2. AGENDA
Learn the external and internal forces that can create the need for organizational change.Learn
Lewin’s Change Model.Review
Identify alternative strategies for overcoming resistance to change.Identify
Creating change through Organization DevelopmentCreate
Open floor discussion.Conclusion
3. Forces of Change
EXTERNAL forces for
change
Originate outside the
organization
Technology
Marketing Conditions
Social Changes
Political Forces
INTERNAL forces for
change
Originate inside the
organization.
Nature of the Workforce
Change in Managerial
Personnel
Deficiencies in Existing
Management Structure
Inflexibility (Avoiding
Developing Inertia)
7. Unfreezing
One of the more important stages to understand in the
world of change
It involves getting to the point of understanding that
change is necessary
First stage is about preparing ourselves, or others,
before the change
Focus is to create the motivation to change
Setting up a deadline emphasizes the important of
change. Lower motivation can delay the process and
decrease the urgency of change
This first 'Unfreezing' stage involves moving ourselves, or a
department, or an entire business towards motivation for
change. The Kurt Lewin Force Field Analysis is a useful way
to understand this process and there are plenty of ideas of
how this can be done.
8. Change (Transition)
Change is not an event, but rather a process. Kurt Lewin
called this process a “Transition”
Transition is the inner movement or journey we make in
reaction to a change.
This stage is often the hardest as people are unsure or even
fearful
Transition is a process that occurs within each of us. There's
no set time limit as each of us is different
Support is really important here and can be in the form of
training, coaching, and expecting mistakes as part of the
process
It's really useful to keep communicating a clear picture of the
desired change - and the benefits - so people don't lose sight of
where they are heading
9. Freezing
(Refreezing)
This stage is about establishing stability once
the changes have been made
The changes are accepted and become the
new norm
People form new relationships and become
comfortable with their routines
Lewin's concern is about reinforcing the change
and ensuring that the desired change is accepted
and maintained into the future. Without this,
people tend to go back to doing what they are
used to doing. This is probably what Kurt Lewin
meant by freezing - supporting the desired
change to make sure it continues and is not lost.
11. The ADKAR Model
The model is developed from a study of 900 organizations across 59 countries over a 14-year period,
carried out by the US research organization, Prosci. The research found that getting employees to
support a change strategy was the key to its success, and there are 5 key steps to ensuring employee
support.
Awareness – Employees need to be aware of exactly what change is occurring and why it is
necessary. If employees are not aware of these things, they can lose motivation and direction
within the strategy. The manager has a crucial role in ensuring employees are fully aware of
every element of the change process.
Desire – Support for the change strategy should come naturally from the employees. Rather
than forcing the change upon your employees, including them in developing the project and
vision will ensure their support for the final outcome.
Knowledge – Change will likely bring a change in routine and skills for your employees, as well
as the overall organization change. For this reason, employees should be fully supported in
their acquisition and development of these skills.
Ability – This knowledge must then de developed, but this can only happen if the individuals
have the necessary ability.
Reinforcement – The change process, and rewards for individuals changing their methods,
should be reinforced long after the change has occurred. This ensure employees resist the
temptation of slipping back into old habits.
12. Creating Change
Through Organization
Development
Organization Development (OD)
The OD Process is based on the
action research model which begins
with an identified problem or need
for change. The OD process begins
when an organization recognizes
that a problem exists which impacts
the mission or health of the
organization and change is desired.
13. Benefits of OD
The purpose of OD is to enable an organization to better respond and adapt to
industry/market changes and technological advances. In today’s post we will focus
on five benefits of OD from continuous improvement to increased profits.
1) Continuous Improvement – The OD process creates a continuous cycle of
improvement whereby strategies are planned, implemented, evaluated,
improved and monitored. Organizational development is a proactive approach
that embraces change (internal and external) and leverages it for renewal.
2) Increased Communication – One of the key advantages to OD is increased
communication, feedback and interaction within the organization. The goal of
improving communication is to align all employees to shared company goals
and values. Candid communication also leads to increased understanding of the
need for change within the organization. Communication is open across all
levels of the organization and relevant feedback is recurrently shared for
improvement.
.
14. Benefits of OD
3) Employee Development – Organizational development focuses on
increased communication to influence employees to bring about desired
changes. The need for employee development stems from constant
industry and market changes. This causes an organization to regularly
enhance employee skills to meet evolving market requirements.
4) Product & Service Enhancement – A major benefit of OD is innovation,
which leads to product and service enhancement. Innovation is achieved
through employee development, which focuses on rewarding successes
and boosting motivation and morale.
5) Increased Profit- Organizational development affects the bottom line in a
variety of ways. Through raised innovation and productivity, efficiency and
profits are increased. Costs are also reduced by minimizing employee
turnover and absenteeism. As OD aligns objectives and focuses on
development, product/service quality and employee satisfaction are
increased.
