The civil war was the greatest War America has ever experienced. These two lectures explain the political, social and economic backgroundd of the Civil War

1. 1861-1865

2. American WarsAmerican Wars
 Two major wars shaped America, itsTwo major wars shaped America, its
culture, and itsculture, and its people:people:
 The Independence War (Revolution)The Independence War (Revolution)
 The Civil WarThe Civil War
 Both wars opposed Americans to eachBoth wars opposed Americans to each
other:other:
 Patriots vs LoyalistPatriots vs Loyalist
 Northerners vs SouthernersNortherners vs Southerners

3. The United States
of America were
born in 1783, after
the Independence
War against Britain
1775 – 1783
(Declaration of
Independence)
American War ofAmerican War of
Independence orIndependence or
AmericanAmerican
RevolutionRevolution
American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

4. The Civil War 1861-1865The Civil War 1861-1865
 The Civil War was bloody andThe Civil War was bloody and
resulted in over 600,000 deathsresulted in over 600,000 deaths
(Population = 31 M)(Population = 31 M)
 The Civil War divided theThe Civil War divided the
United States to such an extentUnited States to such an extent
that its impact can still be feltthat its impact can still be felt
over 140 years later.over 140 years later.
 Major causes from theMajor causes from the
inception of the Constitution.inception of the Constitution.

5. The pre–Civil War yearsThe pre–Civil War years
1820-601820-60
 the most chaotic in American historythe most chaotic in American history
 the nation transformed from anthe nation transformed from an
underdeveloped nation of farmers andunderdeveloped nation of farmers and
frontiersmen into an urbanized economicfrontiersmen into an urbanized economic
powerhouse.powerhouse.
 the industrialized North and the agriculturalthe industrialized North and the agricultural
South grew apart.South grew apart.

6. The North, more
populated and
industrialised, relied
on free labor &
opposed slavery
THE NORTHTHE NORTH

7. THE SOUTHTHE SOUTH
The South, with
abundant slave
black population
that worked in
the cotton fields,
wanted to
maintain slavery

8. 1820-601820-60
5 Major Trends5 Major Trends
1.1. Market : shift from agricultural economy to oneMarket : shift from agricultural economy to one
based on wages changed North & West.based on wages changed North & West.
2.2. Shift from rural to urban society. Millions ofShift from rural to urban society. Millions of
farmers moved to cities.farmers moved to cities.
3.3. Politics: Southern states were dominated byPolitics: Southern states were dominated by
“states’ righters” While Northerners believed the“states’ righters” While Northerners believed the
federal government had authority over states.federal government had authority over states.
4.4. Debate over slaveryDebate over slavery
5.5. Westward expansionWestward expansion

9. Debate over SlaveryDebate over Slavery
 closely tied to the states’ rights issueclosely tied to the states’ rights issue
 Northerners realized horrors of slaveryNortherners realized horrors of slavery
 Southerners reliant upon it to support theirSoutherners reliant upon it to support their
cotton-based economy.cotton-based economy.
 Northerners did not necessarily wantNortherners did not necessarily want
social and political equality for blacks butsocial and political equality for blacks but
were opposed to the slave systemwere opposed to the slave system

10. Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
American Progress – John Gast (1872)

11. Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
and Westward Movementand Westward Movement
 Many Americans believed god entrusted themMany Americans believed god entrusted them
with the mission o spread democracy andwith the mission o spread democracy and
Protestantism.Protestantism.
 Over a million Americans sold their homes in theOver a million Americans sold their homes in the
East and set out in Oregon, Mormon, Santa Fe,East and set out in Oregon, Mormon, Santa Fe,
and California Trails.and California Trails.
 Policymakers acquired Florida and Oregon andPolicymakers acquired Florida and Oregon and
declared war on Mexico in 1846 to seize Texas,declared war on Mexico in 1846 to seize Texas,
California, and everything in between.California, and everything in between.

12. Slavery & Westward ExpansionSlavery & Westward Expansion
 Debate centered on westward expansionDebate centered on westward expansion
of slavery, which southern elites saw asof slavery, which southern elites saw as
vital to the survival of their aristocraticvital to the survival of their aristocratic
social and economic order.social and economic order.
 Northerners opposed the expansion ofNortherners opposed the expansion of
slavery outside the South.slavery outside the South.

