005
Rabi ,2006 Summer,
2005
Rabi ,2006 Summer,
2005
Rabi,
2006
T1 7.60 9.66 245.69 280.49 2.09 2.17 54.33 56.34
T2 9.60 11.66 270.20 349.97 2.42 2.45 62.76 63.68
T3 6.83 8.81 214.24 223.65 1.83 2.03 47.52 52.28
T4 8.73 9.91 254.07 315.47 2.27 2.19 59.02 57.86
T5 6.88 8.91 221.22 266.40 1.83 2.06 50.11 52.46
T6 9.03 11.03 256.98 333.22 2.41 2.41 62.73 62.47
T7 6.95 9.53 239.18 271.92 1.94 2.10 50.85 54.52
T8 6.93 9.20 231.08 272.71 1.93 2.10 50.55 54.45
T9 6.73 8.46 210.79 221.58 1.83 2.01 42.27 52.13
T10 6.91 9.08 228.07 267.56 1.86 2.08 50.11 54.01
T11 6.68 8.30 209.23 206.02 1.70 1.96 44.07 50.55
T12 6.63 8.11 176.72 177.26 1.52 1.95 38.62 50.41
SEm± 0.85 0.86 15.62 17.16 0.24 0.26 4.31 4.86
CD at 5% 2.51 2.52 45.83 50.35 0.72 NS 12.66 12.80
CV (%) 19.92 15.86 11.77 11.18 21.73 21.48 14.56 13.72
GVKV, Bangalore Anjanappa et al. (2012)
32
T2 :75% RDF + 75% FYM +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma

35. Treatment detail
T1: 100% Recommended dose of fertilizer (72:60:96 kg NPK ha) +100% FYM (25t ha-1 )
T2 :75% RDF + 75% FYM +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T3: 50% RDF + 50% FYM +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T4:75% RDF + VC (1.5t ha-1) + Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T5: 50% RDF + VC (1.5t ha-1) +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T6: 75% RDF + 50% FYM + VC (1.5t ha-1) + Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T7: 50% RDF + 50% FYM + VC (1.5t ha-1) + Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma
T8: : 75% RDF + 50% FYM + Azotobacter Tricoderma
T9: 50% RDF + 50% FYM + Azotobacter
T10: 75% RDF + 50% FYM + phosphobacteria
T11: 50% RDF + 50% FYM + phosphobacteria
33

36. Table – 7 Effect of integrated nutrient management on ascorbic acid content, TSS, moisture content and
shelf life and physiological loss in weight in cucumber grown under protected condition.
Treatments Ascorbic acid TSS (°Brix) Moisture content ( %) Shelf life
(Days)
Physiological loss
in weight (%)
Summer
2005
Rabi
2006
Summer
2005
Rabi
2006
Summer
2005
Rabi
2006
Summer
2005
Rabi
2006
Summer
2005
Rabi
2006
T1 6.13 5.58 2.90 2.56 95.00 95.60 6.81 6.96 22.58 21.01
T2 6.50 5.91 3.00 3.16 95.50 96.06 7.18 7.86 22.25 20.58
T3 5.76 5.25 2.63 2.23 94.50 94.50 7.02 7.37 21.71 20.21
T4 6.36 5.70 2.93 2.60 95.06 95.66 7.30 7.87 22.46 20.66
T5 5.76 5.35 2.76 2.33 94.66 95.00 7.03 7.58 22.00 20.30
T6 6.40 5.75 2.96 3.00 95.16 96.00 7.37 8.00 21.80 20.58
T7 6.06 5.50 2.86 2.43 94.90 95.33 7.51 8.01 20.66 20.00
T8 6.06 5.41 2.86 2.40 94.83 95.33 7.11 7.60 22.50 20.93
T9 5.53 5.12 2.60 2.20 94.40 94.50 6.87 7.25 21.68 20.20
T10 5.93 5.41 2.80 2.36 94.66 95.16 7.03 7.57 22.25 20.25
T11 5.43 4.91 2.56 2.20 94.33 94.33 6.83 7.18 22.16 20.28
T12 5.33 4.85 2.36 2.13 94.16 91.83 7.95 8.08 19.83 19.91
SEm± 0.23 0.22 0.08 0.12 3.14 3.17 0.27 0.31 0.53 0.73
CD at 5% 0.68 0.64 0.25 0.36 NS NS 0.80 0.91 1.57 NS
CV (%) 6.76 7.09 5.41 8.81 5.74 5.79 6.58 7.06 4.25 6.24
GVKV, Bangalore Anjanappa et al. (2012)
34
T2 :75% RDF + 75% FYM +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma

