dcn5013

2. UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITARUNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAMJABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AIR
POLLUTION
2

3. Upon completion of this course,
student should be able to :
 Identify the origin of indoor and outdoor air pollution
 Explain the pollutants that contribute to indoor and
outdoor air pollution.
 Justify the sources of indoor and outdoor air pollution
 Identify the passages of air pollutants to human and
environment.
 Explain indoor and outdoor pollution standard and
guidelines.
 Adapt the indoor and outdoor standard and guidelines
used in Malaysia and other countries.
 Analyze Air Pollution Index System in Malaysia.
• Calculate the Air Pollution Index.

4. Air Quality Standards
Achievement

5. Pre-Industrial EraEarly-Industrial Era
Early 20th
Century Late 20th
Century
Eras of Air Pollution
Early 21st
Century

6. Chemical Composition of Dry
Air

7. OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION

8. Outdoor Air Pollution: History
 Not a “new” problem, but
scale has changed
during industrial
revolution.
 London “smog” killed
2,000 in 1880, 1,000 in
1911 and between 4,000
and 12,000 in 1952
 1948 Donora 6,000 sick
 1963 NYC 300 killed
 1970, ’77, ’90 CAA

9. Sources:
 Forest fires-ash, particulates, carbon dioxide
 Volcanoes- ash, acid mist, hydrogen sulfide
 Decaying vegetation- sulfur cmpds
 Trees & bushes- Volatile Organic compounds (VOC’s)
give Blue Ridge Mtns. their blue hue
 Pollen
 Spores
 Viruses
 Bacteria
 Dust- from storms in arid regions
 Gut bacteria- methane gas
Natural Sources

10. Primary PollutantsPrimary Pollutants
Secondary PollutantsSecondary Pollutants
SourcesSources
NaturalNatural
StationaryStationary
COCO COCO22
SOSO22 NONO NONO22
Most hydrocarbonsMost hydrocarbons
Most suspendedMost suspended
particlesparticles
SOSO33
HNOHNO33 HH22SOSO44
HH22OO22 OO33 PANsPANs
MostMost andand saltssaltsNONO33
––
MobileMobile
SOSO44
22
––

11. Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants
 Primary- put directly into
air from polluting source.
 Secondary- when primary
combines with other
substances in air and
creates something more
hazardous (acid rain,
smog)
 Sun often provides
energy for these
reactions.

12. Major Sources of Primary Pollutants
Stationary Sources
 Combustion of fuels forpowerand heat – PowerPlants
 Otherburning such as wood & crop burning orforest
fires
 Industrial/commercial processes
 Solvents and aerosols
Mobile Sources
 Highway: cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles
 Off-highway: aircraft, boats, locomotives, farm
equipment, RVs, construction machinery, and lawn
mowers

13. Outdoor Air Pollution
Sources:
Mobile orStationary
Most urban area pollution
source is burning fossil
fuels.

14. Criteria AirPollutants
EPA uses six "criteria pollutants" as indicators of air
quality
1. SulfurDioxide: SO2
2. Nitrogen Dioxide: NO2
3. Carbon monoxide: CO
4. Lead: Pb
5. Particulate Matter: PM10 (PM2.5)
6. Ozone: ground level O3

15. Outdoor Air Pollution
 Carbon Monoxide: colorless, odorless, deadly gas
Sources: motor vehicles, cigarettes
Impacts: reduces ability of blood to carry oxygen
 Nitrogen Dioxide: reddish-brown chemical found in
smog
Sources: burning fossil fuels and industrial
processes
Impacts: lung irritation, aggravates asthma, reduces
visibility,

16. Outdoor Air Pollution
SulfurDioxide: colorless gas, major source of acid
deposition
Sources: coal burning power plants
Impacts: acid deposition, breathing problems,
property damage, soil, aquatic life damage

17. Particulate Matter: particles in the air, range
from small to large
Sources: burning fossil fuels (diesel),
agriculture, fires, unpaved roads
Impacts: lung damage, asthma, reduced life

18.  Categorized by source:
 Primary particles – natural and human activities
(soil and dust, sea salt, construction, fossil fuel)
 Secondary particles - conversion of SOx, NOx,
ammonia and organic compounds in atmospheric
chemical reactions to sulfates, nitrates and
ammonium compounds, and non-volatile organics

