1. ISSN 0975-8437 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL CLINICS 2011:3(3):16-17
1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
2
3 Evaluation of surface roughness and color stability of direct resin composites after
4 different polishing protocols
5 Carlos Eduardo dos Santos Bertoldo, Diogo Azevedo Miranda, Eduardo José Souza-Junior, Flávio Henrique
6 Baggio Aguiar , Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima, José Roberto Lovadino
7 Abstract
8 Background: Polished and smooth composite resin restorations present a better esthetic
9 appearance and greater longevity. Aims: To compare the effect of different polishing protocols on surface
10 roughness and color stability of two direct composites. Materials and Methods: Sixty specimens (6mm in
11 diameter and 2mm in thickness) were divided into six experimental groups (n=10), composite resins (Z250
12 and 4 Seasons) and polishing systems (Sof-Lex and Jiffy). Baseline readings from surface roughness and
13 CIE L*a*b* color was obtained after polishing procedures. Final roughness readings were made after this
14 step. The specimens were immersed in 2ml of coffee solution under the follow regime: 15 minutes/7 days.
15 After this, new color measurements were realized, getting the color variation (ΔE). Results: The results
16 were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α =5%). For both values, the polishing systems
17 differed between the group control (unpolished), and each other. The specimens polished with Jiffy showed
18 lower roughness values and color variation. Z250 presents highest roughness values in comparison with 4
19 Seasons. Conclusion: The 4 Seasons composite polished with Jiffy System exhibits lower rates of surface
20 roughness and staining susceptibility.
21 Key Words: Roughness, color, resin composites
22
1 The search for esthetic materials 33 produce a harder, more resistant and
2 has led to advances in the study of dental 34 esthetically acceptable surface.(2, 7) Several
3 materials, especially composite resins. The 35 studies have been conducted to determine
4 main advantages of resins are related to the 36 the effects of staining solutions on the
5 material’s esthetic properties, decrease of 37 surface characteristics of esthetic restorative
6 marginal leakage, increased resistance of the 38 materials.(6-8) The consumption of coffee
7 tooth remnant, and less need for removal of 39 and soft drinks, for example, has a high
8 healthy tooth structure.(1, 2) In addition, the 40 prevalence in the contemporary society,
9 reduced polymerization shrinkage and 41 especially in industrialized countries. It has
10 improved wear resistance of resins allow 42 been demonstrated that surface
11 their use not only in anterior but also in 43 discolorations in composite resins are
12 posterior teeth.(2, 3) The esthetics and 44 related to hygiene, eating habits and
13 longevity of restorations strongly depend on 45 smoking. The maintenance of the esthetics
14 the quality of the surface finishing and 46 of a restoration is therefore related to the
15 polishing. The presence of irregularities can 47 patients’ habits and lifestyle.(9)
16 influence appearance, plaque retention, 48 Various polishing protocols have
17 surface discoloration, gingival 49 been tested in vitro to evaluate their effects
18 inflammation.(4, 5) In addition, the surface 50 on the surface roughness of restorative
19 roughness of composites can reduce some 51 materials. These results have been useful to
20 mechanical properties such as hardness(5) 52 establish protocols for in vivo
21 and increase the wear of restorations. (6, 53 application.(10) Several composite resins
22 7)Thus, polished and smooth composite 54 have been the subject of surface roughness
23 resin restorations present a better esthetic 55 studies, but few investigations are available
24 appearance and greater longevity.(2, 6, 7) 56 comparing the surface roughness of
25 Another important aspect is the 57 microhybrid resins, as well as the use of a
26 need for removing the superficial resin layer 58 new silicon polishing system (Jiffy) recently
27 that does not polymerize when in contact 59 launched on the market. (2) This study was
28 with oxygen.(8) Studies have shown that a 60 conducted to evaluate surface roughness of
29 smoother surface is obtained when the resin 61 two composites (microhybrid and
30 is cured against a strip of appropriate 62 nanohybrid) after the use of different
31 matrix.(7) Removal of this surface by the 63 polishing systems, as well as to evaluate the
32 usually required finishing procedures will 64 effectiveness of these systems in the color
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2. ISSN 0975-8437 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL CLINICS 2011:3(3):16-17
65 stability of the material after staining with a 95 In the controls groups of each resin,