37. Table - 8 Effect of integrated nutrient management on number of fruits per vine and fruit yield of
cucumber grown under protected condition.
Number of fruits vine-1 Fruit weight (g) Fruit yield (kg vine-1) Fruit yield ( t ha-1 )
Treatment Summer,
2005
Rabi ,2006 Summer,
2005
Rabi ,2006 Summer,
2005
Rabi ,2006 Summer,
2005
Rabi,
2006
T1 8.11 8.58 279.27 289.15 2.18 2.21 15.52 15.75
T2 10.25 10.30 309.01 324.94 2.47 2.55 17.60 18.22
T3 7.66 7.90 243.69 244.72 2.02 2.03 14.36 14.45
T4 8.70 9.03 298.14 310.83 2.19 2.23 15.59 15.85
T5 7.66 8.26 246.94 268.25 2.03 2.03 14.45 14.45
T6 10.00 10.25 302.14 313.98 2.45 2.51 17.41 17.79
T7 8.00 8.56 286.99 266.66 2.13 2.19 15.16 15.59
T8 7.83 8.50 278.35 259.50 2.08 2.18 14.81 15.42
T9 6.75 7.33 240.23 20366 1.99 2.02 14.17 14.43
T10 7.73 8.33 255.65 269.49 2.08 2.11 14.81 15.04
T11 6.46 7.25 238.35 195.98 1.98 1.98 14.10 14.10
T12 6.26 7.01 193.07 191.94 1.81 1.87 12.91 13.29
SEm± 0.83 0.70 16.46 30.43 0.21 0.27 0.97 1.03
CD at 5% 2.46 2.06 48.29 89.25 0.62 NS 2.86 3.04
CV (%) 18.27 14.42 10.92 19.90 17.41 21.81 11.20 11.69
GVKV, Bangalore Anjanappa et al. (2012)
35
T2 :75% RDF + 75% FYM +Azotobacter + phosphobacteria + Tricoderma

38. 38
BITTER GOURD

39. Table- 9 Effect of boifertilizer and nitrogen on growth, yield and yield attributes of bitter gourd cv. Pusa
vishesh
Treatment Number of fruit
per plant
Average fruit
weight(g)
Fruit
thikness(cm
)
Fruit length
(cm)
Fruit girth
(cm)
Fruit yield
/plant(kg)
Fruit yield
t/ha
T1 (Azotobacter) 18.91 66.31 0.81 10.02 4.42 1.29 16.72
T2(Azotobacter+ 20 kg
N/ha)
21.17 67.14 0.89 12.15 4.52 1.42 18.95
T3 (PSB) 15.80 64.16 0.85 12.59 4.27 1.01 13.52
T4 (PSB + 20 Kg N/ha) 17.65 65.16 0.85 11.37 4.12 1.15 15.34
T5(Azotobacter+ PSB) 19.77 65.20 0.83 13.34 4.43 1.25 17.18
T6(Azotobacter+ PSB +
20 kgN/ha)
21.68 68.93 0.94 13.45 4.56 1.49 19.92
T7( 20kg N/ha) 14.71 50.19 0.76 10.20 3.88 0.74 9.91
T8 (control)
13.09 40.15 0.71 8.50 3.23 0.53 7.02
CD at 5% 1.085 2.395 0.034 0.150 0.089 0.0067 8.477
West Bengal Prasad et al. (2009)
37

40. Table - 10 Effect different treatments on vegetative characters of bitter gourd
Treatment Days to germination Vine length Primary branches
(No)
Root length (cm)
T1 6.76 3.15 4.43 15.64
T2 7.07 3.80 3.23 18.57
T3 6.48 4.42 4.80 23.57
T4 7.85 3.60 3.93 16.89
T5 6.91 3.50 4.40 17.58
T6 6.93 3.14 3.66 18.24
T7 6.59 3.24 4.13 17.62
T8 7.63 4.41 4.33 14.78
T9 7.05 3.88 3.60 18.24
T10 7.57 3.37 4.40 14.21
T11 7.71 4.10 4.26 17.27
CD (0.05) NS 0.56 NS 4.76
Bagalkote Kumar et al. (2012)
38
T3: 100% RDF + Azospirillum-5 kg/ha (basal) and (40 DAS)