19. Standard/guidelines Agency
Averaging
times
PM10 (µg/m3
) PM2.5 (µg/m3
)
National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS)[1]
US EPA
24-hour 150 35
Annual - 15
Revised Air Quality
Guidelines (AQG) [2]
WHO
24-hour 50 25
Annual 20 10
Recommended Malaysia
Ambient Air Quality
Guidelines 1989 (RMAAQG)[3]
Department of
Environment (DOE),
Malaysia
24-hour 150 -
Annual 50 -
National Environment Agency (NEA), Singapore
24-hour 150 35
Annual 50 15
Ambient Air Standard
Pollution Control
Department (PCD),
Thailand
24-hour 120 50
Annual 50 25
1. US EPA. 2010, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html
2. Krzyzanowski, M. and Cohen, A., Update of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2008, pp. 7-13.
DOI: 10.1007/s11869-008-0008-9
3. Department of Environment, Malaysia, Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2006. Publication Section, Strategic Communications Division
Department of Environment, Malaysia, 2007

20. Outdoor Air Pollution
Ozone: highly reactive gas with an unpleasant odor,
commonly known as smog in troposphere “Bad
Ozone”
Sources: chemical reaction with VOCs and NOx
from cars.
Impacts: breathing problems, eyes, nose , mouth
irritation, lung disease, crop damage, visability.
Lead: solid metal and compounds emitted as PM
Sources: paint, smelters, battery storage, leaded
gas

22. OtherAirPollutants
 Carbon dioxide- natural source from photosynthesisCarbon dioxide- natural source from photosynthesis
& respiration; human caused from fossil fuels && respiration; human caused from fossil fuels &
deforestationdeforestation
 CChlorohloroFFluoroluoroCCarbons (CFC’s)- from refrigerants,arbons (CFC’s)- from refrigerants,
aerosols, Styrofoamaerosols, Styrofoam
 Formaldehyde- building materials & householdFormaldehyde- building materials & household
productsproducts
 Benzene- paintBenzene- paint
 Asbestos- car brakes, building materialsAsbestos- car brakes, building materials
 Dioxins- pesticidesDioxins- pesticides
 Cadmium- smelting, batteries, plastics industryCadmium- smelting, batteries, plastics industry

24. Formation & Intensity of Pollutant is
influenced by…
 Local climate (inversions, air pressure, temperature, humidity)Local climate (inversions, air pressure, temperature, humidity)
 Topography (hills and mountains)Topography (hills and mountains)
 Population densityPopulation density
 Amount of industryAmount of industry
 Fuels used by population and industry for heating,Fuels used by population and industry for heating,
manufacturing, transportation, powermanufacturing, transportation, power
 Weather: rain, snow,windWeather: rain, snow,wind
 Buildings (slow wind speed)Buildings (slow wind speed)
 Mass transit usedMass transit used

25. What is photochemical smog?
Secondary Pollutant
VOCs + NOx + heat + Sunlight = Ground Level
Ozone (O3)
Complex series of
chemical
reactions
SMOG (smoke + fog)

26. What is photochemical smog?
All modern cities have
smog, but it is more
common in hot, sunny,
warm climates with a lot of
motor vehicle traffic.
What tim e o f ye ar do yo u
think it is m o st co m m o n?
 Los Angeles
 Denver
 Mexico City
 Houston

27. What is photochemical smog?
Industrial Smog: a mixture
of SO2, droplets of
sulfuric acid and
suspended PM from
burning coal and oil.
More of a problem today
in developing counties.
Coal burning HUGE
issue.

28. Health Impacts of Smog
Smog Impacts:
 Breathing Problems
 Coughing, Eye Irritation
 Aggravates asthma, heart
problems
 Speeds up aging of lung
tissue
 Damage plants
 Reduce Visibility

29. Factors Influencing Smog
Formation
Smog Levels Are
Influenced By:
 Local climate
 Topography
 Population Density
 Amount of industry
 Transportation

30. Factors Influencing Smog
Formation
Natural Factors Can
ReduceSmog:
1) Rain or snow can
“wash” air
2) Salty Sea Spray can
also “wash” air
3) Winds can push
pollutants elsewhere

32. INDOOR AIR
POLLUTION

34. Indoor Air Pollution
Fig. 20-13 p.450

35. What are some sources of indoor
air pollution?
1. Cigarette smoke
 Deadliest indoor air
pollutant
 Contain formaldehyde,
carbon monoxide
 Causes lung cancer,
emphysema
 Second hand smoke may
be worse due to
particulates that come
from tip.

36. What are some sources of indoor
air pollution?
2. Mold
 Moisture in vents,
carpets
 Allergy symptoms,
breathing problems,
headache, fatigue

37. What are some sources of indoor
air pollution?
3. Carbon monoxide
 Malfunctioning
furnace, gas
appliances, cars
 Blood cannot
carry oxygen
 Feel sleepy,
nausea, dizzy,
cause death.