66 coffee solution. 96 the specimens were not submitted to any
67 Materials and Methods 97 polishing procedure after curing under a
68 Two resin composites were 98 polyester matrix.
69 selected: 4 Seasons (A3 - Ivoclar Vivadent, 99 The specimens polished with
70 Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Z250 (A3 - 3M 100 aluminum oxide-impregnated disks (Sof-
71 ESPE, St. Paul, MN,USA). The composition 101 Lex®, 3M/ESPE) (dark blue, medium blue
72 of the resin composites is described in Table 102 and light blue back, measuring 19.05 mm in
73 1. Two polishing system were chosen: 103 diameter) at intermittent pressure and low
74 SofLex (3M/ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and 104 speed for 20 s each. The specimens were
75 Jiffy (Ultradent Products Inc. South Jordan 105 washed with an air/water spray to remove
76 UT, USA), the composition is described in 106 debris, air dried and then polished with
77 Table 1, divided in accord to resin used 107 another disk of lower grit for the same
78 (n=10). 108 period of time.
Resin Manufacturer Composition 109 The specimens were polished with
Z250 3M ESPE, St. Bis – GMA, UDMA, 110 silicon discs (Jiffy System - Ultradent)
Paul, Bis – EMA, 111 (green, yellow and white) at intermittent
MN,USA Zirconium, Silica 112 pressure and low speed for 20 s each. The
60% (0,01 a 3,5µm) 113 specimens were washed with an air/water
4 Ivoclar Bis-GMA, 114 spray to remove debris, air dried and then
Seasons Vivadent TEGDMA, UDMA 115 polished with another disk of lower grit for
(Schaan, 76 wt% of barium 116 the same period of time.
Liechtenstein) glass load, trifluor
terbium, Ba-Al Fluor
117 Average surface roughness (Ra, in
Silicate glass and 118 μm) of the specimens was determined with a
dispersed silica with 119 previously calibrated mechanical roughness
load particles sized 120 tester (Surftest 301, Mitutoyo America
0.04 – 3.0 μm, and 121 Corporation, Suzano, SP, Brazil) over a
load average size of 122 distance of 0.25 mm. Six measurements
0.6µm. 123 were made in the center of each specimen in
Sof- 3M/ESPE, St. Aluminum oxide. 124 two directions (three in the vertical and 3 in
Lex® Paul, Medium (29μm), 125 the horizontal direction).
MN,USA Fine (14μm), 126 A baseline photoreflectance
Extrafine (5μm).
127 reading (L1) was taken for each sample after
Jiffy Ultradent Abrasive, silicon-
Products Inc. impregnated rubber.
128 polishing procedures utilizing a
South Jordan Latex free material. 129 spectrophotometer CM-700d (Konica
UT, USA 130 Minolta Sensing Americas, Ramsey, New
Table 1. Restorative materials and polishing 131 Jersey, USA) coupled to a cabin light (MM-
systems tested. Information supplied by the 132 1eUV/D65). Data obtained was submitted to
manufacturer. 133 interpretation on a software OnColor QC
79 Cylindrical specimens were 134 Lite and the results were tabulated as CIE
80 prepared in teflon ring molds (6.0 mm Ø and 135 L*a*b* System.
