Reinhard selten teori permainan tugas

Reinhard Selten - Biographical
I was born in Breslau on October 5th, 1930. At that time, Breslau, now called Wroclaw,
belonged to Germany and only German was spoken there. After the second world war Breslau
became Polish and the original German population was almost completely replaced by a Polish
one. I have never visited Wroclaw after the war. Heavy fighting destroyed most of the town in
which I grew up and most of the familiar places of my youth look different now.
When I was born my father owned a business called a "reading circle"; folders containing an
assortment of magazines were lent to customers for one week, then recollected and lent out
again. The older the folder, the lower was the fee. This was a florishing branch of industry. My
father had built up his business in spite of the fact that he became blind at young years and had
only three years of school education. Already in the mid-thirties he had to sell his firm because
of his Jewish origin. Jews were forbidden to run a business connected to the press. My father did
not belong to any religious community and my mother was a protestant. Originally my parents
intended to let me grow up without any attachment to a particular religion in order to give me the
opportunity to decide for myself later in my life. However, under the prevailing political
circumstances it seemed to be better to have me baptized as a protestant. The ceremony is one of
my early memories. Much later as a young man I left the protestant church and became
unattached to any religion again. Unlike several other relatives my father did not become a
victim of the holocaust, since he died after a serious illness already in 1942 before the worst of
the terror began.
It was not easy for me to live as a half-Jewish boy under the Hitler regime. When I was 14 I had
to leave high school and the opportunity to learn a trade was denied to me. The only career open
to me was that of an unskilled worker. Fortunately it turned out that this did not matter much
since after about half a year my mother, my brothers, my sister, and I left Breslau on one of the
last trains before all outbound railway traffic stopped.
My situation as a member of an officially despised minority forced me to pay close attention to
political matters very early in my life. Moreover I found myself in opposition to the political
views shared by the vast majority of the population. I had to learn to trust my own judgment
rather than
official propaganda or public opinion. This was a strong influence on my intellectual
development. My continuing interest in politics and public affairs was one of the reasons why I
began to be interested in economics in my last high school years.
After we left Breslau we were refugees, first in Saxonia, then in Austria and finally in Hessia.
Until schools opened again in 1946 I worked as a farm boy, first in Austria and later in the
village in Hessia where we lived. In 1947, we moved to Melsungen, a small town in which I
went to high school until 1951. In these years I developed a strong interest in mathematics. When
we still lived in the village near Melsungen, I had to walk to school which took about three and a
half hours there and back. During these walks I occupied my mind with problems of elementary
geometry and algebra. I still like to hike in forested hills and to think while walking.

When I finished high school, it was clear to me that I would study mathematics, even if I also
considered economics and psychology. It took me relatively long to reach my master's degree in
mathematics. My studies were not sufficiently concentrated on this goal. One of the reasons was
that I went to many lectures which had nothing to do with my study of mathematics. However, it
later turned out that some of these extracurricular activities became important for my career. I
studied mathematics at the university of Frankfurt from 1951 to 1957. Until I completed my
"Vordiplom", the intermediate examination which roughly corresponds to the bachelor's degree,
I also had to study physics. Originally I considered to take astronomy as a minor for my master's
degree and I actually spent much time trying to get some knowledge of this field but now almost
everything is forgotten. What finally turned me away from astronomy was that I became more
and more involved in game theory and economics. I am grateful to the Natural Science Faculty
of Frankfurt University for the decision to permit mathematical economics as a minor for the
master's degree in order to enable me to be the first one to take this choice.
My first contact with game theory was a popular article in Fortune Magazine which I read in my
last high school year. I was immediately attracted to the subject matter and when I studied
mathematics I found the fundamental book by von Neumann and Morgenstern in the library and
studied it. Somewhat later I saw the announcement of a student seminar for economists on game
theory, headed by Professor Ewald Burger who taught advanced mathematical courses but also
mathematics for economists. I participated in the seminar and Ewald Burger gave me the chance
to write a master's thesis in cooperative game theory. He was a man of extraordinary
mathematical erudition and an excellent teacher. I owe much to his guidance and to his patient
advise.
My master's thesis and later my Ph.D. thesis had the aim of axiomatizing a value for e-person
games in extensive form. This work made me familiar with the extensive form, in a time when
very little work on extensive games was done. This enabled me to see the perfectness problem
earlier than others and to write the contributions for which I am now honored by the prize in
memory of Alfred Nobel.
After I had received my master's degree in 1957, I was hired by Professor Heinz Sauermann, an
economist at the University of Frankfurt am Main, who employed me for ten years in various
assistant positions. It was my task to do research funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
the German counterpart of the National Science Foundation. At first I was supposed to apply
decision theory to the theory of the firm, but soon I became involved in economic laboratory
experimentation. Fortunately the referees of Sauermann's research proposals approved of this
new research direction. This made it possible to finance a small group of young people doing
experimental research. Sauermann had about 15 assistants and only two to four of them were
involved in experiments. I became something like a foreman of this small detachment. Reinhard
Tietz, Volker Haselbarth, Otwin Becker, Klaus Schuster and others belonged to it for longer or
shorter periods.
Heinz Sauermann was a remarkable man. He was one of the first to propagate Keynesianism in
Germany. In spite of a lack of mathematical training he encouraged his students to do work
based on formal models. He always had a good feeling for the trends of the field and therefore
was very successful in suggesting the right problem areas to those who did research under his

