3. INDEX
Discussion Points
Introduction
Wh y Hydroelect ric Power?
Development over the ages
Hydropower in Pakistan
Facts and Figures
Completed and ongoing Projects
Political Issues
Consequences
Future Prospects
Comparison with other renewable
resources
Conclusion
5. INTRODUCTION
Idea
The idea behind this research
presentation is to bring to light the
most efficient, pragmatic and
rational source of energy in
Pakistan taking into consideration
the down to earth realities of
Pakistan and the escalating oils
prices.
6. INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The presentation will throw light on the
present Hydroelectric production in
Pakistan and explore the ways and
means to properly exploit the true
potential of this promising and fully
developed resource.
We will compare the full potential from
hydroelectricity with that of present.
7. INTRODUCTION
Intro to Hydropower
Hydroelectric energy uses the potential
energy of water to generate electricity.
Sources of this conversion ---- dams,
canals, barrage etc.
Electricity ---- Most Important Element of
our lives.
Our lives ---- electronics driven.
8. INTRODUCTION
Why Hydropower???
Itis the only form of energy that has been
fully developed and not much research is
required to exploit it.
All that it requires is:
Proper attention
Political Stability
9. INTRODUCTION
Why Hydropower???
Geography of Pakistan supports
Hydropower generation at massive scale.
This flow can be generated through dams
built on rivers, barrages etc.
We can exploit the natural flow of water
in mountainous regions.
Most Important--- Renewable
10. INTRODUCTION
Choosing the Topic
Current Situation of Pakistan:
Power Shortage
High Cost of Generation
Dependence on Foreign Oil
Economic Drawbacks
11. INTRODUCTION
Current Situation of Pakistan
Power Outages:
Frequent Power Shutdowns (Load
Shedding)
High Demand, Low Generation
Need more generation capacity (Mega
Projects)
12. INTRODUCTION
Current Situation of Pakistan
Economic Drawbacks
Increased Import Bill
Dependence on Foreign Oil
Stunted Industrial Growth
Increased Unemployment
16. DEVELOPMENT
Development over the ages
Hydropower has been in use for
centuries
Flour mills
Sawing Lumber etc.
Extraction of metal ores (Hushing)
Irrigation
19. DEVELOPMENT
Development over the ages
Discovery of electricity
First Dam:
1878—Northumberland, England.
By earlier 20th century there were 100s of
dams operating all over the world.
20. DEVELOPMENT
World’s Biggest Dams
Itaipu Dam
South America
14000MW
Parana River
Border of Brazil
and Paraguay
Largest Dam in
terms of annual
generating
capacity
( 90 TWh/annum )
21. DEVELOPMENT
World’s Biggest Dams
Three Gorges Dam
China
Yangtze River
22,500MW
Biggest in terms of
generating
capability.
Second in terms of
production per
annum
( 70TWh/annum )
24. FACTS & FIGURES
Power production in Pakistan
Pakistan meets its energy requirement
around
29% by indigenous gas
35% by oil (approx.)
35% by hydro electricity (approx.)
Coal and nuclear contribution to energy supply is
limited to 0.16% and 2.84% respectively with a vast
potential for growth
33. Completed P r o j e c t s
TARBELA Dam
Largest land filled
Dam in World and
Pakistan
Built on Indus River at
TARBELA 60 km North
of Islamabad
Capacity: 3500MW
Turbines: 10 x
150MW, 4 x 432MW
16.6 Billion kWh /
annum
34. Completed P r o j e c t s
MANGLA Dam
Built on River Jhelum
near Town of Mirpur,
Azad Kashmir
Installed Capacity
1000MW
10 Turbines – 10 x
100MW
MANGLA Dam
Raising Project
Completed 2010
Additional 644MW
capacity and more
storage capacity
35. Completed P r o j e c t s
Ghazi Barotha
Run of the river
project
7 km downstream
of Tarbela
Installed Capacity
– 1450 MW
Turbines – 5 x
290MW
36. Ongoing Projects
NEELUM-JHELUM Project
Near Muzaffarabad on
conjunction River Neelum
and River Jhelum
Installed Capacity – 969MW
Turbines – 4 x 242MW
Completion Date : October
2015
Status: 22% Completed
Maybe completed earlier
due to Indian Project of
Kashan Ganga Dam
Project Cost: Rs 130 Billion
37. Ongoing Projects
Diamer Bhasha Dam
Located on Indus
River (Gilgit
Baltistan)
Installed Capacity
– 4500 MW
Turbines – 12 x 375
MW
Completion Date :
By 2016
Project Cost: $
12.6 Billion
38. Ongoing Projects
Kohala Hydel Project
Installed Capacity
– 1100MW
Starting Date : 2012
Completion Period
– 6 years
Project Cost - $2.12
Billion
39. Ongoing Projects
Bunji Dam
River Indus in Gilgit
(Karakoram
Highway)
Installed Capacity –
7100 MW
Consultancy Work
ongoing
Starting date : 2012
Project Cost: $ 7
Billion
Once completed will
be Pakistan’s largest
dam
40. Ongoing Projects
Dasu Hydropower
Project
Located on River
Indus, 74 Km
downstream of
Diamer Bhasha Dam
Run of the River
project
Installed Capacity –
4320 MW
Completion Period –
8-14 years
Project Cost - $5.28
Billion
46. Political Issues
No unity among us
KALABAGH dam issue
No sincere government
No policies made for
developing resources
If we had a 1975 plan instead
of a plan 2025
48. A look backwards
M ajor electricity shortages.