41. Treatment detail
T1: RDF (Manure and fertilizers as per recommendation)
T2: T1 + Azospirillum-5 kg/ha (basal)
T3: T2 + Azospirillum-5 kg/ha (40 DAS)
T4: T1+PSB-5 kg/ha (basal)
T5: T4 +PSB-5 kg/ha (basal) (40 DAS)
T6: T1 + Pseudomonas flourescens-2.5 kg/ha (basal)
T7: T6 + Pseudomonas flourescens-2.5 kg/ha (40 DAS)
T8: T6+ Bacillus subtilis suspension- (108 cfu/ml)21/plant (40DAS)
T9: T8+ Bacillus subtilis - (108 cfu/ml)21/plant (40DAS)
T10: T1+Aishwarya-30g/plant (basal)
T11: T10+Aishwarya-30g/plant (40 DAS)
39

42. Table – 11 Effect of different treatments on yield of bitter gourd
Treatment Yield per plant
(kg)
Yield per plot
(kg)
T1 1.42 8.55
T2 1.47 8.85
T3 1.43 8.54
T4 1.52 9.08
T5 1.51 9.08
T6 2.36 14.19
T7 1.94 11.61
T8 1.72 10.30
T9 2.72 16.33
T10 1.61 9.65
T11 2.06 12.35
CD (0.05) 0.29 1.74
Bagalkote Kumar et al. (2012)
40
T9: 100 % RDF + Pseudomonas flourescens-2.5 kg/ha (basal)+cillus
subtilis suspension- (108 cfu/ml)21/plant (40DAS) + Bacillus subtilis - (108
cfu/ml)21/plant (40DAS)

43. Table - 12 Effect of inorganic, organic and biofertilizer on growth and flowering attributes of bitter
gourd cv. Hybrid prachi.
Treatment Vine length
(cm)
Branches per
vine
Days to first male
flower appearance
Days to first female
flower appearance
Average node number of
first female flower anthesis
T1 306.4 8.00 49.3 59.0 34.0
T2 357.0 12.20 44.0 48.0 29.0
T3 373.0 13.00 42.0 46.0 28.2
T4 387.5 13.50 40.0 45.7 28.0
T5 393.5 13.00 42.0 45.0 28.4
T6 416.5 14.00 40.4 44.7 27.8
T7 436.0 15.00 39.7 44.3 27.0
T8 464.0 16.00 42.0 45.6 28.0
T9 483.4 16.30 40.0 45.0 27.4
T10 534.0 18.00 39.6 44.0 24.6
CD 0.05 13.67 1.29 4.73 7.01 5.30
CV (%) 9.12 5.49 6.56 8.64 10.89
Odisa Thriveni et al. (2015)
41
T10:(100%N:P:K + Vermicompost + Biofertilizers)

44. Treatment detail
T1: (absolute control)
T2:50% recommended dose of fertilizers
T3:50% N:P:K+ Vermicompost 2.5 tons/ha
T4: 50% N:P:K+ Vermicompost + Biofertilizers Azotobacter,Azospirillum and PSB @ 4 kg/ha
T5:75% N:P:K
T6:75% N:P:K + Vermicompost
T7: 75% N:P:K+ Vermicompost + Biofertilizers
T8:(100%N:P:K)
T9:(100%N:P:K + Vermicompost)
T10:(100%N:P:K + Vermicompost + Biofertilizers)
42

45. Table - 13 Effect of inorganic, organic and biofertilizer on yield and quality attributes of bitter goard
cv. Hybrid prachi
Treatment Fruits per plant Weight per
fruit (gm)
Fruit yield (kg
per ha)
Ascorbic acid
(mg/100g)
Protein content
( %)
TSS (°BRIX )
T1 17.3 42.2 1303 47.14 1.11 1.10
T2 26.4 60.0 2760 63.9 1.20 1.43
T3 28.7 73.1 2937 72.8 1.37 1.50
T4 29.4 85.4 3430 79.7 1.95 1.80
T5 32.0 74.4 3230 84.0 1.22 1.50
T6 33.0 76.1 3396 92.9 1.37 1.83
T7 36.6 86.0 3773 104.0 1.70 2.00
T8 34.7 78.4 3523 99.7 1.56 1.60
T9 35.7 79.1 3683 99.7 1.60 1.90
T10 40.0 86.4 4036 111.1 1.76 2.10
CD 0.05 2.61 17.1 623.04 16.3 0.23 0.37
CV (%) 4.84 13.4 11.32 11.17 9.25 12.95
Odisa Thriveni et al. (2015)
43
T10:(100%N:P:K + Vermicompost + Biofertilizers)

