Provides an overview about the bioinformatics curriculum,soft-wares used for the DNA sequencing worldwide and the general description about them.

2. TOPIC
“NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE DATABASES ”

3. • INTRODUCTION
• Libraries of genomic information collected from scientific experiments, published
literature, experiment technology. The quantity and importance of genomic data
make it essential that it should be collected in easy and accessible in the form of
databases.
• Currently the databases are located in USA,UK and japan. These databases
exchange their data on a daily bases.
• Their raw data is identical although information stored in format which is different.
• Archive and distribute DNA and RNA sequences collected from genome projects,
publications and applications.
• Rarely an entry in the database dies or may be removed if there is any error.

4. OBJECTIVES OF NUCLEIC ACID DATABASES
• The main purpose of the sequence databases is information storage
and their retrieval
• Provide a wealth of information to molecular biologists.
• Provides unique opportunity for the computer analysis of available
sequences.
• Facilitate comparisons with newly determined sequences
• These databases act as a source of data for the generation and testing
of hypotheses related to molecular sequence and evolution.

5. Fig:1 Graph showing yearly increase in
the number of entries in databases

6. • EMBL (EUROPEAN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABORATORY)
• It was created in 1974 .
• Hub for bioinformatics research, develops and maintain a large
number of sequences free of charge.
• It is good to use when we need limited amount of sequence .
Following are the properties of EMBL:
• It is a flat-file database that is searched by various search engines.
• cDNA sequences are stored in the database as RNA sequences,
even though they usually appear in the literature as DNA.

7. •The connection to the software will be slow in other
areas.
•It contains collection of all publicly available nucleotide
sequences.
•EMBL supports several retrieval tools:
•SRS for the text based retrieval and the Blast and Fast A
for the sequence based retrieval of data.

9. • GENBANK
• Established by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). It is
basically a collection of all known DNA sequences from scientists around the
world. It continues to grow and doubling every 18 months
• GenBank is built by direct submissions of bases from individual laboratories, as
well as from bulk submissions from large-scale sequencing.
• For most sequence searches, GenBank is the best source. It offers an exchange
of information with other major sequence databases on a daily routine.
• Submission of data can be done with a variety of search tools.The first thing is to
useWWW browser. it can be submitted via “BankIt sequence submission tool “at
NCBI website
• Means of searchingGenBank include:
• BLAST (Basic Local Alignment SearchTool)
• dbEST (Database of Expressed SequenceTags)
• dbSTS (Database of SequenceTagged Sites)

10. GENBANK
Advantage:
• The GenBank database is
designed to provide and
encourage access to the most
up to date and comprehensive
DNA sequence information.
Drawback:
• Data submitters may claim
copyright of all or a portion of
the data they have submitted.
But NCBI is not in a position to
assess the validity
• Because of popularity, GenBank
can also be very slow during
peak research hours.

11. Fig :3 An Increase in the number of entries in Genbank
during a period of 10 years

12. • DDBJ (DATA BANK OF JAPAN)
• It was Started in 1984 at the National Institute of Genetics (NIG)
in Mishima, japan
• DDBJ shares its information daily with GenBank and EMBL. A
DDBJ also offers all of its pages in Japanese as well, so if anyone
is more comfortable reading the Japanese versions of the pages,
it can be very helpful and useful.
• It is one of the major international DNA Databases which is
certified to collect information from researchers and assign
numbers to submitted entries