81 2 mm height). A polyester strip was placed 136 Each specimen was stored and
82 on a glass slab (Dentsply, Petropólis, Rio de 137 immersed in 2ml of artificial saliva (pH 7,0)
83 Janeiro, Brazil) and teflon matrix. After 138 which was changed daily throughout the
84 filling the mold to excess, the material 139 experiment. The staining solution used in
85 surface was covered with another polyester 140 this study (Café Pilão, União, São Paulo, SP,
86 strip and a glass slide, and compressed with 141 Brazil) was prepared in a drip-style
87 a device (500 g) for 20s to place the 142 coffeemaker (Britânia, São José dos Pinhais,
88 composite and remove the material excess. 143 Paraná, PR, Brazil), using 8g of ground
89 All the resin composite specimens were 144 coffee/100ml of water16. The specimens
90 light-cured with a Ligh Emitting Diode 145 were immersed in 2 ml of coffee during 15
91 (LED) curing unit (Flash Light 1401 Discus 146 minutes/10 days. After this period, the
92 Dental, CA, USA) with 600 mW/cm2 for 40 147 samples were washed in running water and
93 seconds, and stored in distilled water for 24h 148 in a sonic tub (Marconi, Piracicaba, SP,
94 at 37 ˚C 149 Brazil) during 15 minutes. In the end of
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150 exposure time, new color readings were 191 comparison with control. The composites
151 made (L2). 192 doesn’t presented statistical difference
152 The obtained results for 193 between themselves only for control.
153 roughness and color variation were
Polishing System
154 tabulated, and the homogeneity was verified Resin
155 by Shapiro-Wilk tests. After observation of Control Jiffy SofLex
156 these parameters, a two-way Analysis of 4,72
157 Variance was performed for roughness. To 4 2,76 3,35 (1,12)B
158 color variation a two-way Analysis of Seasons (0,91)Aa (1,02)Aa a
159 Variance of repeated-measures was 5,47
160 performed. When the difference was 2,5 4,63 (1,34)C
161 statistically significant (p<0.05), the Tukey Z250 (0,87)Aa (1,23)Bb b
162 test was used for comparison between Table 3: ΔE Means (standard deviation).
163 means. The statistical analysis was carried Mean values followed by distinct letters
164 out by SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, (uppercase in horizontal rows and lowercase
165 USA). in vertical columns) show statistical
166 Results differences among the groups according to
167 The analysis of variance showed the Tukey test(p<0.05)
168 the interaction between the variables 194 Discussion
169 “composite resins” and “polishing systems” 195 Studies have shown that tooth color
170 (p=0.017). Means from roughness and 196 differences showing Δ E > 1 can be
171 standard deviations as well as results of 197 visually detectable, judging Δ E > 3.3 the
172 Tukey test are presented in Table 2. There 198 critical value for clinical acceptability of a
173 was a significant roughness increasing for 199 restoration.(9) Moreover,
174 all resins after any type of polishing. 200 any color difference
175 However the resins polished with SofLex 201 (ΔE=0) indicates a material with full color
176 System presented higher roughness values. 202 stability or not stained by pigments.(11)
177 The composites presented statistical 203 The use of nanotechnology induces the
178 difference between themselves only when 204 resin composite manufacturers to develop
179 were polished with SofLex. 205 this type of composites, such as 4 Seasons,
Polishing System 206 both for anterior and posterior tooth
Resin 207 restoration. The resin composites with nano-
Control Jiffy SofLex
208 size particles in its composition are new
4 209 materials that improve their surface
Season 0,15 0,30 0,41 210 polishing due to their reduced size filler
s (0,03)Aa (0,09)Ba (0,12)Ca 211 particles19. This fact allows the combination
0,17 0,35 0,62 212 of good mechanical properties and
Z250 (0,05)Aa (0,11)Ba (0,19)Cb 213 polishing.(12, 13) However, according to
Table 2: Means Roughness - Ra pattern 214 some studies, it was observed in this study
(standard deviation). Mean values followed 215 that groups not subjected to any polishing
by distinct letters (uppercase in horizontal 216 procedure had lower values of surface
rows and lowercase in vertical columns) 217 roughness and staining.(2, 14)