46. 46
BOTTLE GOURD

47. Table - 14 Effect of integrated nutrients on vegetative character of bottle gourd. Cv. pusa naveen
Treatment Length of main vine
(cm)
Length of internode
(cm)
Number of branches
per plant
Numer of nodes on
main vine
T1 133.33 10.47 4.00 19.17
T2 183.07 13.32 5.00 19.83
T3 196.67 14.39. 5.00 20.25
T4 137.00 15.22 4.67 20.08
T5 166.67 15.56 5.00 21.83
T6 175.67 12.39. 4.67 21.08
T7 179.00 14.78 5.00 20.75
T8 222.06 17.57 5.33 22.08
T9 220.67 17.28 4.33 22.00
T10 183.33 17.17 5.00 21.25
T11 226.00 18.11 5.67 22.17
S.Em. (±) 39.82 1.30 0.67 2.39
CD at 5 % 96.76 3.16 1.62 5.81
Nadia Das et al. (2015)
45
T11: 50 % of N through inorganic fertilizer + 50% of N through vermicompost +
full P and K +Azotobacter @ 5Kg/ha + PSB @ 5Kg/ha

48. Treatment detail
T1 : Control
T2 : Full recommended dose of NPK ( N: P2O5 :K2O:: 80:60:50 Kg/ha )
T3 : Full recommended dose of NPK + Azotobacter @ 10Kg/ha
T4: Full recommended dose of NPK + PSB @ 10 Kg /ha
T5: Full recommended dose of NPK + Azotobacter @ 5 Kg/ha + PSB @ 5Kg/ha
T6: 75 % of N through inorganic fertilizer + 25% of N through vermicompost + full P and K +
Azotobacter @ 10Kg/ha
T7: 75 % of N through inorganic fertilizer + 25% of N through vermicompost + full P and K +
PSB @ 10Kg/ha
T8 : 75 % of N through inorganic fertilizer + 25% of N through vermicompost + full P and K
+Azotobacter @ 5Kg/ha + PSB @ 5Kg/ha
T9: 50 % of N through inorganic fertilizer + 50% of N through vermicompost + full P and K +
Azotobacter @ 10Kg/ha
T10: 50 % of N through inorganic fertilizer + 50% of N through vermicompost + full P and K +
PSB @ 10Kg/ha
T11: 50 % of N through inorganic fertilizer + 50% of N through vermicompost + full P and K
+Azotobacter @ 5Kg/ha + PSB @ 5Kg/ha
46

49. Table - 15 Effect of integrated nutrients on yield attributing characters of bottle gourd. Cv. pusa naveen
Treatment Number of fruits per
plant
Average fruit weight
(g)
Fruit length (cm) Fruit diameter (cm)
T1 7.51 695.00 17.24 5.49
T2 7.96 711.67 18.18 5.99
T3 8.67 715.00 18.67 6.14
T4 8.06 741.67 19.79 6.26
T5 8.87 781.67 19.37 7.22
T6 8.15 751.67 19.67 6.55
T7 8.60 773.33 18.53 6.09
T8 9.98 830.00 20.32 7.82
T9 9.72 803.33 20.30 7.78
T10 9.05 773.33 20.00 7.72
T11 10.00 873.33 21.07 8.18
S.Em. (±) 0.72 42.68 0.40 0.36
CD at 5 % 1.15 103.71 0.97 0.87
Nadia Das et al. (2015)
47
T11: 50 % of N through inorganic fertilizer + 50% of N through vermicompost
+ full P and K +Azotobacter @ 5Kg/ha + PSB @ 5Kg/ha

50. Table - 16 Effect of INM on growth & Yield of bitter gourd type Mithipagal
Treatments Vine length
(cm)
Days to first
female
flowering
Number of female
flowers/plant
Number of
fruits/plant
Fruit
weight (g)
Fruit
yield/plant
(kg)
T1 RDF (NPK-60:30:20 kg/ha) 55.40 35.25 37.58 36.19 25.57 0.84
T2 RDF + FYM 25 t/ha 56.72 34.66 38.91 37.48 26.52 0.91
T3 RDF + VC @ 5 t/ha (soil application) 59.85 32.92 42.85 41.42 29.76 1.22
T4 RDF + PMC @ 10 t/ha (soil
application)
57.11 34.34 39.08 38.43 26.98 0.94
T5 RDF + Panchagavya 3% foliar
application
57.63 33.72 40.42 39.72 27.94 1.12
T6 75% NPK + VC + Azospi 2 kg/ha 62.02 32.04 45.24 43.64 31.61 1.33
T7 75% NPK + PMC + Azospi 2 kg/ha 58.93 33.11 41.74 40.98 28.89 1.20
T8 75% NPK + Panchagavya + Azospi 2
kg/ha
60.61 30.67 43.91 42.39 30.68 1.25
T9 Control 54.12 35.92 36.24 34.92 24.65 0.75
SED 0.59 0.26 0.68 0.61 0.45 0.03
CD (5%) 1.21 0.57 1.32 1.25 0.92 0.07
Annamalai, Tamilnadu Sureshkumar et. al. (2008)
48