supervision. Moreover he was an excellent administrator and scientific organizer, who did much
for the propagation of experimental economics. I owe much to him.
In 1959, I married Elisabeth Langreiner, who for all the years since then helped me to become
the person I am now. We would have liked to have children but we do not have any. We both
belong to the Esperanto movement and this is how we met. The international language Esperanto
has still an important influence on our life.
My first publication was a journal article with the title "Ein Oligopolexperiment" (an oligopoly
experiment) written together with Heinz Sauermann and published in 1959. When we began to
do experimental economics at Frankfurt, such a field had not yet existed. My attempts to learn
some psychology while I studied mathematics had made me acquainted to experimental
techniques. I had listened to lectures of the gestalt psychologist Edwin Rausch, who was a
careful experimenter, and I had participated in psychological experiments as a subject. Therefore
it seemed natural to me to try an experimental approach to oligopoly.
In 1961, I received my Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Frankfurt am Main. Shortly
afterwards Oskar Morgenstern made it possible for me to participate in a game theory conference
at Princeton. In the late 50s - I do not remember the year - he had given a talk at Frankfurt and
my remarks in the subsequent discussion must have impressed him. In the following years he
sometimes asked me to meet him when his travels brought him to Frankfurt. He also gave me
financial support for staying several weeks longer at Princeton after the game theory conference.
My short visit to Princeton was important for my life since it gave me the opportunity to interact
with R.J. Aumann and M. Maschler who were members of Morgenstern's research group at that
time.
Around 1958, I became aware of H.A. Simon's seminal papers on bounded rationality and was
immediately convinced by his arguments. I tried to construct a theory of boundedly rational
multigoal decision making. Together with Heinz Sauermann, I worked out an "aspiration
adaptation theory of the firm" which was published as a journal article in 1962. After the
Princeton conference in 1961, I visited Pittsburgh for two days in order to establish contacts with
H.A. Simon and his associates. The problem of bounded rationality has occupied my mind for a
long time but unfortunately with less success than I had hoped for. More and more I came to the
conclusion that purely speculative approaches like that of our paper of 1962 are of limited value.
The structure of boundedly rational economic behavior cannot be invented in the armchair, it
must be explored experimentally.
In the early 60's I had run experiments on an oligopoly game with demand inertia. A game
theoretical analysis of this model proved to be too difficult but I was able to solve a simplified
version. I found a natural equilibrium but the game has many other equilibria. In order to
describe the distinguishing features of my solution, I defined subgame perfectness. My paper,
Ein Oligopolmodell mit Nachfrageträgheit (An Oligopoly Model with Demand Inertia) was
published in 1965. At that time I did not suspect that it often would be quoted, almost
exclusively for the definition of subgame perfectness. Very soon it became clear to me that the
perfectness problem is not completely solved by this concept. Therefore in a paper published in
1975, I defined a refined notion of perfectness, now often referred to as trembling hand

perfectness.
In 1965, I was invited to a game theory workshop at Jerusalem which lasted for three weeks and
had only 17 participants, but among them all the important researchers in game theory, with few
exceptions. Game theory was still a small field. We had heated discussions about Harsanyi's new
theory of games with incomplete information. This was the beginning of my long cooperation
with John C. Harsanyi. Not long after the conference I became a member of a group of game
theorists hired by the research firm MATHEMATICA to work on projects for the Arms Control
and Disarmament Agency. The group often met for several days near Washington D.C.. I
cooperated with John C. Harsanyi on bargaining under incomplete information, but I also did
other work on models of nuclear deterrence. The group did not produce anything of practical
value for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, but nevertheless it was very successful
because important theoretical advances, e.g. in the analysis of repeated games of incomplete
information by Aumann, Maschler, and Stearns were made there.
In Germany the Ph. D. is not yet the last formal requirement for a career as a university teacher.
In addition to this, one is expected to work towards a "habilitation". For this purpose one
presents a habilitation thesis, often a monography of an area of research. The habilitation is a
permission to lecture independently. In my case the habilitation thesis was a monography on
multiproduct pricing. In the academic year of 1967/68 I was visiting full professor at the business
school of the University of California, Berkeley. I had completed my habilitation thesis shortly
before I left to Berkeley and was habilitated when I came back. In 1970 my habilitation thesis
was published as a book.
In 1969, I accepted an offer of the Free University of Berlin, where I was a full professor of
economics until 1972. My wife and I liked to live in West Berlin. In these years Germany
experienced a period of student unrest, which made teaching difficult and sometimes impossible.
The student movement was especially strong at the Free University, but this was not the reason
why I moved to the University of Bielefeld in 1972. I was attracted by plans to create a big
Institute of Mathematical Economics. However, these plans could not be realized since it finally
turned out that the money was not available. Eventually a small institute with only three
professors was established. I was not unhappy with this solution since I succeeded to convince
the appointment committee that all positions should be held by game theorists. The positions
were filled by Joachim Rosenmuller, Wulf Albers, and myself. The concentration on game
theory gave us a chance to get some international reputation.
My years at the University of Bielefeld were a productive time. My experimental research
continued but I mainly worked on game theory and its application to industrial organization and
other areas. After John Harsanyi and I had completed our work on bargaining under incomplete
information we decided to attack the problem of selecting a unique equilibrium for every game.
He twice came to Bielefeld for a year and I often visited Berkeley for short periods of one or two
months. It took us about 18 years to construct a reasonable general theory of equilibrium
selection in games. In this time we considered many ideas and rejected two fairly well worked
out approaches. Our book of 1988 only describes the theory we finally agreed upon.
On my frequent visits to Berkeley I also had a cooperation with Tom Marschak which resulted in

