16. Petals
•Petals are large and bright coloured.
Function?
•Its function is to attract insects for pollination.
Very attractive
17. Stamens
•Stamen is the male reproductive organ as it contains
the male gametes.
Parts of Stamen
• Anther It contains pollen which contains male gamete
• Filament It supports the anther
Function?
•Stores the male gamete and is the male reproductive
organ.
19. Carpel
• It is the female reproductive organ as it contains the ovum.
Parts of the carpel
Stigma: It is the receiving surface of pollen
Style: It connects the stigma with the ovary
Ovary: It contains and protects ovules.
Function?
It contains the ovum and is the female reproductive organ in the plant.
22. Pollination
• Reproduction in plants can’t occur without pollination. Pollination
is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
Pollination
Self
pollination
Cross
pollination
23. Self Pollination
Self pollination occurs when the pollen is transferred from the anther
of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the
same plant.
24. Cross Pollination
• Cross pollination occurs when the pollen is transferred from the
anther to a stigma of another flower of another plant of the same
species.
27. Adaptations of Insect-pollinated
flowers
• Petals are large and colourful
• Scent and sweet nectar is present
• Filaments are short so stamens are inside flower
• Stigma is smooth
• Pollen is large, spiky and sticky
28. Fertilisation
• After pollination takes place fertilisation occurs.
• When the pollen is on the stigma the sticky, sugary solution (
indicates that ovules are mature and ready for fertilisation)
stimulates the pollen to grow a pollen tube.
• This pollen tube is the path through which pollen travels to the
ovule.
29. •The pollen enters the ovule through the
micropyle.
•The male gamete unite with the female
gamete. This is known as fertilisation.
30. After Fertilisation
• After fertilisation takes place the ovule becomes a seed and the
ovary becomes the fruit.
38. Why dispersed?
•Plants can’t grow in an overcrowding condition or in
their parents’ shade. Seeds have to be dispersed so
that they can germinate properly.
39. Wind Dispersal
• Seeds that are wind dispersed are usually light in weight and
have wing like structures which will help them to scatter by
the wind.
• E.g. Sycamore
40. Water Dispersal
Plants that are water dispersed should float and
should have a waterproof case. It also should be
hollow.
E.g. Coconut
41. Self Dispersal
•Some fruits becomes so dry so as a result the fruit
explodes and the seeds are scattered away from the
parents.
• E.g. Witch hazel
42. Animal Dispersal
•Seeds that are animal dispersed are usually spiky,
large and sticky. Some seeds are released during
excretion.
• E.g. Hooked Fruits
47. False Fruits
•Some fruits, such as apples, are called false fruits
because their fleshy part does not grow from part of
the flower but from the receptacle on which flower
grows.
49. Ways of asexual reproduction
Ways of asexual
reproduction
Runners Tubers Bulbs
50. Runners
•These are side branches of some plants that grow
along the surface of the soil. Roots grow down from
buds on the runners. These develop into a new plant.
•E.g. Strawberry
51. Tubers
•A swollen, fleshy, usually underground stem of a
plant, such as the potato, bearing buds from which
new plant shoots arise.
• E.g. Potatoes
52. Bulbs
• A short, modified, underground stem surrounded by
usually fleshy modified leaves that contain stored
food for the shoot within: an onion bulb.
•E.g. Onion
53. Advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction
and their disadvantages
Type of
reproduction
• Sexual
• Asexual
Advantages
•Shows
genetic
variation
•More
offspring
produce
Disadvantages
•Few
offspring
produce
•No genetic
variation
55. Grafting
•This method involves making a cut into the stem of a
tree. A small stem from another tree which has buds
is fitted into the cut.
56. Cutting
•This method involves cutting small piece of the stem
which has leaves, the cutting is then placed in water
until roots develop. Then this plant is place in the soil
and develops into a new plant.
•To speed up the process hormone rooting powder
can be used.