13. As the US territory expanded across theAs the US territory expanded across the
continent, would new states becomecontinent, would new states become
slave states – or free?slave states – or free?
?

14. 18191819
11 free states and 11 slave states11 free states and 11 slave states
Senate consists of :Senate consists of :
2 representatives from each state2 representatives from each state
House of Representatives:House of Representatives:
based on states population-based on states population-
slave states had more representativesslave states had more representatives

15. United States, 1819United States, 1819
 The number ofThe number of
slave-statesslave-states
equaledequaled thethe
number of freenumber of free
states.states.
 Would the newWould the new
states in thestates in the
LouisianaLouisiana
Territory beTerritory be
allowed to haveallowed to have
slavery?slavery?
What would be a good COMPROMISE for this
situation?

16. Why is this a problem?Why is this a problem?
1820- 2 territories want to enter1820- 2 territories want to enter
1.1. MaineMaine
2.2. MissouriMissouri--(about 2,000 slaves)(about 2,000 slaves)
What is the dilemma forWhat is the dilemma for
Congress?Congress?

17. The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise
 Additional land gained after Mexican-Additional land gained after Mexican-
American War caused dispute overAmerican War caused dispute over
slavery in the Westslavery in the West
 Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri Compromise of 1820
 prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30 ’’
 Maine to enter as a free stateMaine to enter as a free state
 Missouri as a slave stateMissouri as a slave state

19. Southern ResponseSouthern Response
 South realized that this compromiseSouth realized that this compromise
threatened the balance between free andthreatened the balance between free and
slave statesslave states
 South felt the US would need territoriesSouth felt the US would need territories
from Mexico’s territory in which to expandfrom Mexico’s territory in which to expand
slavery the only area left was in Arkansasslavery the only area left was in Arkansas

20. Dred ScottDred Scott
The U.S. Supreme Court had to decide…
Was he a Person or Property?
Dred Scott was slave of a
Missouri physician.
Had been taken to free
territory by owner.
Sued for freedom in 1846
after owner died, arguing he
had become free when he
lived in free territory.
Hint: 4 Northern judges, 5 Southern
judges

21. Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision
Chief Justice Roger TaneyChief Justice Roger Taney
 Slaves were not citizens, soSlaves were not citizens, so
they could not sue in courtthey could not sue in court
 Slaves were property, soSlaves were property, so
Congress did not have theCongress did not have the
power to ban slavery in anypower to ban slavery in any
territoryterritory
 Therefore, the MissouriTherefore, the Missouri
Compromise wasCompromise was
“unconstitutional”“unconstitutional”
 Dred Scott remained a slaveDred Scott remained a slave

22. Renewed disputes overRenewed disputes over
expansion of slavery:expansion of slavery: CaliforniaCalifornia
 Traditionally states had entered the union withTraditionally states had entered the union with
another state (1 Free state for 1 Slave). Thisanother state (1 Free state for 1 Slave). This
was done to keep an equal balance in thewas done to keep an equal balance in the
senate.senate.
• California applied to enter the Union.California applied to enter the Union.
• Southerners opposed free state status toSoutherners opposed free state status to
California because it would upset the balance ofCalifornia because it would upset the balance of
slave and free statesslave and free states

23. The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850
 Settled most disputesSettled most disputes
 California would enter the Union as a freeCalifornia would enter the Union as a free
state (with no complimenting slave state)state (with no complimenting slave state)
 The slavery question would be decided byThe slavery question would be decided by
popular sovereignty in Mexican cession.popular sovereignty in Mexican cession.
 Slave trade, but not slavery, would end in theSlave trade, but not slavery, would end in the
nationnation’s capital.’s capital.
 A stronger fugitive slave law would be passed.A stronger fugitive slave law would be passed.

24. Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act
• Made it a crime to helpMade it a crime to help
runaway slaves andrunaway slaves and
allowed officials to arrestallowed officials to arrest
runaway slaves in freerunaway slaves in free
areasareas
• Slaveholders take fugitivesSlaveholders take fugitives
to commissioners.to commissioners.
Commissioners receivedCommissioners received
money for returning slaves.money for returning slaves.
The Fugitive Slave ActThe Fugitive Slave Act
more controversy.more controversy.
Reaction to ActReaction to Act
• Immediate enforcementImmediate enforcement
• Thousands of northernThousands of northern
African Americans fled toAfrican Americans fled to
Canada in fearCanada in fear
• Act upset northernersAct upset northerners
• Persuaded many to joinPersuaded many to join
abolitionist causeabolitionist cause

25. Abolitionists used antislavery literatureAbolitionists used antislavery literature
to promote opposition.to promote opposition.
 Northern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to gainNorthern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to gain
sympathy for their cause.sympathy for their cause.
 Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery.Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery.
 Uncle TomUncle Tom’’s Cabins Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was an influentialby Harriet Beecher Stowe was an influential
antislavery novel published in 1852.antislavery novel published in 1852.
 More than 2 million copies sold within a decade.More than 2 million copies sold within a decade.
 Still widely read as source about harsh realities of slavery.Still widely read as source about harsh realities of slavery.

26. The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Act
(1854) created two new(1854) created two new
territoriesterritories
 The act left it up to settlers to decide whether toThe act left it up to settlers to decide whether to
become slave states or free statesbecome slave states or free states
 This is called “Popular Sovereignty”This is called “Popular Sovereignty”

27. Violence in CongressViolence in Congress
 Southerners wereSoutherners were
outraged by a speechoutraged by a speech
Senator Sumner madeSenator Sumner made
criticizing Southerncriticizing Southern
congressmen forcongressmen for
supporting the Kansas-supporting the Kansas-
Nebraska ActNebraska Act
 Rep. Preston BrooksRep. Preston Brooks
savagely beat Sumnersavagely beat Sumner
with a cane to defendwith a cane to defend
Southern honorSouthern honor
The beating was so bad
that the cane broke and
it took 3 ½ years for
Sumner to recover

28. Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas
 Northern and SouthernNorthern and Southern
settlers both flooded intosettlers both flooded into
KansasKansas
 Supporters of slaverySupporters of slavery
invaded an abolitionistinvaded an abolitionist
town, burned a hotel, lootedtown, burned a hotel, looted
home and destroyedhome and destroyed
newspaper pressesnewspaper presses
 Anti-slavery forcesAnti-slavery forces
retaliated. Led by Johnretaliated. Led by John
Brown, they invaded a pro-Brown, they invaded a pro-
slavery town, dragged fiveslavery town, dragged five
men from their homes killedmen from their homes killed
themthem

29. In the Northern
states a
growing anti-
slavery opinion
demanded the
abolition of
slavery in the
US
The beginningsThe beginnings

30. Abolitionists used antislavery literatureAbolitionists used antislavery literature
to promote opposition.to promote opposition.
 Northern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to gainNorthern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to gain
sympathy for their cause.sympathy for their cause.
 Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery.Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery.
 Uncle TomUncle Tom’’s Cabins Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was an influentialby Harriet Beecher Stowe was an influential
antislavery novel published in 1852.antislavery novel published in 1852.
 More than 2 million copies sold within a decade.More than 2 million copies sold within a decade.
 Still widely read as source about harsh realities of slavery.Still widely read as source about harsh realities of slavery.

31. Regional Division, PoliticalRegional Division, Political
Unrest and the Elections of 1860Unrest and the Elections of 1860
• Growing
political
unrest on the
slavery issue
• Violent
incidents
• Election
campaign of
1860

32. Regional Division, PoliticalRegional Division, Political
Unrest and the Elections of 1860Unrest and the Elections of 1860
• Republican
Party (Abraham
Lincoln):
abolition and
stronger central
government
• Democratic
Party: States
should decide
on slavery issue
(maintaining
slavery in the
South)

33. Lincoln-Douglas DebatesLincoln-Douglas Debates
 LINCOLN said…LINCOLN said…
 A house dividedA house divided
against itself cannotagainst itself cannot
standstand
 I believe thisI believe this
government cannotgovernment cannot
endure, permanentlyendure, permanently
half slave and halfhalf slave and half
free.free.
 It will become all oneIt will become all one
thing or all the otherthing or all the other ..
 Slavery is a MORALSlavery is a MORAL
ISSUE It is eitherISSUE It is either
right… or it is wrong.right… or it is wrong.
 DOUGLAS said…DOUGLAS said…
 In the Dred ScottIn the Dred Scott
Decision, theDecision, the
Supreme Court hadSupreme Court had
decided the issuedecided the issue
of slavery foreverof slavery forever
 Slavery was legalSlavery was legal
Abraham Lincoln ran against Stephen Douglas.

