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The Relationships among Breed,The Relationships among Breed,
Milking Traits, Body and UdderMilking Traits, Body and Udder
Measurement in Hot Climate area inMeasurement in Hot Climate area in
YemenYemen
Mahfoudh .A.A.Al- HeredMahfoudh .A.A.Al- Hered
Faculty of Agriculture and veterinary – ThamarFaculty of Agriculture and veterinary – Thamar
University-YemenUniversity-Yemen
E-mail:dralhered100@yahoo.comE-mail:dralhered100@yahoo.com
25-2825-28October 2010, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaOctober 2010, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Cattle play important role in the economy of world wide countries. GreatCattle play important role in the economy of world wide countries. Great
importance has been attached to the conformation traits of cattle.importance has been attached to the conformation traits of cattle.
Technical developments have now made it possible to record mostTechnical developments have now made it possible to record most
production characteristics objectively and the future conformation traitsproduction characteristics objectively and the future conformation traits
may be used primarily to aid the selection of characteristics important tomay be used primarily to aid the selection of characteristics important to
the health and longevity of cattle and the amount of work required forthe health and longevity of cattle and the amount of work required for
their care (Ovesen, 1972their care (Ovesen, 1972(.(.
Study of milk flow during milking can provide useful information forStudy of milk flow during milking can provide useful information for
enhancing the efficiency of milking process avoiding some commonenhancing the efficiency of milking process avoiding some common
mistakes, and protecting teat integrity and udder health (Tamburini et al.,mistakes, and protecting teat integrity and udder health (Tamburini et al.,
2007(. Rate of milk removal and time required to milk are of economic2007(. Rate of milk removal and time required to milk are of economic
importance in relation to the amount of labor required per unit of milkimportance in relation to the amount of labor required per unit of milk
yield (Markos and Touchberry,1970yield (Markos and Touchberry,1970(.(.
The differences in milk flow rates showed by the divergent breedsThe differences in milk flow rates showed by the divergent breeds
may reflect difference breeding goals among the breeds in the past, Thismay reflect difference breeding goals among the breeds in the past, This
includes traits aimed to maintaining or improving udder health(Walsh etincludes traits aimed to maintaining or improving udder health(Walsh et
al., 2007(. Bulot (2006( reported some European dairy breed such asal., 2007(. Bulot (2006( reported some European dairy breed such as
Montbeliarde and Brown Swiss had lower milk yield than HolsteinMontbeliarde and Brown Swiss had lower milk yield than Holstein..
Miller et al (1995( cited that cows with high milk yield have high milk flowMiller et al (1995( cited that cows with high milk yield have high milk flow
rate and more susceptibility to mastitisrate and more susceptibility to mastitis..
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Increase milking speed or flow is associated with decrease milkingIncrease milking speed or flow is associated with decrease milking
labor time and labor is a significance expense in the harvest (Ral etlabor time and labor is a significance expense in the harvest (Ral et
al.,1990:Boettcher et al.,1998: Cecchinato et al.,2007), further moreal.,1990:Boettcher et al.,1998: Cecchinato et al.,2007), further more
the above workers reproduces very slow milking cows can prolong thethe above workers reproduces very slow milking cows can prolong the
total time needed for milking and also disturb the milking routine. Teattotal time needed for milking and also disturb the milking routine. Teat
and milkability traits are important managemental traits ,they affect theand milkability traits are important managemental traits ,they affect the
daily work of the farmer . The teat shape and placements can causedaily work of the farmer . The teat shape and placements can cause
practical problems at milking (Ral et al.,1990). Ratore (1977) reportedpractical problems at milking (Ral et al.,1990). Ratore (1977) reported
that cows with funnel shape teats produced 10.9-15.4% more milk thanthat cows with funnel shape teats produced 10.9-15.4% more milk than
cows with cylindrical teats. In Turkey, Tilki et al (2005) found thatcows with cylindrical teats. In Turkey, Tilki et al (2005) found that
Brown Swiss cows with bottle teats shape was lower in milk productionBrown Swiss cows with bottle teats shape was lower in milk production
than cows with cylindrical or funnel teat shapethan cows with cylindrical or funnel teat shape..
