6. Clinical features:
Dryness and burning sensation of the
throat above soft palate
Pain and discomfort localized to the
back of nose with some difficulty in
swallowing
Fever and enlarged cervical lymph
nodes
Sneezing
Irritability ,Restlessness
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8. Treatment:
Mild cases: spontaneous recovery seen.
Analgesics may be used to relieve pain
Severe cases require systemic antibiotics
If associated with adenoids topical
decongestant drops can be used
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9. Chronic nasopharyngitis
• Etiology :
associated with chronic
infections of nose, paranasal sinuses and
pharynx
Commonly seen in heavy
smokers, drinkers and those exposed to
dust and fumes
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10. Clinical features:
• Postnasal discharge with irritation at the
back of the nose.
• Patient will have consistent desire to clear
throat by hawking or inspiratory snorting
• Examination of nasopharynx reveals
congested mucosa and mucopus or dry
crusts
• In children adenoids are often enlarged and
infected
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11. Treatment:
• chronic infections of the nose, paranasal
sinuses and oropharynx should be treated
• Smoking and drinking should be stopped
• Avoid dust and fumes
• Alkaline nasal douche to remove crusts
and mucopus
• Steam inhalation
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12. Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx is called
pharyngitis.
Clinical features:
younger child:
fever
General malaise
Anorexia
Moderate sore throat
Headache
Abdominal pain
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15. Management of pharyngitis:
- Help the child to rest as much as
possible. Do not smoke around this
child.
- Introduce soft foods or warm soups.
These foods may feel good going down
the child's throat while it is very sore.
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16. Management of pharyngitis:
- Give this child 6 to 8 glasses of liquids like water and
fruit juices each day.
- Run a cool mist humidifier in the child's room.
- If this child is 8 years or older, have him gargle with a
mixture of 1 teaspoon salt in 1 cup warm water.
- Give antibiotic if needed
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17. Tonsilitis
Tonsillitis is a viral or bacterial infection
in the throat that causes inflammation
of the tonsils.
Tonsils are small glands (lymphoid tissue)
in the pharyngeal cavity.
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19. Causes of tonsilitis
Tonsillitis is caused by a variety of
contagious viral and bacterial
infections.
It is spread by close contact with
other individuals and occurs more
during winter periods.
The most common bacterium
causing tonsillitis is streptococcus.
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20. Clinical features:
Inflamation
Palatine tonsils enlarge from oedema
Obstructing the passage of air or food
Difficulty in swallowing and breathing
Enlargement of adenoids blocked the
posterior nares.
Difficult or impossible to pass air from
the nose to the throat
Child breaths through the mouth.
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21. Advice and Treatment:
• Encourage bed rest.
• Introduce soft liquid diet according to the child's
preferences.
• Provide cool mist atmosphere to keep the mucous
membranes moist during periods of mouth
breathing.
• Warm saline gargles & paracetamol are useful to
promote comfort.
• If antibiotics are prescribed, counsel the child's
parents regarding the necessity of completing the
treatment period
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23. Croup
Croup is a common primarily pediatric
viral respiratory tract illness
Its alternative names, laryngotracheitis
and laryngotracheobronchitis
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24. Etiology
• Virues such as parainfluenza virus,
influenza A and B, measles, adenovirus
and respiratory syncytial virus
• Bacteria such as Corynebacterium
diphtheriae Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus
influenzae
• Foreign body inhalation
• Toxic
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37. Nursing Management
• Most children recover without medical
treatment.
• The condition can be distressing and
parents should try to keep the child calm.
• Sitting upright or carrying the child in
cool fresh air can aid breathing.
• Plenty of cool drinks will prevent
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38. Nursing Management
• If the child has a fever, paracetamol liquid
(Calpol or Disprol, for example) or
ibuprofen should be given.
• The child’s clothing can be removed if the
room is warm.
• Cough medicines that cause drowsiness
should be avoided.
• The child should avoid smoky
environments.
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