15. Companies that Succeeded by Changing Their
Business Model
PayPal
PayPal, believe it or not, was not founded to be the online payment
service that it is today. In her book Founders at Work, Jessica Livingston
interviews PayPal founder Max Levchin. During the interview, Levchin
reveals that PayPal was originally envisioned as a cryptography
company, and then later as a means of transmitting money via PDAs.
Only after several years of trial and error (and overcoming user fraud
that almost destroyed the company) did PayPal find its sweet spot as the
default online payment system of millions.
The transition wasn’t effortless, and the company, at various points in
time, deliberated the merits of the staying the course or changing
business models. But ultimately, their flexibility proved to be a major
asset. Despite being founded in 1998, PayPal was swift enough to
change course in time to go public in 2002 and later get bought out by
eBay for $1.5 billion.
16. Companies that Succeeded by Changing Their
Business Model
Google
For much of its early life, Google had no business model to speak of.
As Wired co-founding editor John Battelle explains in his book The
Search, Google was once a maddeningly unprofitable company,
fumbling left and right for a stable revenue source. After making
marginally profitable forays into selling search appliances to
businesses and its own search technology to other search engines,
Google radically changed course.
In 2003, the company launched its AdWords program which allowed
businesses to advertise to people searching for things on
Google.com. Almost overnight, Google took the leap from popular
search tool to advertising juggernaut. In 2008, Google reported to
the SEC that it had generated $21 billion in advertising-driven
revenue alone. To this day, AdWords comprises the lion’s share of
Google’s total revenue and profits. AdWords also paved the way for
other search engines, such as Yahoo’s Search Marketing service and
MSN’s Bing platform among others
17. Companies that Succeeded by Changing Their
Business Model
Facebook
In its early years, Facebook consisted entirely of college students. Unlike
contemporaries Friendster and MySpace, which exhausted themselves to acquire as
many users as possible from all ends of the Earth, Facebook operated more like a
“secret society”, going so far as to require .edu e-mail addresses in order to join. And
many of their users liked it that way, preferring Facebook’s exclusivity to the “the more
the merrier” approach of other social networks.
The problem was that Facebook could only expand so much by catering to only
college students. So despite much protest and uproar, Facebook founder Mark
Zuckerberg decided to open Facebook to high school students in 2005. By 2006, the
service had opened to anyone 13 years or older with a valid e-mail address. By and
large, the strategy change has worked. A 2009 study by Compete.com found
Facebook to be the most popular social network in terms if unique views and monthly
visits.
The company has also sold a 1.6% stake to Microsoft for $240 million, and rumors of
an IPO continue to appear
18. Companies that Succeeded by Changing Their
Business Model
Apple
Not long ago, Apple was on the brink of fizzling out. From about 1993-1997, Apple
found itself struggling to find a consistently profitable source of revenue, trying and
failing to market everything from digital cameras to portable CD players to TV
appliances. With Steve Jobs ouste1d due to internal squabbles, the company
attempted to right ship with a revolving door of stopgap CEOs (including one former
head of Pepsi-Cola.) Finally, in 1997, Jobs returned as CEO and instituted a bold
change of direction.
Instead of continuing to aimlessly follow marginal product ideas down the rabbit hole,
Apple began to focus once more on creating beautiful consumer electronics, starting
with the iMac in 1998. Apple also acquired several companies in the video editing and
digital production space, which comprises much of its customer base. The iPod was an
even bigger success, selling over 100 million units within six years of its 2001 launch
according to the BBC. The iPhone, another smash hit, recently produced a 100% year-
over-year rise in sales according to CNN Money. None of this would have been
possible without a drastic change in business models.
19. Why Change is Necessary
For change to be beneficial, the people involved must
possess sufficient energy to absorb and incorporate
new behaviors and accompanying mindsets. The
capacity necessary to absorb the disruption is known
as resilience. Resilience is the ability of an individual
or a system to deal with change and continue to
develop. In the book Resilience Thinking, Scientist
Brian Walker and Science Writer David Salt present a
conceptual overview along with five case studies in
the real world investigating how the interacting
systems of people and nature can best be managed
in the face of disturbances, surprises, and uncertainty.
On an organizational level, staying relevant in today’s
complex, dynamic marketplace requires new
innovative, adaptive behaviors that embrace change.
Change is important for any organization if they
intend to retain their competitive edge and meet the
needs of their steady customer base. To do otherwise
would constitute failure. Organizations and people
that embrace change and effectively innovate, adapt
and perform through a hardship will survive. Those
who resist the change may fail in the face of adversity.