show statistical differences among the 218 The chemical composition of resin
groups according to the Tukey test (p<0.05). 219 composites may interfere in the polishing
180 The analysis of variance showed 220 quality. Z250 presented higher roughness
181 the interaction between the variables 221 compared to 4 Seasons. This composite
182 “composite resins” and “polishing systems” 222 contains Bis-EMA, and reduced amount of
183 (p<0,001). Means from color variation and 223 TEGDMA, and these characteristics
184 standard deviations as well as results of two- 224 promote better resistance of the polymer
185 way ANOVA with repetition are presented 225 network in addition to the filler particle size,
186 in Table 3. There was a significant color 226 that is higher than the glass fillers presented
187 alteration for 4 Seasons composite only 227 in the 4 Seasons composite composition and
188 when the polishing with SofLex was 228 consequently higher microhardness. Thus,
189 performed. To Z250 composite, all types of 229 the Z250 resin composite becomes less
190 polishing presented higher ΔE values in
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230 susceptible to polishing procedures in 285 shown a high capacity of staining anterior
231 comparison with nanofilled resins.(15) 286 composite resins and natural teeth.(9)
232 The effectiveness of surface 287 A positive correlation was observed
233 finishing and polishing procedures is of 288 between surface roughnesses and staining.
234 fundamental importance for any 289 The specimens showed greater color
235 restoration.(16) These procedures are 290 variation according to the largest surface
236 commonly required after placement of direct 291 roughness obtained, so the groups polished
237 composite resin restorations since they 292 with Jiffy system showed lower roughness
238 minimize the retention of plaque and stains 293 values and color variation in comparison
239 and other problems resulting from the 294 with Sof-Lex groups. Lower staining for
240 exposure of rough surfaces to the oral 295 control groups was also observed, which
241 environment.(17) Smoother composite 296 was cured under polyester matrix and had
242 surfaces are obtained when the material was 297 lower roughness values.
243 cured against a polyester matrix.(18) Even if 298 Conclusion
244 care is taken in the placement of the matrix 299 Under the conditions of this in vitro
245 removal of the excess material and 300 study, it may be concluded that: (1) when
246 recontouring of restorations are frequently 301 any polishing procedure was realized, the
247 necessary. However, as observed in this 302 resin composites presented greater surface
248 study, these procedures significantly 303 smoothness and lower staining, (2) the
249 increase surface roughness.(17) Thus, a 304 silicon polishing system presented lower
250 large number of polishing techniques is 305 roughness values and coffee staining.
251 available for composites.(19) 306 Authors Affiliations: 1.Carlos Eduardo dos
252 The polishing methods tested had 307 Santos Bertoldo, 2. Diogo Azevedo
253 different effects on the surface of the 308 Miranda, 3. Eduardo José Souza-Junior, 4.
254 composites. The lowest Ra was observed 309 Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar, 5. Débora
255 after polishing with the Jiffy system for both 310 Alves Nunes Leite Lima, 6. José Roberto
256 composites. The present results showed a 311 Lovadino, Piracicaba Dental School, State
257 significant change on composites’ surfaces 312 University of Campinas, Department of
258 according to the polishing system used. This 313 Restorative Dentistry, Paulo, Brazil.
259 findings are in agreement with those 314 References
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377 rehabilitation.2000;27(12):1064-7. 416 Address for Correspondence
378 15. Özgünaltay G, Yazici A, Görücü J. Effect of 417 Eduardo José Souza-Junior
379 finishing and polishing procedures on the 418 Av. Limeira, 901, Areião.
380 surface roughness of new tooth‐coloured 419 Zip-code: 13.414-903, Piracicaba,
381 restoratives. Journal of oral rehabilitation.
420 São Paulo, Brazil
382 2003;30(2):218-24.
421 Ph: +55 11 8163 5558
422 E-mail: edujcsj@gmail.com
Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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