a book on multiproduct pricing published in 1974. I also did experimental work on bargaining
under incomplete information together with Austin Hoggatt and his younger associates. In the
basement of Barrows Hall at the University of California, Berkeley, Austin Hoggatt had built up
the first computerized laboratory for experimental economics. There our experiments were run.
In the twelve years I spent at Bielefeld, I began a close cooperation with Werner Guth, who in
some sense is one of my students, even if we never held positions at the same university. We
worked on applications of the equilibrium selection theory by John Harsanyi and myself, long
before it had reached a final form, but we also did research on other problems like wage
bargaining in the framework of a business cycle model. Also other people who later became
university professors sometimes came to Bielefeld to seek my advise, namely Ulrike Leopold
from Graz, Joel Moulen from Lyon, and Eric van Damme from Eindhoven. Ulrike Leopold also
worked on the application of equilibrium selection theory and I wrote some papers together with
her. Joel Moulen did Ph.D. work on cooperative game theory and became a professor of
mathematics at Jaounde, Kameroun. Eric van Damme needed very little advise and is now a well
known game theorist.
One of my students, Jon-ren-Chen, a Taiwanese who was my assistent for many years, has never
worked on game theory. He does applied econometric research on international trade and
development. He was habilitated at Bielefeld and is now a Professor of Economics at Innsbruck.
A student of mine, Rolf Stoecker, who was a promising young experimentalist left me after his
Ph.D., joined an insurance company and became its chief executive after 5 years. Later
something similar happened to me again in Bonn. My assistent Gerald Uhlich who had done
important experimental work on coalition bargaining left the university after his Ph.D. and
became the second man in a furniture textile factory. Nevertheless I still nourish the hope that
some of the students who now work on experimental economics under my guidance will become
university teachers.
At the University of Bielefeld, cross fertilization between different fields is favored by the
existence of a unique institution, the center for interdisciplinary research. Talks given there
brought me into contact with biologists who made me aware of applications of game theory to
biology. A young mathematician, Peter Hammerstein, who had a junior position as a statistical
advisor in the biology department made me accquainted with the notion of evolutionary stability.
From that time on I developed a strong interest in biological game theory. One of my
contributions to this field is the investigation of evolutionary stability in extensive games.
However, I also wrote other papers in this area, some with Peter Hammerstein and others with
Avi Shmida, a botanist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, with whom I cooperate on
theoretical models of pollination of flowers by bees. Peter Hammerstein is now a well
established theoretical biologist. Another student of mine, Franz Weissing, also started a career
as a university teacher of biology.
I find it very interesting to cooperate with scientists in different fields who have little
mathematical training but much substantial knowledge. My first experience of this kind was my
cooperation with the political scientist Amos Perlmutter with whom I developed the scenario
bundle method, a systematic way of constructing simple game models of concrete international
conflicts. Unfortunately the results of our research have never been formally published. It is the

advantage of this kind of interaction that the judgement of the expert on the empirical facts is not
yet contaminated by mathematical models. I had a similar experience with Avi Shmida, even if
he as a natural scientist is not quite as unmathematical.
I am grateful to Avi Shmida, not only for his scientific cooperation but also for another reason.
Before I came into contact with theoretical problems in botany I hardly could distinguish any
flower from any other one. However, I felt that I could not really do work on pollination
problems without learning at least a little of the art of recognizing wild flowers. Since then I
always carry a flower book on my hikes, except in the winter. I enjoy my often frustrated efforts
to identify wild flowers. This activity has opened my eyes to the astonishing diversity and the
marvelous beauty of flowering plants.
In 1984, I moved to the University of Bonn, where I am a Professor of Economics since then. I
liked the interdisciplinary atmosphere at the University of Bielefeld, but I wanted to build up a
computerized laboratory for experimental economics and Bonn was willing to offer me much
better conditions in this respect. I came back to Bielefeld for the time from October 1, 1987, to
September 30, 1988, in order to act as the organizer of a research year on "game theory in the
behavioral sciences" at the center for interdisciplinary research. The cooperation of an
international group of participants with backgrounds in economics, biology, mathematics,
political science, psychology, and philosophy finally resulted in four volumes on "game
equilibrium models" published in 1991.
At the University of Bonn my work and that of most of my assistants is concentrated on
experimental economics. It is our goal to help to build up a descriptive branch of decision and
game theory which takes the limited rationality of human behavior seriously. The financial
support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in the framework of the
Sonderforschungsbereich (special research unit) 303 enables us to work in this direction.
In 1991, it was discovered that both, I and my wife, suffer from diabetes. Probably we had this
disease for some time without knowing it. As as consequence of diabetes my wife lost both legs
up to the knee. Therefore she is now bound to the wheelchair. Moreover her eyesight has become
very bad. Nevertheless she does many things in the house, even if everything takes much longer
than it used to. She cooks and takes care of our three cats and, what is most important, she
maintains a cheerful attitude towards life. We have learnt to adjust to our situation.
https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1994/selten-bio.html
Reinhard Selten
Born: 5 October 1930, Breslau (now Wroclaw), Germany (now Poland)
Died: 23 August 2016, Poznan, Poland