H igh cost of electricity.
I ndustrial losses.
L oss of foreign exchange.
49. Cause
There is no major increment in energy
production.
Reason being that the new projects
initiated will require at least 20 to 30 years
for completion.
If the same action had been initiated by
our ancestors we would not be facing
these difficult times.
50. Effect
The effect being that our economy
continues to go down.
Pakistan that was once a developing
country has lost its standards.
People are forced to resort to
independent power productions.
We continue to loose capital due to lack
of foreign exchange.
51. Effects
If this situation continues to proceed as it is then
in the end there would be a generator in each
and every house.
WAPDA will cease to exist.
53. Hydroelectric P o t e n t i a l
Main energy source in Pakistan.
Northern areas promises much potential.
High topography areas in Pakistan.
Abundance of natural and controllable
waterfalls.
54. Hydroelectric P o t e n t i a l
The b i g g e s t advantages --- Residents
are isolated from these areas.
No need for renovation and
displacement of residents.
55. Hydroelectric P o t e n t i a l
Total
potential exploited until
now --- 6600MW.
Potential
not utilized ---
41,000MW.
Factors affecting Growth:
Funding
Investing companies.
56. Future
The development of hydroelectric energy
depends upon the attitude of governments,
their full sincerity and transparency without
keeping any concerned party in dark. If
such a devotion is maintained.
58. Efficiency
Efficiencyof Hydro-
electric power is
nearly 80%
SolarEnergy is only
nearly 20-25 %
Wind Energy is
nearly 60%
Coal Energy is nearly
55%
59. Maintenance
Hydro-electric
power
has a nominal repair
and maintenance cost
Solarenergy power
has high repair and
maintenance cost
Windenergy power
has high repair cost
Coalenergy has also
nominal repair and
maintenance cost
60. Environmental
Hydro-electricpower
has no harmful effect
on environment
Other energy sources
such as Coal, Nuclear
and gas energy affects
the environment badly
by the emission of
dangerous gases and
chemicals
Radioactive waste from
Nuclear power plant is
dangerous for life.
61. Renewable
Hydro-electric power is
renewable
Solar energy is
renewable
Wind energy is
renewable
Coal, gas , Nuclear and
other energy sources
are not renewable
( NOTE: Pakistan current
scenario, the only
economical renewable
potential resource is
hydro-electric power)
62. Life Span
Hydro-electric Dams
have nearly 100 years
life
Solar power has nearly
50 years of life
Wind power has
nearly 20 years of life
Coal and gas power
has 40 years of life
NOTE: coal power is
also dependant on
the availability of
resources in the
specific area
63. Availability
Hydro-electric power
uses the most
abundant resource on
earth i.e Water
Solar energy is sunlight
dependant. The
countries near the
equator can utilize
maximum of it.
Wind energy is Wind
dependant.
Coal and gas energy is
resources dependant.
65. Energy Crisis i n Pakistan
Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented
energy crisis since the last few years.
This energy crisis is increasing day by day
regardless of the Government promises of
ending it.
According to statistics, the energy demand
after 10 years will be more than double of the
present demand.
66. During the peak load there is a
power shortage of 8 to 12 hours
every day.
What can be the solutions to
meet the required demand of
Energy ??
Solar energy?
Wind Energy?
Coal Energy?
68. Conclusion
Considering all the energy resources, hydro-
electric energy is the only solution to the
current problem of energy crisis
Because:
Solar energy has less efficiency and very high
initial cost
Wind energy has high initial cost but can’t
provide much energy to meet the demand
coal can fulfill the demand but it is non-
renewable.
69. Conclusion
The only solution to meet such
a high demand and
considering the renewable
source as water, Hydro-
electric power can be the
best solution of the current
problem as well as the future
energy crisis problem
