A ciência como forma de conhecimento - Araujo.pdf

1. ! " # $# % " # # & & ' & # ! % ( # $# " # # ) * # ' * # ! " # + " , "-! $# " # $# " . / " . ' 0 1 & 23 3 45 6 ' 3 7) 829!8:2' 5 % 5 "-! ' ! " # $ % & ' ( ) ' * + ,- - . /0 - 12 ,3#2 4 , / / # % ( " # $# ; . ' & # < . % # & # ' # " $# . # $# = % ( " " > ! # " % + ? @ A 8B74) 89 ' " # % C + " $# " % " " % ) 5 ' 6 $ 7 8 # 9 + * + ' : * % / % ; * + $ / !" " #$% " & ' !( ' ) ! *% ")D D EEE' & ' & F + G# . 87D 3 4D 23 3 4 HI 8JD 3 7D 23 3 4 H 8:D 3 7D 23 3 4 H GGK 873 4!L728 M N# . 8L & 23 3 4 , - - - C/ # G # ' # " / # > O " & # > # G ' ! " " ) P Q % ' '.' 829

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

8. ( # " # ( # & & ) 5 T B $ @ 6 * + * + * + H A6 $ > $ 6 6 @ A $ * : H B 6 ? % # (8BB4) 884 * " # # # . / % # # " $# # # # & & # C $# " # $# . < " # " # C . M C C # 8B79) 83 !88 ' O . C C * C " " C ( # " + C " " # . / % # # # # # " ' > 8L48!8424 $ # . # $# " # -& # " ' ( > = " C ? ) # . " # . # $# " . # ) 5 $ ; $ * 6 * B $ $ ( " ; 6 $ G ; H $ H # B $ D U ; $ $ $ $ 6 ? % # ( 8BB4) 884 ' " "X # " % # " # " / # " # & " "# " # $# " " % . / #& " < ' N # 8L4:!84:2 C % " # " C ( ' G # . % C - $# " . # $# # # "( " $# ( " < - $# $# " # " $# . # # X . ! < $# ' * # . # < C ! % " $# "X " C "C " $# # . / #& # $# I 84JJ' . & "# . O G ' K # "- . + % " $ 5 $? $# ## " ( ' * ! # ( " / I $ C . # # > ' V# # 5 > $ = = ? 8B79) 73 # # # % $# < . / % + " (& # ! & > M $# # " # # % + " ' " C # % $# " # " ( #& % C# Z6 " # " # # # !" " #$% " & *% ")D D EEE' & ' & D F + 8J:

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

11. # " " ' 0 1 2 # . " # ! % ( . % " $# " # " #& ( # & C# ZZ # # > % ' > # # # " $# > # C < - ' K < % - & % " # " < " - & - > " ( # ' > " # ; & < . " # ( $# . # < # $# # " # # " , ' V " C # # # / " , C & # ) 5 O T * + B * + B V T * + B E # # ; U = B ? % 8BB:) 23 7 V # > ; " " # # # " ; # = " ( ? ' # # 8B7J " # " & # " < $# ' K < " ! " < $# # " # # ' O ! " ( " + ; < " # $# . % " # . & - & $# $# = % ( $# " # C " < # + " ( ? G 23 3 2) 83 B # # $# ( 5 6 * : * + ? # # 8B7J) 822 ' " " # " " " & $# < = ( ? # " # # . # " # = " . - ? " - & = ? ' " " , & " ( & $# & # " $# " # " > & " > ( ) 5 > B = $ 6 ; * + 6 $ C ; H ? G 23 3 2) 88B V # & # # " ; $# $# > ! / (# $# # ( " # + " % - . C C " ( # # &# " ' # " # % C & # < # # # " & # . / ' # " " # " " ( " D#" $# " ' K # > # " " $# " " # # =# ? = /& ( ? ' G + " ( !" " #$% " & *% ")D D EEE' & ' & D F + 8J9

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

14. R X V #' F * + B ; ; $ 6 H * + = = B O $ $ ; E $ # $ ; C $ $ ? % 8BB:) 28: V# " # # = N & G & % ! ? $# # % ( + . #& # " " " " " # # Y ! $# # " = " ? ' V# > " " " $# ! " $# " " " ( 8BB4 ; #& ( # % " % . # # _ . 23 3 8 ; " , " - ( G# " 8BB45O & 8BB7 . # . #& ( " "C # ( . " "# $# # . & 8BB4) JB9 . " . > = ? O A % % 23 3 3 5 23 3 2 . " - & % ( 8B79 ' 3 O' A % ' 8B7L ' 6 ' I ) _ % ' . & G ' 8BB4 * #& ( ) ( " `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

16. ( ( * ' ^ & ' 8BBJ ' ) % # Q " A E & # & ' I 2B 22B!2JB' _ . @' 23 3 8 ' ' % $ * + ( ' " ) # ' !" " #$% " & *% ")D D EEE' & ' & D F + 8:2

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