Madeleine Leininger's Culture Care Theory

1. Theory of Culture Care Diversity
and Universality
- Madeleine M. Leininger
Grace –BSN,RN

2. OOBBJJEECCTTIIVVEESS
 Define and understand the concepts of the theory
 Discuss and analyze the theory
 Discuss the various ways in which Leininger’s theory can be
applied to the current nursing practice

3. HHiissttoorriiccaall BBaacckkggrroouunndd --EEdduuccaattiioonn
 Born July 13,1925 in Sutton, Nebraska, USA
 Basic nursing education at St. Anthony’s School of Nursing,
Denver, Colorado
 Bachelor of Science degree in Biological science from Mount
St. Scholastica College, Atchison, Kansas.
 Master of Science in Psychiatric –Mental health nursing from
The Catholic University of America, Washington ,D.C
 PhD in Cultural and social anthropology from the University of
Washington, Seattle.(1st professional nurse)
 Holds honorary doctorates from Benedictine College, the
University of Indianapolis, Indiana and the University of Kuopio,
Finland.
George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 404-405). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

4. CCAARREEEERR
 Associate Professor and Director of the Graduate Psychiatric
nursing program, College of Nursing and Health, University of
Cincinnati.
 Professor of nursing & anthropology – University of Colarado
 Dean of nursing & Lecturer –University of Washington
 Dean of nursing & Adjunct professor of Anthropology –
University of Utah
 Professor of nursing,director of the Center for Health Research
 Wayne state University, Detroit Michigan
 Professor Emeritus,College of Nursing ,Wayne State University
George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 404-405). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

5. OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW
• It is a creative outcome of independent thinking, It is not a
borrowed theory, but has been developed as a theory to
discover care and health needs of diverse cultures.
• It is used by other health related disciplines to provide
transcultural care to people from diverse cultures.
• The purpose of the theory was to discover, document, ,know
and explain the interdependence of care & culture phenomenon
with differences and similarities between among cultures.
• George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 404-405). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

6. AASSSSUUMMPPTTIIOONNSS
1) Care is the essence of nursing .
2) Culturally based care guides nursing decisions and actions.
3) Transcultural nursing is a humanistic and scientific care
discipline
4) Culturally based caring is essential to curing and healing
,There can be no curing without caring , but caring can exist
without curing
5) Concepts and processes of care vary transculturally with
diversities and some universalities
6)It is essential for wellbeing,health,growth and survival.
Leininger, M., & McFarland, M. R. (2002). Transcultural Nursing: concepts, theories,research&practices (3rd ed., pp. 79). N.p.:
McGraw Hill.

7. Contd…
g. Every human culture has generic care knowledge and
practice that varies from professional care and practice.
h. Cultural care values ,beliefs and practices are embedded
within world view , language, philosophy, religion, social,
political, educational, economical, technological, ethno
historical, and environmental context of cultures.
i. Healthy and satisfying culturally based care influences
the health of varying clients within their environmental
contents.
Leininger, M., & McFarland, M. R. (2002). Transcultural Nursing: concepts, theories,research&practices (3rd ed., pp. 79).
N.p.: McGraw Hill.

8. j. Culturally congruent nursing care can only occur when care
values , experiences, or patterns are known and explicitly used
for care.
k. Culture care differences and similarities exist between
professional and client generic human cultures worlwide.
l. Cultural conflict and Cultural pain exist when there is a lack of
cultural care knowledge.
m. The ethnonursing qualitative research method provides an
important means to accurately understand emic and etic
culture care data.
Leininger, M., & McFarland, M. R. (2002). Transcultural Nursing: concepts, theories,research&practices (3rd ed., pp. 79). N.p.:
McGraw Hill.

9. CCOONNCCEEPPTTSS
• CARE - is to render/ help others with the present or incoming
needs to facilitate improvement in either human health
conditions or even facing death.
• CARING - service, or an act of rendering/ giving care
• CULTURE - is the people’s various ways of adaptation in their
everyday life.
• CULTURAL CARE - is an individual's, group or community's
different adaptation or learning, acquired and being used to
improve and face their everyday way of life, sickness, health
and even facing death
• CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY - is the people’s own
understanding in delivering care that are recognized within or
in other circle of community.
George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 412). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

10. Contd..
• CULTURAL CARE UNIVERSALITY - simple/ ordinary care
with almost the same perception or concepts that are seen in
many cultures.
• NURSING - is one branch in health profession that is directed
to client in scope of care.
• WORLD VIEW - is how the people perceived the world or
universe in making their personal understanding of what life is
all about.
• CULTURAL & SOCIAL STRUCTURAL DIMENSION - the
people/ person's activity in daily living and the influences of
their culture, traditions, beliefs, how their political views helps,
education and even new technologies, primitive history that
affects cultural responses of people within cultural context.
• HEALTH - is a condition of an individual that is culturally
recognized and given importance.