Affiliation at the time of the award: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Federal
Republic of Germany
Prize motivation: "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative
games"
Field: game theory
Contribution: Refined the Nash equilibrium concept for analyzing dynamic strategic interaction
by getting rid of unlikely equilibria. He also applied the refined concept to analyses of
oligopolistic competition.
https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1994/selten-facts.html
Reinhard Selten shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in economics with John Nash and JOHN HARSANYI
“for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games.”
One problem with various Nash equilibria is that they are not always unique. Selten applied
stronger conditions to reduce the number of possible equilibria and to eliminate equilibria that
are unreasonable economically. In 1965 he introduced the concept of “subgame perfection,” his
term for this winnowing down of possible equilibria. “At that time I did not suspect that it often
would be quoted, almost exclusively for the definition of subgame perfectness,” Selten wrote in
his Nobel autobiography.1
An example of subgame perfection is Selten’s “chain store paradox.” Imagine that firm A has a
number of chain stores in various locations and that firm B contemplates entering in one or more
of these locations. If firm A threatens a price war, then firm B might be dissuaded from entering,
not just in a particular market, but in any of A’s markets. In that case, it could well be
worthwhile for A to threaten and, indeed, to carry out a price war in a single market. Knowing
this, B does not enter. This is a Nash equilibrium. But Selten also saw that another Nash
equilibrium was for B to enter. The reason: B would realize that A would have losses in each
market in which B entered and A carried out a price war. These losses, cumulatively, would not
be worthwhile. By looking forward and reasoning backward, B realizes that A will not carry on a
price war, and therefore B enters. Which Nash equilibrium is the “right” one? Selten argued that
it is the one where B enters because B thought through the whole sequence and realized that,
from A’s viewpoint, a price war would be irrational. B’s strategy of entry and A’s strategy of
avoiding a price war are “subgame perfect.”
Interestingly, this discussion of GAME THEORY was carried on long after economist Aaron
Director, in 1953, offered a similar argument that “predatory pricing” is an irrational strategy.
John S. McGee, following Director’s hunch, examined the trial transcripts of U.S. v. Standard
Oil New Jersey, which was thought to be one of the best-documented cases of “predatory
pricing”—that is, pricing below a rival’s costs to put the rival out of business. Sure enough,
McGee found no evidence that Standard Oil of New Jersey had ever engaged in predatory

pricing.2 Indeed, the U.S. Supreme Court has accepted this reasoning and, in judging the
ANTITRUST laws, has given wide latitude to firms to cut prices in a price war.3
Selten realized, though, that there can be situations in which even the requirement of subgame
perfection is insufficient. This led him to his next major contribution, the “trembling-hand”
equilibrium. Imagine that each “player” thinks there is a small probability that a mistake will
occur—that is, that someone’s hand will tremble. A Nash equilibrium in a game is “trembling-
hand perfect” if it obtains even with small probabilities of such mistakes.
Selten was born in Breslau, Germany, now the city of Wrocław, Poland. Growing up half-
Jewish, he learned an important lesson from the virulent anti-Semitism he saw around him. As
Selten put it, “I had to learn to trust my own judgment rather than official propaganda or public
opinion.”4
Selten became interested in game theory after reading about it in Fortune in the late 1940s. He
earned his master’s degree in mathematics at the University of Frankfurt in 1957 and his Ph.D. at
the same school in 1961. He was a full professor of economics at the Free University of Berlin
from 1969 to 1972. This was a period of student “unrest,” which, wrote Selten, “made teaching
difficult and sometimes impossible.” For other reasons, though, he moved to the University of
Bielefed in 1972 and stayed there until 1984, when he moved to the University of Bonn. He
often collaborated with fellow future Nobel winner John Harsanyi.
http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Selten.html
Professor Reinhard Selten
Institut für Gesellschafts-undWirtschaftswissenschaften,UniversitätBonn
Prof.ReinhardSeltenwasborninBreslau,Germany,onOct.5,1930
1957 Master's thesis in mathematics at the Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-
University
in Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany
1957-67 Research assistant to Professor Sauermann at Frankfurt University
1961 Ph.D. thesis (mathematics) at Frankfurt University
1967-68 Visiting Full Professor, School of Business Administration,
University of California, Berkeley
1968 Habilitation thesis for economics at Frankfurt University
1969-72 Full professor of economics at the Free University of Berlin
1972-84 Full professor at the Institute for Mathematical Economics of the
University of Bielefeld
1984 Full professor at the University of Bonn, Department of Economics
1989 Honorary doctoral degree in economics of the University of Bielefeld
1991 Honorary doctoral degree in economics of the University of
Frankfurt/Main

Main interestsofresearch
 Game Theory
 OligopolyTheory
 ExperimentalEconomics
Memberships
 Fellowof the EconometricSocietysince1974
 Memberof the Northrhine-WestfalianAcademyof Sciencessince 1983
 ForeignHonoraryMemberof the AmericanAcademyof ArtsandSciencessince 1992
 ExtraordinaryMemberof the Berlin-BrandenburgianAcademyof the Sciencessince 1994
 Membershipofeditorial boards
o International Journal of Game Theory
o Journal of Conflict Resolution
o Journal of Mathematical Social Sciences
o Journal of EconomicBehaviorandOrganization
o Journal of Social Choice andWelfare
o Journal of StrategicStudies
o Lecture NotesinEconomicsand Mathematical Systems
http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/selten/selten_biograph.html
Reinhard Selten, Whose Strides in Game
Theory Led to a Nobel, Dies at 85
By SAM ROBERTSSEPT. 2, 2016
ReinhardSelten,whosharedthe 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize inEconomicScience,athishome in
Königswinter,Germanyin1994. CreditMichael Urban/Reuters
Reinhard Selten, who was expelled from school in Germany when he was 14 because he was
half Jewish, but returned after World War II to study mathematics and become the country’s first
and only Nobel winner for economics, died on Aug. 23 in Poznan, Poland. He was 85.
His death was announced by the University of Bonn, where he had taught since 1984 and was
professor emeritus. No cause was given.
Professor Selten shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science with John C.
Harsanyi, a Hungarian-born economist at the University of California, Berkeley, and John F.