This study was carried out to determine the relationships amongThis study was carried out to determine the relationships among
breeds, milking traits, body and udder measurements of Holstein-breeds, milking traits, body and udder measurements of Holstein-
Friesian and Jersey cows in hot climate area in YemenFriesian and Jersey cows in hot climate area in Yemen..
OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE
 This study was carried out to determineThis study was carried out to determine
the relationships among breeds, milkingthe relationships among breeds, milking
traits, body and udder measurements oftraits, body and udder measurements of
Holstein-Friesian and Jersey cows in hotHolstein-Friesian and Jersey cows in hot
climate area in Yemen.climate area in Yemen.
MATERIALS AND METHODESMATERIALS AND METHODES
Study area :Study area :
 The research was conducted in Al-Mara'e station-Al-Kadan 60Km East ofThe research was conducted in Al-Mara'e station-Al-Kadan 60Km East of
Hodaidah province, Yemen. The area of study is located between 15Hodaidah province, Yemen. The area of study is located between 15ْْ 16 North16 North
latitude and 43latitude and 43ْْ12 East longitude. The climate of this region is tropical sub humid,12 East longitude. The climate of this region is tropical sub humid,
The annual rainfall ranges from 60-150mm ,the mean temperature reaches toThe annual rainfall ranges from 60-150mm ,the mean temperature reaches to
highest 40highest 40ْْC in July and august whereas the lower in January.C in July and august whereas the lower in January.
Collection of data :Collection of data :
 Data were obtained from Al-Mara'e farm, 43 Holstein- Friesian and 27 JerseyData were obtained from Al-Mara'e farm, 43 Holstein- Friesian and 27 Jersey
cows were subjected to study and evaluation.cows were subjected to study and evaluation.
Experiment:Experiment:
 Cows were divided into 3 group according shape of teat. Measured of uddersCows were divided into 3 group according shape of teat. Measured of udders
and teats were measured and recorded milk yield, milk flow for each cow wereand teats were measured and recorded milk yield, milk flow for each cow were
recorded weekly from 1-30 august 2006. The average milk flow was calculated asrecorded weekly from 1-30 august 2006. The average milk flow was calculated as
milk yield / milking time according to formula given by (Querengasser et al,2002).milk yield / milking time according to formula given by (Querengasser et al,2002).
Statistical analysis :Statistical analysis :
 The data were obtained from this study were analyzed by general linear modelThe data were obtained from this study were analyzed by general linear model
(G.L.M) following the:(G.L.M) following the:
YYijklmijklm=µ+A=µ+Aii+ B+ Bjj+ C+ Ckk +D+Dll + e+ eijklmijklm..
 The statistical significance for (the daily milk yield, milking time and milk rateThe statistical significance for (the daily milk yield, milking time and milk rate
flow according to teat shape were assessed by on way ANOVA. Comparisonflow according to teat shape were assessed by on way ANOVA. Comparison
between group means were assessed by L.S.D. Phenotypic correlation betweenbetween group means were assessed by L.S.D. Phenotypic correlation between
breeds, body and udder measurement with milking traits were determined by SPSSbreeds, body and udder measurement with milking traits were determined by SPSS
ver12.ver12.
