1. Information Resource
Management
Week 1

2. History on Secured information
 1900 BC first written cryptography
 500 BC Hebrew substitution cipher
 50 BC Caesar cipher
 1844 telegraph (easily “tapped”, civil
war)
 1876 telephone invented
 1900 radio/wireless (easy intercept)

3. WAVE PERIOD ACTIVITIES
First Wave Agriculture Age Farming
Second Wave Industrial Age
Mass
production
Third Wave
Information
Age
Specification/inf
o

4. What is …
 Information
Information is data that have
been collected and processed into
a meaningful form.

5. Why Information Needed?
 To perform task/job.
 To plan.
 To solve problems.
 To make decision.
 To take action

6. Sources of Information
 Internal Sources
 Organizational chart – who does what?
 Reports and annual accounts
 List of directors and managers with their
responsibilities.
 Telephone directories
 Personnel departments

7. Sources of Information
 External Sources
 Reference books
 Quality newspapers / magazines
 Public / academic libraries
 Public relation department of a company
 Commercial organization who is expert in
providing companies information through
computer.

8. What is …
 Resources
A re-usable source of supply to produce
something. Examples include human,
financial, material, and information
resources. To maximize the efficient and
effective use of resources, they must be
classified in order to share them and
eliminate unwanted redundancy, and
controlled in order to receive, store and
distribute them properly.

9. What is …
 Management
A set of activities (including planning and
decision making, organizing, leading, and
controlling) directed at an organization’s
resources (human, financial, physical, and
information) with the aim of achieving
organizational goals in an efficient and
effective manner.

10. What is IRM???
 IRM can be stated simply as a process to
manage information efficiently and
effectively in fulfilling the objectives of
the firm.
 IRM concepts rest under the premise that
information, information related
activities, technologies and personnel
are important organizational resources
that deserve to be managed like any other
resources in the organization (Trauth, 1989).

11. Definitions of IRM
IRM is the management (planning,
organization, operations and control) of
the resources (human and physical)
concerned with the systems support
(development, enhancement and
maintenance) and the servicing
(processing, transformation,
distribution, storage and retrieval) of
information (data, text, voice, image)
for an enterprise.
- (Schneyman, 1985)

12. Definitions …
 IRM is the recognition by an organization
that data and information are valuable
resources and the application of the same
principles an managing data and
information as are used in managing
physical resources such as personnel.
(McLeod and Brittain-White, 1988).
 IRM, simply put, is the belief that
information is an asset that should be
managed rigorously and can contribute
to the success of businesses. (Kerr, 1991)

13. Definitions …
 IRM is an activity that is pursued by
managers on all levels of the firm for
the purpose of identifying,
acquiring, and managing the
information resources needed to
satisfy information needs. (McLeod
and Schell, 2001).

14. Components of IRM in Modern
Organization
The Information ResourcesThe Information Resources
Facilities
Software Database
Hardware
Information
Specialists
Users
Information
2-10

15. Why IRM?
 Necessity in today’s modern
organization.
 The engine that is driving the
information economy whereby
information and knowledge are
intensively used.
 Information resources --- important
asset.
 Therefore, it need effective
management.

16. Benefits of IRM
 Identifies gaps and duplication of
information;
 Clarifies roles and responsibilities of owners
and users of information;
 Provide costs saving in the procurement
and handling of information;
 Identifies cost/benefits of different
information resources;
 Actively supports management decision
processes with quality information.

17. Who needs IRM?
 Any organization that wants to
survive in today’s turbulent dynamic
environment need IRM in order to be
adaptive, knowing and learning.

18. Adaptive Organization
An organization that modifies its
business practices in response to
the changing needs of its
stakeholders: customers, employees,
and stockholders. It rapidly adapt to
changes in its operating environment, it
doesn’t take the time to determine the
underlying patterns of change within the
environment.

19. Knowing Organization
The knowing organization possesses
information and knowledge so that
it is well informed, mentally
perceptive, and enlightened. Its
actions are based on shared and valid
understanding of the organization’s
environments and needs (Choo, Chun
Wei: The Knowing Organization. New
York 1998 ).

20. Learning Organization
An organization in which everyone is engaged
in identifying and solving problems, enabling
the organization to continuously experiment,
improve, and increase its capability.
Changing employee behaviors and attitudes is key
to the continuous organizational renewal needed
in today’s rapidly changing world. The
organization as a whole is committed to continual
improvement of every facet of itself, its products
and its services – by learning.
(Senge, Peter M., “The Fifth Discipline: The Art &
Practice of Learning Organizations,” )

21. WHERE & WHEN?
 Challenge to perform better, effectively and quickly,
sharing of information and knowledge is critical for
organizations.

 Wherever and whenever possible information should be
stored in a form that maximizes it's inherent
usefulness.

 Information is a valuable resource and requires careful
stewardship.
 Organizations that handle information processes with
people who regularly needs to access distributed
information in the course of the workday such as data
workers, information workers, and knowledge workers

22. HOW?
 ERP
 Williard Model

23. ERP
 ERP stands for “enterprise resource planning.”
 ERP is an integrated software solution used to manage
a company’s resources.
 Business planning systems have been evolving for decades,
and ERP, enterprise resource planning, is the current
generation. ERP’s immediate predecessors, MRP (material
requirements planning) and MRP II (manufacturing
resources planning), focused mainly on managing the
manufacturing and accounting resources of a company.
 Today’s ERP systems now integrate all business
management functions, including planning,
inventory/materials management, engineering, order
processing, manufacturing, purchasing, accounting and
finance, human resources, and more.

24. The Willard Model
 Identification - The discovery of information resources and
the recording of their features in an inventory
 Ownership - The establishment of responsibility for the
upkeep of an information resource
 Cost and Value - Assessment of the cost of an information
resource and its value to the organisation
 Development - The further development of an existing
information resource to enhance its value to the organisation
 Exploitation - The processes which may allow a resource to
generate further value through conversion into an asset or a
saleable commodity

25. Discussion
Information Warfare

26. Classes of information warfare
 Different classes of information
warfare
 Personal information warfare
 Corporate information warfare
 Global information warfare

28. Corporate information warfare
 Kodak vs. Fuji
 Fuji stole plans from Kodak to build disposable
cameras
 Kodak hired EX-CIA operatives (!) as
“Information Warriors”
 Eventually Kodak came to the market first with
the cameras
 Shredders with scanners built in to them
 Scan before shredding
 Stored in memory for eventual download

29. Corporate information warfare
 “Business is War” – Old
Japanese proverb