Nash Jr., the Princeton mathematician whose severe mental illness and eventual recovery were
recounted in the book and film “A Beautiful Mind.”
The prize celebrated their pioneering advances in game theory, or strategic decision-making by
individuals, businesses, nations and even nature on matters like playing poker, nuclear deterrence
and biological evolution.
By awarding them the prize, the Nobel committee also recognized a fundamental shift in
economic theory: from the model of predicting that free markets evolve from perfect competition
to more robust versions based on give-and-take behaviors that acknowledge other factors, like
hostile takeovers, trade wars and big government.
“It’s like playing chess,” Professor Selten told The New York Times when he was awarded the
prize. “You have to think hard about what you think your opponent will do, and then you plan
your own strategy based on that. You may not always be right, but such thinking probably makes
you play better and keeps you from making as many dumb moves.”
Or, as Peter Passell wrote in The Times at the time, “While classical economics works for the
international market in wheat with thousands of buyers and sellers, it takes game theory to try to
figure out how Safeway will change the price of English muffins if the A.&P. marks down
bagels.”
Alvin E. Roth, another Nobel laureate in economics, who teaches at Stanford University, wrote
in 1999 that game theory and experimental economics were two of the most important
developments in the field in the second half of the 20th century.
“Reinhard Selten is one of the pioneers in both of these endeavors, and he has been a leader in
each of them throughout his career,” Professor Roth wrote. “This makes him unique: No one else
in the world has made such important or such sustained contributions to both fields.”
Reinhard Justus Reginald Selten was born on Oct. 5, 1930, in what was then Breslau, Germany,
and is now Wroclaw, Poland. His father, Adolf Selten, a blind bookseller with a third-grade
education, was Jewish. His mother, the former Kathe Luther, was Protestant.
The couple decided that they would let Reinhard decide on a religion for himself, but as the
Nazis began imposing laws against Jews, they had him baptized. His father died in 1942.
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In his official Nobel biography, Professor Selten recalled that despite the baptism he was not
only dismissed from high school as a son of a Jew but was also denied the opportunity to learn a
trade. He was relegated to menial labor.
“My situation as a member of an officially despised minority forced me to pay close attention to
political matters very early in my life,” he wrote. “Moreover, I found myself in opposition to the
political views shared by the vast majority of the population.
“I had to learn to trust my own judgment rather than official propaganda or public opinion. This
was a strong influence on my intellectual development. My continuing interest in politics and
public affairs was one of the reasons why I began to be interested in economics in my last high
school years.”
In 1945, as the German defenses weakened and Soviet troops advanced, he, his mother, his
brothers and his sister escaped Breslau by train and fled to Austria, where he worked as a
farmhand. He returned to Germany after the war and was able to continue his education there. In
high school, he was captivated by an article in Fortune magazine about game theory by the
business writer John D. McDonald.
“I had to walk to school, which took about three and a half hours there and back,” Professor
Selten recalled. “During these walks I occupied my mind with problems of elementary geometry
and algebra.”
He graduated from Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main, where he went on to receive his
master’s degree and, in 1961, his doctorate. He was a visiting professor at the University of
California, Berkeley, and also taught at the Free University of Berlin and the University of
Bielefeld before joining the University of Bonn in 1984.
He married Elisabeth Langreiner, whom he had met through the movement to spread Esperanto,
a language developed in the 19th century to encourage global communication. Like Professor
Selten, she had diabetes; both her legs were amputated below the knee. There was no immediate
word on his survivors.
The Nobel economics committee’s recommendation to award the prize was almost overruled by
the full Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and prompted an unprecedented floor debate
because of concerns about Dr. Nash’s mental state. But his advocates, and the committee’s desire
to acknowledge the growing importance of game theory, carried the day.
Dr. Nash died in a car crash last year. Dr. Harsanyi died in 2000.
Beginning in the mid-1960s, Professor Selten expanded on Dr. Nash’s groundbreaking game
theory research, devising complex formulas. One is colloquially called “the chain store paradox,”
whereby the threat of a price war in one market affects other markets; another is “the trembling
hand equilibrium,” whereby each player believes there is a small probability that a mistake will
occur.

Professor Selten’s research topics “seem often strongly risk-seeking and sometimes almost
contrarian,” Abdolkarim Sadrieh, a former student of his and now a teacher himself, wrote in
2010. But he said that the professor could be cautious in his personal life. For one thing, Dr.
Sadrieh noted, he always carried an umbrella.
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/business/economy/reinhard-selten-whose-strides-in-game-
theory-led-to-a-nobel-dies-at-85.html
Reinhard Selten
Reinhard Justus Reginald Selten (5 October 1930 – 23 August 2016) is a German economist,
who won the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with John Harsanyi and
John Forbes Nash). He is also well known for his work in bounded rationality, and can be
considered as one of the founding fathers of experimental economics.
Contents
 1 Quotes
o 1.1 "ReinhardSelten - Biographical,"1994
 2 QuotesaboutReinhardSelten
 3 External links
Quotes
 Modelsof boundedrationality describehow ajudgementordecisionisreached(thatis,the
heuristicprocessesorproximal mechanisms) ratherthanmerelythe outcomeof the decision,
and theydescribe the classof environmentsinwhichtheseheuristicswill succeedorfail.
o Gerd GigerenzerandReinhardSelteneds. Bounded Rationality:TheAdaptiveToolbox.
MIT Press,Cambridge MA.(2001), p. 4
 I was alwaysskeptical aboutauthority,aboutthingswhichwere toldbyauthorities,because I
was livinginacountryand ina time where the authoritywasutterlywrong,inmyview.And
therefore Idistrusted,Ifearedauthority,Ialsofearittoday.I am ina very,veryfearful,Imean
maybe more than otherpeople,butIdistrustauthority.Thatmakesme more independentand
alsosome part of rebellious,...I’mamaverick.
o ReinhardSelten(2004),as citedin:Klein,DanielB.,RyanDaza,and Hannah Mead.
"ReinhardSelten(Ideological Profilesof the EconomicsLaureates)."Econ JournalWatch
10.3 (2013): 601-604.
"ReinhardSelten- Biographical,"1994
Reinhard Selten (1994) "Reinhard Selten - Biographical". on Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB
2013. Web. 13 Jun 2014.