1. Technology : Technology is the major external force which calls for change. The adoption of new technology such as computers, telecommunication systems and flexible manufacturing operations have profound impact on the organizations that adopt them.
The substitution of computer control for direct supervision, is resulting in wider spans of control for managers and flatter organizations. Sophisticated information technology is also making organizations more responsive. Both the organizations and their employees will have to become more adaptable. Many jobs will be reshaped. Individuals who do routine, specialized and narrow jobs will be replaced by workers who can perform multiple tastes and actively participate in decision making. Managements will have to increase their investment in training and education of the employees because employees' skills are becoming obsolete more quickly. Japanese firms have progressed rapidly because they are very fast in adopting new technological innovations.2. Marketing Conditions : Marketing conditions are no more static. They are in the process of rapid change as the needs, desires and expectations of the customers change rapidly and frequently. Moreover, there is tough competition in the market as the market is flooded with new products and innovations everyday. New methods of advertising are used to influence the customers. Today the concept of consumerism has gained considerable importance and thus, the consumers are treated as the kings. 3. Social Changes : Social and cultural environment also suggest some changes that the organizations have to adjust for. There are a lot of social changes due to spread of education, knowledge and a lot of government efforts. Social equality, e.g., equal opportunities to women, equal pay for equal work, has posed new challenges for the management. The management has to follow certain social norms in shaping its employment, marketing and other policies.
4. Political Forces : Political environment within and outside the country have an important impact on business especially the transnational corporations. The interference of the government in business has increased tremendously in most of the countries. The corporate sector is regulated by a lot of laws and regulations. The organizations do not have any control over the political and legal forces, but they have to adapt to meet the pressure of these forces.
1. Nature of the Work Force : The nature of work force has changed over a passage of time. Different work values have been expressed by different generations. Workers who are in the age group of 50 plus value loyalty to their employers. Workers in their mid-thirties to mid-forties are loyal to themselves only. The youngest generation of workers is loyal to their careers.
The profile of the workforce is also changing fast. The 1990s has been described as a decade where organizations will have to learn to manage diversity. The new generation of workers have better educational qualifications, they place greater emphasis on human values and question authority of managers. Their behavior has also become very complex and leading them towards organizational goals is a challenge for the managers. The employee turnover is also very high which again puts strain on the management. The work force is changing, with a rapid increase in the percentage of women employees, which in turn means, more dual career couples. Organizations have to modify transfer and promotion policies as well as make child care and elder care available, in order to respond to the needs of two career couple.
2. Change in Managerial Personnel : Change in managerial personnel is another force which brings about change in organization. Old managers are replaced by new managers which is necessitated because of promotion, retirement, transfer or dismissal. Each manager brings his own ideas and way of working in the organization. The informal relationships change because of changes in managerial personnel. Sometimes, even though there is no change in personnel, but their attitudes change. As a result, the organization has to change accordingly.
3. Deficiencies in Existing Management Structure : Sometimes change are necessary because of some deficiencies in the existing organizational structure, arrangement and processes. These deficiencies may be in the form of unmanageable span of management, larger number of managerial levels, lack of co-ordination among various departments, obstacles in communication, multiplicity of committees, lack of uniformity in policy decisions, lack of cooperation between line and staff and so on. However, the need for change in such cases goes unrecognized until some major crisis occurs.
4. To Avoid Developing Inertia : In many cases, organizational changes take place just to avoid developing inertia or inflexibility. Conscious managers take into account this view that organization should be dynamic because any single method is not the best tool of management every time. Thus, changes are incorporated so that the personnel develop liking for change and there is no unnecessary, resistance when major changes in the organization are brought about.
Stage 1: Unfreezing
The Unfreezing stage is probably one of the more important stages to understand in the world of change we live in today. This stage is about getting ready to change. It involves getting to a point of understanding that change is necessary, and getting ready to move away from our current comfort zone.
This first stage is about preparing ourselves, or others, before the change (and ideally creating a situation in which we want the change).
The more we feel that change is necessary, the more urgent it is, the more motivated we are to make the change. Right? Yes, of course! If you understand procrastination (like I do!) then you'd recognize that the closer the deadline, the more likely you are to snap into action and actually get the job started!
With the deadline comes some sort of reward or punishment linked to the job. If there's no deadline, then the urge to change is lower than the need to change. There's much lower motivation to make a change. If there's no urgency or motive to change most of us will do....nothing!
While many change management projects focus on the steps necessary for organizational change, ADKAR® emphasizes that successful organizational change occurs only when each person is able to transition successfully.
It makes sense then that this model, developed by Jeff Hiatt, CEO of Prosci® Change Management (www.prosci.com), and first published in 2003, focuses on 5 actions and outcomes necessary for successful individual change, and therefore successful organizational change.