3. Multiculturalism is the cultural diversity of communities within
a given society and the policies that promote this diversity.

4. In a complex relationship between religion and culture,
Muslim identity is seen as the illegitimate child of British
multiculturalism.

5. Rushdie’s ‘The Satanic Verses’ made evident that the group
in British society most politically opposed to Muslims .

7. the strict separation of the state from religious institutions.
people of different religions and beliefs are equal before the law.

8. Muslim identity politics have stimulated a resistance because of the
powerful position that secularism came to have in twentieth-century
Britain.

9. In the twenty-first century, with terrorist events such as those of the
attacks in the USA and the London bombings on 7 July 2005, and with
the emergence of a ‘clash of civilizations’ discourse, the political opposition
came to focus on Islamism.

12. Runnymede Trust (a British race
equality think tank) produced a
report in 1997.
The report defined Islamaphobia as
‘’unfounded hostility towards
Muslims and therefore fear or
dislike of all or most Muslims.’’

13. The report described Islamaphobia:
Islam is monolithic, cannot adopt to new realities.
Islam does not share common values with other major faiths.
Islam as a religion is inferior to the West. It is archaic, barbaric
and irrational.

14. Islam is a religion of violence and supports terrorism.
Islam is a violent political ideology.

16. France

17.  France draws the distinction between state and religion differently.
 there is no state church
 the state actively promotes the privatization of religion.
 French civil society does not carry expressions of religion.

18. USA

19. there is no state church
organised religion in civil society is powerful and
seeks to exert influence on the political process

20. BRITAIN

21. In Britain, bishops sit in the upper chamber of the legislature.
Only the senior archbishop can crown the monarchal head of state as
king or queen.
A king or queen serves him as ‘Defender of the Faith’ and Supreme
Governor of the Church of England.

22.  In the United Kingdom, there are officially two state recognised Christian
denominations – the Church of England and the Presbyterian Church of
Scotland.
 The Queen is both head of state and Supreme Governor of the Church of
England.

24. Today, the appropriate response to the new Muslim challenges
is pluralistic institutional integration rather than an appeal to a
radical public—private separation in the name of secularism.

25. These accommodations have varied from country to country, it
means there is no exemplary solution.

26. The British political system is less corporatist and less statist than
many of its EU partners such as France and Germany. It is a politics in
which civil society plays a greater role.
It is therefore more comfortable with there being a variety of voices,
groups and representatives.

27. The most representative and successful national Muslim organisation, the
Muslim Council of Britain (MCB), whose office-holders and spokespersons
are more likely to be chartered accountants and solicitors than imams.

29. The MCB became the chosen interlocutor of the New Labour Government, and, as domestic
and international crisesaffecting British Muslims becamemore frequent and rose up the
political agenda

30.  It could be said that they achieved a significant measure of political
integration.
 Most of this progress has taken place under the administration of a Labour
government.