 My firstcontactwith game theory wasa populararticle inFortune Magazine whichIread inmy
lasthighschool year.I was immediatelyattractedtothe subjectmatterandwhenIstudied
mathematicsIfoundthe fundamental bookby vonNeumann andMorgenstern inthe library
and studiedit.
 My master'sthesisandlatermyPh.D.thesishadthe aim of axiomatizingavalue fore-person
gamesinextensiveform.Thisworkmade me familiarwiththe extensiveform, inatime when
verylittle workon extensive games wasdone.Thisenabledme to see the perfectnessproblem
earlierthanothersandto write the contributionsforwhichIam now honoredbythe prize in
memoryof AlfredNobel.
 Around1958, I became aware of H.A.Simon'sseminal paperson boundedrationality andwas
immediatelyconvincedbyhisarguments.Itriedtoconstructa theoryof boundedlyrational
multigoal decisionmaking.TogetherwithHeinzSauermann,Iworkedoutan"aspiration
adaptation theoryof the firm"whichwaspublishedasajournal article in1962... More and more
I came to the conclusionthatpurelyspeculativeapproacheslike thatof ourpaperof 1962 are of
limitedvalue.The structure of boundedlyrational economicbehaviorcannotbe inventedinthe
armchair,it mustbe exploredexperimentally.
 In 1965, I was invitedtoa game theoryworkshopatJerusalemwhichlastedforthree weeksand
had only17 participants,butamongthemall the importantresearchersingame theory,with
fewexceptions.Game theorywasstill asmall field.We hadheateddiscussionsaboutHarsanyi's
newtheoryof gameswithincomplete information.Thiswasthe beginningof mylong
cooperationwith JohnC. Harsanyi.
Quotes about Reinhard Selten
 ReinhardSeltensharedthe 1994 Nobel Prize ineconomicswithJohnNashandjohnharsanyi
“for theirpioneeringanalysisof equilibriainthe theoryof non-cooperative games.”
One problemwithvariousNashequilibria isthattheyare not alwaysunique.Seltenapplied
strongerconditionstoreduce the numberof possibleequilibriaandtoeliminate equilibriathat
are unreasonable economically.In1965 he introducedthe conceptof “subgame perfection,”his
termfor this winnowingdownof possibleequilibria.“Atthattime I didnot suspectthatit often
wouldbe quoted,almostexclusivelyforthe definitionof subgame perfectness,”Seltenwrote in
hisNobel autobiography.
o "ReinhardSelten,"TheConciseEncyclopedia of Economics. 2008. Library of Economics
and Liberty.13 June 2014.
External links
Wikipediahasanarticle about:
Reinhard Selten

 ReinhardSelten atthe MacTutor Historyof Mathematicsarchive
 ReinhardSelten(Ideological Profilesof the EconomicsLaureates).byDanielB.Klein,RyanDaza,
and HannahMead. in: Econ JournalWatch 10.3 (2013): 601-604.
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Reinhard_Selten
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=lxlrr0I_IkgC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=kontribusi+robert
+auman+terhadap+teori+permainan&source=bl&ots=B8DeVcTwMC&sig=rJl6t3bevFih3NAUP
gbW_JaY1So&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw4eW1u9PWAhWIvo8KHRp0D9AQ6AEILzAB
#v=onepage&q=kontribusi%20robert%20auman%20terhadap%20teori%20permainan&f=false
Pada tahun1965, ReinhardSeltenmemperkenalkankonsepsolusi dari kesetimbangansubgame
sempurna,yangmerupakanpengembangan dari kesetimbanganNash.
https://anggadewantoro.wordpress.com/2016/12/page/3/
Reinhard Selten telah dianugerahkan Master of matematika dari Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-
Universitas di Frankfurt di tahun 1957. Selama 10 tahun ia bekerja sebagai asisten di Universitas
Frankfurt, yang diberikan kepada doktor di Frankfurt dari 1961.
Setelah menghabiskan satu tahun mengunjungi University of California, Berkeley ia diserahkan
kepada Habilitationsschrift dalam bidang ekonomi untuk Universitas Frankfurt, penghargaan
yang dibuat pada tahun 1968.
Tahun 1969 Selten diangkat ke kursi ekonomi di Free University di Berlin. Kemudian, pada
1972, dia pindah ke Institut untuk matematika Ekonomi dari Universitas Bielefeld. Setelah dua
belas tahun di Bielefeld, dia pindah ke kursi di Universitas Bonn.
Pada akhir tahun 1940an dia menjadi tertarik dalam permainan teori. Pada tahun 1965 ia
diterbitkan penting bekerja di bedakan antara wajar dan tidak masuk akal keputusan di
Memprediksikan hasil permainan. Untuk karyanya dalam permainan teori Selten ini, bersama
dengan Nash, penghargaan Nobel 1994 dalam Ilmu Ekonomi
untuk mereka perintis analisis equilibria dalam teori non-koperasi permainan.
Masing-masing kontribusi dari Nash dan Selten adalah sebagai berikut. Nash permainan teori
dibagi menjadi dua bagian, koperasi permainan, yang mengikat perjanjian dapat dibuat, dan non-
koperasi permainan, di mana mengikat perjanjian tidak mungkin. Nash membuat kontribusi yang
signifikan dengan konsep keseimbangan untuk non-koperasi permainan. Sekarang disebut

keseimbangan Nash. Selten bekerja pada konsep ini dan ia menyempurnakan konsep
keseimbangan Nash untuk analisis interaksi dinamis strategis.
Selten juga telah diterapkan kepada versi perbaikan dari konsep-konsep ini untuk masalah lain
seperti analisis persaingan ketika hanya ada sejumlah kecil penjual.
http://www.apprendre-math.info/indonesien/historyDetail.htm?id=Selten