38. What are some sources of indoor
air pollution?
4. Radon
 Colorless, odorless,
radioactive gas
 Comes from soil under
basements
 Long term exposure can
cause lung cancer
 Fix cracks in floor or walls
to prevent influx of radon
 Install ventilation fan in
basement to blow radon
out.
Zone 1 (purple) high levels of radon
Zone 3 (yellow) low levels of radon

39. Radon
 Radioactive radon-222
 Lung cancer threat
 Occurs in certain
areas based on
geology
 Associated with
uranium and organic
material in rock
Fig. 20-14 p. 451

40. What are some sources of indoor
air pollution?
5. Asbestos
 Roofing, flooring,
insulation, brakes
 OK… unless
disturbed or
deteriorates
 Can cause
asbestosis
(scarring of lungs)
and mesothelioma
(type of lung
cancer)
Plaque build up (scarring)
in lung w/asbestosis

41. What are some sources of indoor
air pollution?
6. Lead
 Old homes, toys,
lead crystal dishes
 Causes behavior &
learning problems,
slow growth,
hearing problems,
headaches

42. What are some sources of indoor
air pollution?
7. Formaldehyde
 Pressed wood,
paneling, particle
board, glue,
deodorizers
 Respiratory
irritation, fatigue,
skin rash, known to
cause cancer

44. What are some sources of indoor
air pollution?
8. VOC’s
 Paradichlorobenzene-
mothballs, insecticides
 PERC- dry cleaned
clothes
 Benzene- paints,
cigarettes
 Causes respiratory
problems, headaches,
loss of coordination,
nausea, organ

46. Standard and Guidelines
Indoor Air Quality

47. Sources involved in IAQ problems
Problem Origin
Percent Typical Sources
Inadequate Building Ventilation
Systems
53%
Lack of outside air, poor air distribution,
uncomfortable temperature and humidity,
contaminant sources inside the system
Contaminants Originating Inside
Building
15%
Solvent vapors, dusts, formaldehyde,
building materials, furnishings
Building Products 4% Concrete, wood, furnishings.
Unknown Causes 13% Unidentified sources
Outdoor Contaminants Entering
Building
10%
Motor vehicle exhaust, pollen, fungi,
smoke, construction
Microbiological Agents 5% Bioaerosols, Legionella
Evaluations by National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH) for studies on more than 500
Indoor Air quality health hazard cases

48. Reasons of IAQ Problems based
on NIOSH study
Inadequate
Ventilation
53%
Bioaerosols
5%
Outside
Contamination
10%
Building
products
4%
Unknown
causes
13%
Inside
contamination
15%

49. POLLUTANT
CONCENTRATIO
N
REMARKS
• Asbestos
• 40 CFR
• 0.2-2
fibers/cucm
• EPA
• OSHA Standard (8hr TWA)
• Carbon
Dioxide
• 1000 ppm
• 5000 ppm
• ASHRAE Standard
• Ministry of Labor
Standard(TWAEV)
• Carbon
Monoxide
• 9 ppm
• 50 ppm
• 9 ppm
• 35 ppm
• EPA
• OSHA Standard for 1hr
• ASHRAE-Average over 8 hr
• NIOSH standard for 1hr
Guidelines for IAQ pollutants

50. POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION REMARKS
• Formaldehyde • 0.4 ppm
• 0.75 ppm
• ASHRAE Standard
• OSHA (8 hr TWA)
• Nitrogen
Dioxide
• 5 ppm
• 3 ppm
• 0.053 ppm
• OSHA
• Ministry of Labor Standard
(TWAEV)
• Annual National Ambient Air
Quality Standard (USA)
• Ozone
• 0.05 ppm
• 0.1ppm
• 0.08 ppm
• WHO
• OSHA (8hr TWA)
• WHO-Criteria Document
• Particulates • 260 µg/cum
• 150 µg/cum
• National Ambient Air quality
Standard-24 hr geometric mean
• EPA, 24 hr annual geometric mean
Guidelines (contd.)

51. POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION REMARKS
• Radon • 4 picoCuries/L
• 4 WML radon
progeny calendar
year
• ASHRAE Standard
• Mine Safety and Health
Administration
• Volatile
Organic
Compounds
(VOC)
• 1-5 mg/cum
• 3 mg/cum
• US Environmental Protection
Agency Guidelines
• Molhave, 1990
• Microbial
fungi
• <50 CFU/cum
• <150 CFU/cum
• <500 CFU/cum
• 2 Species
• 3 Species
• Agriculture Canada Standard
Guidelines (contd.)