51. Table - 17 Influence of integrated nutrient management on growth of gherkin cv.Ajax Hybrid
Treatment Vine length
(cm)
Number of leaves Leaf area
(cm2)
Internodal length
(cm)
T1 Recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers alone (RDF)
(120:90:50: kg NPK/ha)
127.24 31.90 60.50 11.08
T2 FYM @25 t/ha + RDF 136.57 35.35 69.84 11.70
T3 Pressmud (PM) @ 5t/ha + RDF 147.42 38.82 79.20 12.86
T4 Vermicompost (Ve) @ 5 t/ha + RDF 140.08 35.41 69.91 12.30
T5 FYM @25 t/ha + RDF + Vermiwash (VW) 1.5 diluation 176.81 52.11 116.67 15.17
T6 FYM @25 t/ha + RDF + Panchagavya(PO) @ 3% 154.80 42.25 88.54 13.42
T7 FYM @25 t/ha + RDF + Humic acid (HA) @ 0.2% 198.87 62.72 144.65 16.84
T8 PM @25 t/ha + RDF +VW 1.5 diluation 191.56 59.31 135.28 16.28
T9 T8 PM @25 t/ha + RDF + PO @ 3% 169.54 49.08 107.23 14.60
T10 T8 PM @25 t/ha + RDF +HA @0.2% 213.39 69.54 163.52 17.90
T11 T8 VC @ 5 t/ha + RDF +VW 1.5 diluation 184.15 55.90 126.01 15.72
T12 T8 VC@ 5 t/ha + RDF +PO @ 3% 162.18 45.67 97.84 14.01
T13 T8 VC @ 5 t/ha + RDF + HA @ 0.2% 206.12 66.14 153.94 17.42
CD (P=0.05)* 7.21 3.38 9.29 0.51
Annamlainagar Sareedha et al. (2006)
49

52. Table - 18 Effect of different treatments organic manure and biofertilizers on vine length (cm) number of
branches per vine, internodal length (cm) ,node at which first female appeared, Fruit yield per vine (g) in
Gherkin
Treatment
Vine length
(cm)
Number of
branches per vine
Internodal length
(cm)
Node at which first female
flower appeared
Fruit yield
per vine (g)
T1 – Control 126 4.28 14.00 2.68 120
T2- RDF (150 N: 75 P: 150 Kgha-1 167 5.75 16.44 1.88 276
T3- Neem cake @ 3 t ha-1 +Biofertilizer 137 4.37 14.21 2.52 161
T4 - Neem cake @ 4.2 t ha-1 +Biofertilizer 141 4.58 14.80 2.38 190
T5- Neem cake @ 5.4 t ha-1 +Biofertilizer 146 4.76 15.39 2.13 212
T6- Vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1
+Biofertilizer
155 5.18 15.96 2.08 240
T7- Vermicompost @ 14 t ha-1
+Biofertilizer
157 5.51 16.18 2.01 246
T8- Vermicompost @ 18 t ha-1
+Biofertilizer
165 5.68 16.37 1.95 257
T9 - Caster cake @ 3 t ha-1 +Biofertilizer 139 4.43 14.65 2.40 176
T10 - Caster cake @ 4.2 t ha-1
+Biofertilizer
146 4.77 15.39 2.25 214
T11 - Caster cake @ 5.4 t ha-1
+Biofertilizer
150 5.17 15.83 2.13 228
Mean 148 4.95 15.38 2.22 211
SEm± 2.79 0.04 0.11 0.03 6.89
CD at 5% 8.23 0.11 0.32 0.09 20.32
Hyderabad Bindiya et al.(2012)
49

53. • Awareness and popularising.
• Increase on-farm production of organic amendments.
• Soil test techniques.
• Promote nutrient supply through organic and biological sources
• Developing a suitable nutrient management system through
integrated use of these three kinds of fertilizers may be a
challenge to reach the goal of sustainable agriculture, however
much research is still needed. 50

54. 52

55. 55
THANK YOU