Teats ShapeTeats Shape
RESULT ANDRESULT AND
DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION
Table 1. Means and standard errors of milk traits, udderTable 1. Means and standard errors of milk traits, udder
and body measurementsand body measurements
MaxMinMean SeTraits
8.53.55.34 ± 0.11Fore Teat Length
8.03.04.38 ± 0.10Rear Teat Length
10.56.07.42 ± 0.12Fore Teat Circumference
9.55.06.95 ± 0.10Rear Teat Circumference
1486389.80 ± 1.90Udder Circumference
785062.42 ± 0.74Udder Height
210162181.61 ± 1.42Heart Girth
146118131.30 ± 0.87Withers Height
183138157.62 ± 1.28Body Length
18.4048.63 ± 0.42Milk Daily
924.47 ± 0.18Milking Time
5.690.832.12 ± 0.12Milk Flow
Table 2. Effect of breeds on all milk traits, bodyTable 2. Effect of breeds on all milk traits, body
and udder measurementand udder measurement
Jersey
Holstein Friesian
Traits
4.98 ± 0.12 b5.56 ± 0.15 aFore Teat Length
3.91 ± 0.09 b4.68 ± 0.15 aRear Teat Length
6.90 ± 0.16 b7.74 ± 0.15 aFore Teat Circumference
6.53 ± 0.12 b7.20 ± 0.14 aFore Teat Circumference
84.37 ± 1.82 b93.22 ± 2.77 aUdder Circumference
58.42 ± 0.70 b64.93 ± 0.95 aUdder Height
172.85 ± 1.47 b187.11 ± 1.65 aHeart Girth
124.04 ± 0.60 b135.86 ± 0.77 aWithers Height
7.25 ± 0.44 b9.50 ± 0.58 aMilk Daily
3.53 ± 0.15 b5.06 ± 0.24 aMilking Time
2.10 ± 0.11 a2.13 ± 0.19 aMilk Flow
Table 3. Effect of teat shape on milk traitsTable 3. Effect of teat shape on milk traits
(Means ±Standard errors(Means ±Standard errors((
FunnelCylindricalFlatTraits
5.18 ±0.24a5.69 ±0.21 a5.30 ±0.15 aFore Teat Length
4.37 ±0.15 a4.50± 0.28 a4.35 ±0.16 aRear Teat Length
7.77 ± 0.60 b9.11± 1.15 a8.90± 0.42 aMilk Daily
4.17 ± 0.32 b5.17± 0.40 a4.38± 0.25 bMilking Time
2.06 ± 0.24 a1.84± 0.25 b2.24± 0.17 aMilk Flow
Table 4 Phenotypic correlation of milking traitsTable 4 Phenotypic correlation of milking traits
with breed , udder and body measurementwith breed , udder and body measurement
Milking TimeMilk FlowDaily Milk YieldTraits
-0.49**-0.01-0.32**Breed
-0.02-0.09-0.13Teat Shape
0.27*-0.070.09Fore teat length
0.25*-0.040.01Rear teat length
0.47**-0.28**-0.04Udder Height
0.21*0.070.14Heart Girth
0.25*-0.10-0.06Body Length
0.47**-0.090.14Wither Height
-0.55**0.04Milking Time
0.75**Milk Flow
CONCLUTIONCONCLUTION
It could be concluded :It could be concluded :
 - The breed of cow significantly influence- The breed of cow significantly influence
on milk yield and milking characteristics.on milk yield and milking characteristics.
 - The length and shape of teat effect on- The length and shape of teat effect on
flow rate and daily milk yield.flow rate and daily milk yield.
 - Cylindrical teat shape was higher than flat- Cylindrical teat shape was higher than flat
and funnel teat shape regarding daily milkand funnel teat shape regarding daily milk
yield but flat teat had the highest rate ofyield but flat teat had the highest rate of
milk flow.milk flow.
SUGGESTIONSUGGESTION
It could be suggested :It could be suggested :
 Further research works is need to beFurther research works is need to be
conducted on local cow breeds to study milkconducted on local cow breeds to study milk
traits.traits.
 Selection of cow breed based on adaptationSelection of cow breed based on adaptation
can improve milk production.can improve milk production.
 The farmers should be trained to improveThe farmers should be trained to improve
management farming. Attention should bemanagement farming. Attention should be
paid to nutrition of animals.paid to nutrition of animals.