11. Contd..
• CULTURAL CARE PRESERVATION & MAINTENANCE -
rendering care and giving importance to peoples' culture, belief
and respecting their values and practices regarding health care
status and scope of health care understanding.
• CULTURAL ACCOMODATION & NEGOTIATION - offering
other alternative ways of rendering health care that is
acceptable to people and community for a better result that is
shared by the health care provider and health care receiver.
• CULTURE CARE REPATTERNING
It helps the client to reorder, change or modify their lifestyles for
new , different and beneficial health outcome.
• George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 415). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

12. MMEETTAAPPAARRAADDIIGGMM
Person
•Concept of person is not culturally appropriate in many
cultures , person is not a central or dominant concept in a
culture ,she liked the term human beings to person. A focus on
the individual should occur only if it is appropriate to the culture
in which care is being given.
•George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 412). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

13. Health
Leininger speaks of health systems, health care practices,
changing health patterns, health promotion and health
maintenance. The emphasis is on the need for nurses to have
knowledge that is specific to the culture in which nursing is
being practiced.
Health is both universal and diverse.
• George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 412). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

14. EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt
•Leininger speaks to social structure and worldview rather than
society ,she defines environment as the totality of geophysical
situations
•George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 412). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

15. Nursing
• Leininger defines nursing as a profession which has a
societal mandate to serve people and as a discipline is
expected to discover, develop, and use knowledge
distinctive to nursing focus on human care and caring.
i. Culture care preservation / maintenance
ii. Culture care accommodation/ negotiation
iii. Culture care repatterning / restructuring
Leininger, M., & McFarland, M. R. (2002). Transcultural Nursing: concepts, theories,research&practices (3rd ed., pp.
570). N.p.: McGraw Hill.

16. SSuunnrriissee MMooddeell//EEnnaabblleerr
Leininger, M., & McFarland, M. R. (2002). Transcultural Nursing: concepts,
theories,research&practices (3rd ed., pp. 79-82). N.p.: McGraw Hill.

17. ANALYSIS
 There are 444 Scholarly Journals(peer reviewed ) for “Culture
Care theory” from 1998 – 2013 in CINHAL
 There are 97 Academic journals in English from 1990 – 2014
for “Culture Care theory” in MEDLINE
 There are 31587 Scholarly Journals for “Culture Care theory”
which are peer reviewed in ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health
Source.

18. RREESSEEAARRCCHH
• Bridging generic and professional
care practices for Muslim patients
through use of Leininger’s culture
care modes
• It is also used in Prenatal care among Mexican women, Canadian women, Euro American
women, it was also used in elders from different parts of the world.

19. SSTTRREENNGGTTHHSS && LLIIMMIITTAATTIIOONNSS
STRENGTHS
•Recognition of the importance of culture and its influence on
everything .
•This theory was tested by a number of people in a variety of
settings and cultures.
•The Sunrise enabler provides guidance for the areas in which
information is needed.
WEAKNESS/ LIMITATION
•Limited graduate nurses are academically prepared for culture
care nursing.
George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 423). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

20. LLEEVVEELLSS OOFF PPRREEVVEENNTTIIOONN
• Primary Prevention
• Secondary Prevention
• Tertiary Prevention

21. EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN
• Historical Context ?
She developed ideas on culture and caring in the 1950’s but
labelled her thinking into theory in 1985.
• Basic concepts and relationships ?
All her concepts are are demonstrated in the Sunrise Enabler
model.
• Phenomenon of concern to nursing ?
Culture, care and culture care
George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 419 - 423). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

22. • Whom does the theory apply?
It applies to anyone in any situation, especially for nurses as
they need to be culturally appropriate.
• Methods to test the theory?
Qualitative research
• Favorable outcome?
This theory does not giver specific direction for nursing
actions. But it provides directions on how to learn about
culture of another
George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 419 - 423). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

23. • Contagious??
This theory is highly contagious as it is universally
applicable and widely presented.
George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 419 - 423). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

24. RREEFFEERREENNCCEESS
• Alamah, H. W. (2008, April). Bridging generic and professional
care practices for Muslim patients through use of Leininger’s
culture care modes. Contemporary Nurse, 28(1-2), 83-97.
Retrieved October 28, 2014, from CINAHL.
• George, J. B. (2010). Nursing Theories (6th ed., p. 404 - 425).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
• Leininger, M., & McFarland, M. R. (2002). Transcultural
Nursing: concepts, theories, research & practices (3rd ed). N.p.:
McGraw Hill.