34. Presidential Election ofPresidential Election of
18601860
 The SouthThe South
threatened thatthreatened that
it would secedeit would secede
if Lincoln wasif Lincoln was
elected.elected.

35. Lincoln Wins the PresidencyLincoln Wins the Presidency
 Lincoln won only 40% of theLincoln won only 40% of the
popular vote…popular vote…
http://www.270towin.com/

36.  One by one,One by one,
Southern statesSouthern states
seceded from theseceded from the
Union after Lincoln’sUnion after Lincoln’s
electionelection
 Lincoln and manyLincoln and many
northerners refusednortherners refused
to accept the right ofto accept the right of
the south to secede.the south to secede.New nation: Confederate States of America
The South SecedesThe South Secedes

37. The South SecedesThe South Secedes

39.  Lincoln issuedLincoln issued
the Emancipationthe Emancipation
Proclamation onProclamation on
January 1, 1863January 1, 1863
While the CivilWhile the Civil
War was goingWar was going
into its third yearinto its third year

40.  limited in many ways.limited in many ways.
 applied only to seceding statesapplied only to seceding states
 slavery untouched in loyal border states.slavery untouched in loyal border states.
 Most important, the freedom it promisedMost important, the freedom it promised
depended upon Union military victory.depended upon Union military victory.

41. Organize the following by dateOrganize the following by date
A-A- The Kansas Nebraska ActThe Kansas Nebraska Act
B- Election of Abraham LincolnB- Election of Abraham Lincoln
C- The Dred Scott DecisionC- The Dred Scott Decision
D- The Missouri compromiseD- The Missouri compromise
E- The 1850 compromiseE- The 1850 compromise
F- Start of the Civil WarF- Start of the Civil War
G- The Emancipation ProclamationG- The Emancipation Proclamation
H- The American RevolutionH- The American Revolution

42. R for right W for wrongR for right W for wrong
 1-1-
 Northerners are state-rightersNortherners are state-righters

43. R for right W for wrongR for right W for wrong
 2-2-
 The Fugitive Slave actThe Fugitive Slave act
condemned fugitve slaves tocondemned fugitve slaves to
deathdeath

44. R for right W for wrongR for right W for wrong
 3-3-
 Dred Scott won the court battleDred Scott won the court battle

45. R for right W for wrongR for right W for wrong
 4-4-
 Kansas Nebraska Act favoredKansas Nebraska Act favored
popular soverigntypopular soverignty

46. R for right W for wrongR for right W for wrong
 5-5-
 The Emancipation proclamationThe Emancipation proclamation
resulted in the Civil Warresulted in the Civil War

47. R for right W for wrongR for right W for wrong
6-6-
Many African Americans fled toMany African Americans fled to
Canada following the FugitiveCanada following the Fugitive
Slave ActSlave Act

48. KeysKeys

49. Organize the following by dateOrganize the following by date
H- The American RevolutionH- The American Revolution
D- The Missouri compromiseD- The Missouri compromise
C- The Dred Scott DecisionC- The Dred Scott Decision
E- The 1850 compromiseE- The 1850 compromise
A- The Kansas Nebraska ActA- The Kansas Nebraska Act
B- Election of Abraham LincolnB- Election of Abraham Lincoln
F- Start of the Civil WarF- Start of the Civil War
G- The Emancipation ProclamationG- The Emancipation Proclamation

50. R for right W for wrongR for right W for wrong
 1- W1- W
 2- W2- W
 3- W3- W
 4- R4- R
 5- W5- W
 6- R6- R