THANK YOU FORTHANK YOU FOR
ATTENTIONATTENTION
Mahfoudh.A.Al-HeredMahfoudh.A.Al-Hered
Faculty ofFaculty of Agriculture andAgriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, ThamarVeterinary Medicine, Thamar
University, YemenUniversity, Yemen

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The Relationships among Breed, Milking Traits, Body and Udder Measurement in Hot Climate area in Yemen

  • 1. The Relationships among Breed,The Relationships among Breed, Milking Traits, Body and UdderMilking Traits, Body and Udder Measurement in Hot Climate area inMeasurement in Hot Climate area in YemenYemen Mahfoudh .A.A.Al- HeredMahfoudh .A.A.Al- Hered Faculty of Agriculture and veterinary – ThamarFaculty of Agriculture and veterinary – Thamar University-YemenUniversity-Yemen E-mail:dralhered100@yahoo.comE-mail:dralhered100@yahoo.com 25-2825-28October 2010, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaOctober 2010, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 2. Cattle play important role in the economy of world wide countries. GreatCattle play important role in the economy of world wide countries. Great importance has been attached to the conformation traits of cattle.importance has been attached to the conformation traits of cattle. Technical developments have now made it possible to record mostTechnical developments have now made it possible to record most production characteristics objectively and the future conformation traitsproduction characteristics objectively and the future conformation traits may be used primarily to aid the selection of characteristics important tomay be used primarily to aid the selection of characteristics important to the health and longevity of cattle and the amount of work required forthe health and longevity of cattle and the amount of work required for their care (Ovesen, 1972their care (Ovesen, 1972(.(. Study of milk flow during milking can provide useful information forStudy of milk flow during milking can provide useful information for enhancing the efficiency of milking process avoiding some commonenhancing the efficiency of milking process avoiding some common mistakes, and protecting teat integrity and udder health (Tamburini et al.,mistakes, and protecting teat integrity and udder health (Tamburini et al., 2007(. Rate of milk removal and time required to milk are of economic2007(. Rate of milk removal and time required to milk are of economic importance in relation to the amount of labor required per unit of milkimportance in relation to the amount of labor required per unit of milk yield (Markos and Touchberry,1970yield (Markos and Touchberry,1970(.(. The differences in milk flow rates showed by the divergent breedsThe differences in milk flow rates showed by the divergent breeds may reflect difference breeding goals among the breeds in the past, Thismay reflect difference breeding goals among the breeds in the past, This includes traits aimed to maintaining or improving udder health(Walsh etincludes traits aimed to maintaining or improving udder health(Walsh et al., 2007(. Bulot (2006( reported some European dairy breed such asal., 2007(. Bulot (2006( reported some European dairy breed such as Montbeliarde and Brown Swiss had lower milk yield than HolsteinMontbeliarde and Brown Swiss had lower milk yield than Holstein.. Miller et al (1995( cited that cows with high milk yield have high milk flowMiller et al (1995( cited that cows with high milk yield have high milk flow rate and more susceptibility to mastitisrate and more susceptibility to mastitis.. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
  • 3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Increase milking speed or flow is associated with decrease milkingIncrease milking speed or flow is associated with decrease milking labor time and labor is a significance expense in the harvest (Ral etlabor time and labor is a significance expense in the harvest (Ral et al.,1990:Boettcher et al.,1998: Cecchinato et al.,2007), further moreal.,1990:Boettcher et al.,1998: Cecchinato et al.,2007), further more the above workers reproduces very slow milking cows can prolong thethe above workers reproduces very slow milking cows can prolong the total time needed for milking and also disturb the milking routine. Teattotal time needed for milking and also disturb the milking routine. Teat and milkability traits are important managemental traits ,they affect theand milkability traits are important managemental traits ,they affect the daily work of the farmer . The teat shape and placements can causedaily work of the farmer . The teat shape and placements can cause practical problems at milking (Ral et al.,1990). Ratore (1977) reportedpractical problems at milking (Ral et al.,1990). Ratore (1977) reported that cows with funnel shape teats produced 10.9-15.4% more milk thanthat cows with funnel shape teats produced 10.9-15.4% more milk than cows with cylindrical teats. In Turkey, Tilki et al (2005) found thatcows with cylindrical teats. In Turkey, Tilki et al (2005) found that Brown Swiss cows with bottle teats shape was lower in milk productionBrown Swiss cows with bottle teats shape was lower in milk production than cows with cylindrical or funnel teat shapethan cows with cylindrical or funnel teat shape.. This study was carried out to determine the relationships amongThis study was carried out to determine the relationships among breeds, milking traits, body and udder measurements of Holstein-breeds, milking traits, body and udder measurements of Holstein- Friesian and Jersey cows in hot climate area in YemenFriesian and Jersey cows in hot climate area in Yemen..