Translate ke bindonesia nya
ReinhardSelten - Biografi
Saya lahirdi Breslaupadatanggal 5 Oktober1930. Saat itu,Breslau,sekarangbernamaWroclaw,berasal
dari Jermandanhanya orangJerman yang diucapkandi sana.SetelahperangduniakeduaBreslau
menjadi Polandiadanpendudukasli JermanhampirsepenuhnyadigantikanolehseorangPolandia.Saya
tidakpernahmengunjungiWroclawsetelahperang.Pertarunganberatmenghancurkansebagianbesar
kota tempatsayadibesarkandansebagianbesartempatyangbiasaterlihatmudaterlihatberbeda
sekarang.
Ketikasayalahir,ayahsaya memilikisebuahbisnisyangdisebut"lingkaranbaca";Folderyangberisi
bermacam-macammajalahdipinjamkankepadapelangganselamasatuminggu,laluteringatkembali
dan dipinjamkanlagi.Semakintuafoldernya,semakinrendahbiayanya.Ini adalahcabangindustri yang
florishing.Ayahsayatelahmembangunbisnisnyameskipundiamenjadi butapadausiamudadanhanya
memilikitigatahunpendidikansekolah.Sudahdi pertengahantigapuluhaniaharusmenjual
perusahaannyakarenaasal usul orangYahudi.Orang-orangYahudi dilarangmenjalankanbisnisyang
terhubungdenganpers.Ayahsayabukananggotakomunitasreligiusdanibusaya adalahseorang
pemrotes.Awalnya,orangtuasaya bermaksudmembiarkansayatumbuhtanpaketerikatanpadaagama
tertentuuntukmemberi sayakesempatanuntukmemutuskansendiri nanti dalamhidupsaya.Namun,
di bawah kondisi politikyangberlaku,lebihbaik sayamembaptissebagai protestan.Upacaraini
merupakansalahsatukenanganawal saya.Beberapasaat kemudiansebagai pemudasaya
meninggalkangerejaProtestandanmenjadi tidakterikatpadaagamaapapun lagi.Tidakseperti
beberapakerabatlainnya,ayah sayatidakmenjadi korbanholocaust,karenadiameninggal setelah
penyakitseriuspadatahun1942 sebelumteroryangterburukdimulai.
Tidakmudahbagi saya untukhidupsebagai anaklaki-laki setengahYahudi di bawahrezimHitler.Ketika
berusia14 tahun, sayaharus meninggalkansekolahmenengahdankesempatanuntukbelajar
perdaganganditolakolehsaya.Satu-satunyakarieryangterbukabagikuadalahkarierseorangpekerja
tidakterampil.Untungnyaternyataini tidakmasalahkarenasejaksekitarsetengahtahunibuku,saudara
laki-laki saya,saudaraperempuansaya,dansayameninggalkanBreslaudi salahsatukeretaterakhir
sebelumsemualalulintaskeretaapi keluarberhenti.
Situasi sayasebagai anggotaminoritasyangdibenci secarapaksamemaksasayauntukmemperhatikan
masalahpolitikdi awal kehidupansaya.Selainitu,sayamendapati diri sayabertentangandengan
pandanganpolitikyangdimiliki olehmayoritaspenduduk.Sayaharusbelajaruntukmempercayai
penilaiansayasendiri danbukan
propagandaresmi atau opini publik.Ini adalahpengaruhyangkuatpadaperkembanganintelektual
saya.Kepentingansayadalamurusanpolitikdanpublikmerupakansalahsatualasanmengapasaya
mulai tertarikpadaekonomi di tahun-tahunterakhirsayadi SMA.
Setelahkami meninggalkanBreslaukami adalahpengungsi,pertamadi Saxonia,laludi Austriadan
akhirnyadi Hessia.Sampai sekolahdibukalagi padatahun1946 saya bekerjasebagai anakpetani,
pertamadi Austriadankemudiandi desadi Hessiatempatkami tinggal.Pada tahun1947, kami pindah
ke Melsungen,sebuahkotakecil tempatsayapergi ke sekolahmenengahsampai tahun1951. Pada
tahun-tahunini sayamengembangkanminatyangkuatterhadapmatematika.Ketikakami masihtinggal
di desadekatMelsungen,sayaharusberjalanke sekolahyangmemakanwaktusekitartigasetengahjam
di sana dan kembali.Selamajalan-jalanini,sayasibukmemikirkanmasalahgeometri danaljabardasar.
Saya masihsukamendaki bukitberhutandanberpikirsambil berjalan.