52. Strategies to improve Indoor Air
Quality
 Pollutant Source Control
 Increased Ventilation
 Dehumidification
 Use of Air Cleaners
 Dust collectors
Filters

53. Standard and Guidelines
Outdoor Air Quality

54. Environmental Quality Act , 1974
Laws OF Malaysia
 Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation
1978
 Environmental Quality (Control of Emission
From Motorcycles) Regulations 1978
 Environmental Quality (Control of Emission
From Diesel Engines) Regulations 1996
 Environmental Quality (Control of Emission
From Petrol Engines) Regulations 1996
 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities)
(Open Burning) Order 2000
 Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan)
Regulations 2004

55. Air quality assessment
 The assessment
of air quality is
usually based on
monitoring data.
Regular,
continuous
measurement
are mandatory in
most countries
for ambient air
quality

56. 1955 Air Pollution Control Act
1963 Clean Air Act of 1963
1967 The Air Quality Act of 1967 (Precursor to the 1970 Clean Air
Act)
1970 A turning point…
• National Environmental Policy Act (January 1)
• First Earth Day (April 22)
• Formation of Environmental Protection Agency (July 9)
• Clean Air Act of 1970
– National Air Quality Standards
1987 Standards strengthened for particulate matter (PM10)
1990 Clean Air Act of 1990
2002 New PM standards (PM2.5)
History of Air Pollution: Regulations (U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA))

57. Comparison of Indoorwith
OutdoorStandards
Table 9.4
Indoor 8-h Outdoor
PEL and Outdoor California
TWA-TLV NAAQS Standard
Gas (ppmv) (ppmv) (ppmv)
Carbon monoxide 35 9.5 (8-h) 9 (8-h)
Nitrogen dioxide 1 (15-m) 0.053 (annual) 0.25 (1-h)
Ozone 0.1 0.08 (8-h) 0.09 (1-h)
Outdoor standards tougher to protect entire population.
Outdoor standards for NO2(g) tougher since ozone forms outdoors, but not indoors, from NO2(g).

58. AirQuality Index
Levels of Health Concern
Numerical
Value
Meaning
Good 0-50
Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution
poses little or no risk.
Moderate 51-100
Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants
there may be a moderate health concern for a very small
number of people who are unusually sensitive to air
pollution.
Unhealthy for sensitive groups 101-150
Members of sensitive groups may experience health
effects. The general public is not likely to be affected.
Unhealthy 151-200
Everyone may begin to experience health effects;
members of sensitive groups may experience more
serious health effects.
Very Unhealthy 201-300
Health alert: everyone may experience more serious
health effects.
Hazardous >300
Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire
population is more likely to be affected.

59. Air Pollutant Index ( Station)

61.  Nota / Note * = Habuk Halus (PM10) c = Ozon
(O3) a = Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) d = Karbon
Monoksida (CO) b = Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2)
& = Lebih daripada satu pencemar .
 Pengiraan IPU Nilai IPU dikira berdasarkan
kepekatan purata setiap pencemar udara iaitu
SO2, NO2, CO, O3 dan PM10. Pencemar
udara yang dominan dengan kepekatan
tertinggi diambilkira sebagai pencemar yang
akan menentukan nilai IPU. Pada lazimnya,
kepekatan habuk halus (PM10) adalah yang
tertinggi berbanding dengan pencemar yang
lain dan ini menentukan bacaan IPU.

63. QUIZ
What are the major types and sources
of air pollution?
What are primary and secondary
pollutants? Mobile and Stationary
sources?
What is the history of air pollution?
Should carbon dioxide be classified
as an air pollutant?

64. QUIZ
What is photochemical smog?
How does smog form? How big of a
problem is it?
How is the smog problems different in
developing and developed countries?
What factor influence the formation of
smog? What are temperature
inversions?

65. Take away assignment
 In a group of 8 students, you are require to prepare a
slide of disaster/accident/incident that are related with
air pollution.
Eg: Bhopal/London smog/Malaysia haze/smog in cairo
 Use prezi@sparkol@video scribe only. (google)
 Submit before 14th
jan 2016
 Soft copy only.
 More picture entitle you to gain more marks.
 Use your creativity to discover the world.
 Good luck. 

66. Current and Historical Air
Quality
http://airnow.gov/
U.S. Government Web Site With Up To Minute Air Quality
Data From Monitors Across the country
http://www.epa.gov/air/data/geosel.html
U.S. EPA Air Quality Data: Tons of data regarding air quality
across the U.S.
http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/
EPA report on air trends in U.S.