  • 4. OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE  This study was carried out to determineThis study was carried out to determine the relationships among breeds, milkingthe relationships among breeds, milking traits, body and udder measurements oftraits, body and udder measurements of Holstein-Friesian and Jersey cows in hotHolstein-Friesian and Jersey cows in hot climate area in Yemen.climate area in Yemen.
  • 5. MATERIALS AND METHODESMATERIALS AND METHODES Study area :Study area :  The research was conducted in Al-Mara'e station-Al-Kadan 60Km East ofThe research was conducted in Al-Mara'e station-Al-Kadan 60Km East of Hodaidah province, Yemen. The area of study is located between 15Hodaidah province, Yemen. The area of study is located between 15ْْ 16 North16 North latitude and 43latitude and 43ْْ12 East longitude. The climate of this region is tropical sub humid,12 East longitude. The climate of this region is tropical sub humid, The annual rainfall ranges from 60-150mm ,the mean temperature reaches toThe annual rainfall ranges from 60-150mm ,the mean temperature reaches to highest 40highest 40ْْC in July and august whereas the lower in January.C in July and august whereas the lower in January. Collection of data :Collection of data :  Data were obtained from Al-Mara'e farm, 43 Holstein- Friesian and 27 JerseyData were obtained from Al-Mara'e farm, 43 Holstein- Friesian and 27 Jersey cows were subjected to study and evaluation.cows were subjected to study and evaluation. Experiment:Experiment:  Cows were divided into 3 group according shape of teat. Measured of uddersCows were divided into 3 group according shape of teat. Measured of udders and teats were measured and recorded milk yield, milk flow for each cow wereand teats were measured and recorded milk yield, milk flow for each cow were recorded weekly from 1-30 august 2006. The average milk flow was calculated asrecorded weekly from 1-30 august 2006. The average milk flow was calculated as milk yield / milking time according to formula given by (Querengasser et al,2002).milk yield / milking time according to formula given by (Querengasser et al,2002). Statistical analysis :Statistical analysis :  The data were obtained from this study were analyzed by general linear modelThe data were obtained from this study were analyzed by general linear model (G.L.M) following the:(G.L.M) following the: YYijklmijklm=µ+A=µ+Aii+ B+ Bjj+ C+ Ckk +D+Dll + e+ eijklmijklm..  The statistical significance for (the daily milk yield, milking time and milk rateThe statistical significance for (the daily milk yield, milking time and milk rate flow according to teat shape were assessed by on way ANOVA. Comparisonflow according to teat shape were assessed by on way ANOVA. Comparison between group means were assessed by L.S.D. Phenotypic correlation betweenbetween group means were assessed by L.S.D. Phenotypic correlation between breeds, body and udder measurement with milking traits were determined by SPSSbreeds, body and udder measurement with milking traits were determined by SPSS ver12.ver12.
