1) Mining has become a major growth industry in India, with production of iron ore, bauxite, chromite, coal, and lignite all doubling or increasing substantially between the mid-1990s and 2005. 2) However, the mining industry has had a devastating environmental and social impact, displacing people from their lands and devastating local environments, while failing to provide adequate local employment. 3) There are also major regulatory failures and tensions between different stakeholders, including between large domestic and multinational companies, state-owned firms, exporters, and local communities affected by mining.

1. Mining: Growth industry’s devastating footprint: what next? Sunita Narain Director

7. Mines and water

8. Mines and forests

9. Forest clearance for mining 8,639 2,031 Avg. forest diversion/ year (ha.) 95,003 60,427 34,527 Forests diverted (ha.) 80 126 19 Avg. leases granted/ year 1198 881 317 Mine leases granted in forest areas Total (1980-2005) 1997-2005 1980-1997

11. Mines and water

12. Mines and forests

13. Forest clearance for mining 8,639 2,031 Avg. forest diversion/ year (ha.) 95,003 60,427 34,527 Forests diverted (ha.) 80 126 19 Avg. leases granted/ year 1198 881 317 Mine leases granted in forest areas Total (1980-2005) 1997-2005 1980-1997