  • 8. Table 1. Means and standard errors of milk traits, udderTable 1. Means and standard errors of milk traits, udder and body measurementsand body measurements MaxMinMean SeTraits 8.53.55.34 ± 0.11Fore Teat Length 8.03.04.38 ± 0.10Rear Teat Length 10.56.07.42 ± 0.12Fore Teat Circumference 9.55.06.95 ± 0.10Rear Teat Circumference 1486389.80 ± 1.90Udder Circumference 785062.42 ± 0.74Udder Height 210162181.61 ± 1.42Heart Girth 146118131.30 ± 0.87Withers Height 183138157.62 ± 1.28Body Length 18.4048.63 ± 0.42Milk Daily 924.47 ± 0.18Milking Time 5.690.832.12 ± 0.12Milk Flow
  • 9. Table 2. Effect of breeds on all milk traits, bodyTable 2. Effect of breeds on all milk traits, body and udder measurementand udder measurement Jersey Holstein Friesian Traits 4.98 ± 0.12 b5.56 ± 0.15 aFore Teat Length 3.91 ± 0.09 b4.68 ± 0.15 aRear Teat Length 6.90 ± 0.16 b7.74 ± 0.15 aFore Teat Circumference 6.53 ± 0.12 b7.20 ± 0.14 aFore Teat Circumference 84.37 ± 1.82 b93.22 ± 2.77 aUdder Circumference 58.42 ± 0.70 b64.93 ± 0.95 aUdder Height 172.85 ± 1.47 b187.11 ± 1.65 aHeart Girth 124.04 ± 0.60 b135.86 ± 0.77 aWithers Height 7.25 ± 0.44 b9.50 ± 0.58 aMilk Daily 3.53 ± 0.15 b5.06 ± 0.24 aMilking Time 2.10 ± 0.11 a2.13 ± 0.19 aMilk Flow
  • 10. Table 3. Effect of teat shape on milk traitsTable 3. Effect of teat shape on milk traits (Means ±Standard errors(Means ±Standard errors(( FunnelCylindricalFlatTraits 5.18 ±0.24a5.69 ±0.21 a5.30 ±0.15 aFore Teat Length 4.37 ±0.15 a4.50± 0.28 a4.35 ±0.16 aRear Teat Length 7.77 ± 0.60 b9.11± 1.15 a8.90± 0.42 aMilk Daily 4.17 ± 0.32 b5.17± 0.40 a4.38± 0.25 bMilking Time 2.06 ± 0.24 a1.84± 0.25 b2.24± 0.17 aMilk Flow
  • 11. Table 4 Phenotypic correlation of milking traitsTable 4 Phenotypic correlation of milking traits with breed , udder and body measurementwith breed , udder and body measurement Milking TimeMilk FlowDaily Milk YieldTraits -0.49**-0.01-0.32**Breed -0.02-0.09-0.13Teat Shape 0.27*-0.070.09Fore teat length 0.25*-0.040.01Rear teat length 0.47**-0.28**-0.04Udder Height 0.21*0.070.14Heart Girth 0.25*-0.10-0.06Body Length 0.47**-0.090.14Wither Height -0.55**0.04Milking Time 0.75**Milk Flow
  • 12. CONCLUTIONCONCLUTION It could be concluded :It could be concluded :  - The breed of cow significantly influence- The breed of cow significantly influence on milk yield and milking characteristics.on milk yield and milking characteristics.  - The length and shape of teat effect on- The length and shape of teat effect on flow rate and daily milk yield.flow rate and daily milk yield.  - Cylindrical teat shape was higher than flat- Cylindrical teat shape was higher than flat and funnel teat shape regarding daily milkand funnel teat shape regarding daily milk yield but flat teat had the highest rate ofyield but flat teat had the highest rate of milk flow.milk flow.
  • 13. SUGGESTIONSUGGESTION It could be suggested :It could be suggested :  Further research works is need to beFurther research works is need to be conducted on local cow breeds to study milkconducted on local cow breeds to study milk traits.traits.  Selection of cow breed based on adaptationSelection of cow breed based on adaptation can improve milk production.can improve milk production.  The farmers should be trained to improveThe farmers should be trained to improve management farming. Attention should bemanagement farming. Attention should be paid to nutrition of animals.paid to nutrition of animals.
  • 14. THANK YOU FORTHANK YOU FOR ATTENTIONATTENTION Mahfoudh.A.Al-HeredMahfoudh.A.Al-Hered Faculty ofFaculty of Agriculture andAgriculture and Veterinary Medicine, ThamarVeterinary Medicine, Thamar University, YemenUniversity, Yemen