Ketikasayamenyelesaikansekolahmenengah,jelasbagi sayabahwasayaakan belajarmatematika,
bahkanjikasaya jugamenilai ekonomi danpsikologi.Butuhwaktulamabagikuuntukmeraihgelar
magistermatematika.Studi sayatidakcukupterkonsentrasi padatujuanini.Salahsatualasannyaadalah
saya pergi ke banyakceramahyang tidakada hubungannyadenganstudi matematikasaya.Namun,
belakanganternyatabeberapakegiatanekstrakurikulerini menjadi pentingdalamkarirsaya.Saya
belajarmatematikadi universitasFrankfurtdari tahun1951 sampai 1957. Sampai saya menyelesaikan
"Vordiplom"saya,ujianmenengahyangkira-kirasesuai dengangelarsarjana,sayajugaharusbelajar
fisika.Awalnyasayamenganggapuntukmengambil astronomisebagai anakdi bawahumuruntukgelar
mastersaya dan sayabenar-benarmenghabiskanbanyakwaktuuntukmencobapengetahuantentang
bidangini tapi sekaranghampirsemuanyaterlupakan.Apayangakhirnyamembuatsayamenjauhdari
astronomi adalahbahwasaya semakinterlibatdalamteori permainandanekonomi.Sayaberterima
kasihkepadaFakultasIlmuPengetahuanAlamUniversitasFrankfurtataskeputusanuntukmengizinkan
ekonomi matematikasebagai minorbagi gelarmasteragarmemungkinkansayamenjadi orangpertama
yang mengambil pilihanini.
Kontakpertamasaya denganteori permainanadalahartikel populerdi MajalahFortune yangsayabaca
di tahun ajaran terakhirsaya.Sayalangsungtertarikpadamateri pelajarandanketikasayabelajar
matematika,sayamenemukanbukumendasardari vonNeumanndanMorgensterndi perpustakaan
dan mempelajarinya.Agaklamakemudiansayamelihatpengumumansebuahseminarmahasiswauntuk
pakar teori permainan,dipimpinolehProfesorEwaldBurger
https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1994/selten-bio.html
ReinhardSelten
Lahir: 5 Oktober1930, Breslau(sekarangWroclaw),Jerman(sekarangPolandia)
Meninggal:23 Agustus2016, Poznan,Polandia
Afiliasi padasaatpenghargaan:RheinischeFriedrich-Wilhelms-Universität,Bonn,RepublikFederal
Jerman
Motivasi hadiah:"untukanalisisperintisekuilibriummerekadalamteori permainannon-kooperatif"
Bidang:teori permainan
Kontribusi:MemperbaikikonsepekuilibriumNashuntukmenganalisisinteraksistrategisyangdinamis
denganmenyingkirkanekuilibriumyangtidakmungkin.Diajugamenerapkankonsepyang
disempurnakanuntukmenganalisispersainganoligopolistik.
https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1994/selten-facts.html
ReinhardSeltenberbagiPenghargaanNobel ekonomi tahun1994 denganJohnNashdanJOHN
HARSANYI"untukanalisisperintistentangekuilibriumdalamteori permainannon-kooperatif."
Satu masalahdenganberbagai kesetimbanganNashadalahbahwahal itutidakselaluunik.Selten
menerapkankondisiyanglebihkuatuntukmengurangi jumlahekuilibriumyangmungkindanuntuk
menghilangkanekuilibriumyangtidakmasukakal secaraekonomi.Padatahun1965 iamemperkenalkan
konsep"kesempurnaansubgame,"istilahnyauntukmenampiturunekuilibriumyangmungkinini."Saat

itusaya tidakmendugabahwaituseringdikutip,hampirsecaraeksklusif untukdefinisikesempurnaan
subgame,"tulisSeltendalamotobiografinyadi Nobel.
Contohkesempurnaansubgameadalah"paradokstokorantai Selten".BayangkanbahwaperusahaanA
memilikisejumlahtokorantai di berbagai lokasi danperusahaantersebutmerenungkanmasukke dalam
satu atau lebihdari lokasi ini.JikaperusahaanA mengancamperangharga,makaperusahaanB mungkin
dibujukuntuktidakmasuk,tidakhanyadi pasartertentu,tapi jugadi pasar A manapun.Dalamhal ini,
akan sangatbermanfaatbagi A untukmengancamdan,memang,untukmelakukanperanghargadi
pasar tunggal.Mengetahui hal ini,Btidakmasuk.Ini adalahekuilibriumNash.Tapi Selten jugamelihat
bahwaekuilibriumNashlainadalahuntukBuntukmasuk.Alasannya:Bakan menyadari bahwaA akan
memilikikerugiandi setiappasardi manaB masukdanA melakukanperangharga.Kerugianini,secara
kumulatif,tidakakanbermanfaat.Denganmelihatke depandanberpikirmundur,Bmenyadari bahwaA
tidakakan melakukanperangharga,dankarenaituB masuk.EkuilibriumNashmanayang"benar"?
Seltenberpendapatbahwadi situlahBmasukkarenaB memikirkankeseluruhanurutandanmenyadari
bahwa,dari sudut pandangA,perangharga akan tidakmasukakal.Strategi B untukmasuk danstrategi
A untukmenghindari peranghargaadalah"subgame yangsempurna."
Menariknya,diskusi tentangTEORIGAME ini berlangsunglamasetelahekonomAaronDirector,pada
tahun1953, menawarkanargumenyangsamabahwa "predatorypricing"adalahstrategi irasional.John
S. McGee,setelahfirasatDirektur,memeriksatranskrippercobaanUSv.StandardOil New Jersey,yang
dianggapsebagai salahsatukasus"predatorypricing"terdokumentasi denganbaik - yaituhargadi
bawahbiayasainganuntukdimasukkansaingankeluardari bisnis.Tentusaja,McGee tidakmenemukan
bukti bahwaStandardOil of NewJerseypernahterlibatdalampenetapanhargapredatory.2Memang,
Mahkamah AgungAStelahmenerimapenalaranini dan,dalammenilaiundang-undangANTITRUST,
telahmemberikanlintangyangluaskepadaperusahaanuntukmemotonghargadalamperangharga.3
Seltenmenyadari,meskipun,mungkinadasituasi di manabahkankebutuhankesempurnaansubgame
tidakmencukupi.Hal ini membawanyake kontribusi besarberikutnya,keseimbangan"gemetartangan".
Bayangkanbahwasetiap"pemain"berpikiradakemungkinankecilbahwakesalahanakanterjadi-yaitu,
tangan seseorangakangemetar.EkuilibriumNashdalam permainanadalah"gemetar-tangansempurna"
jikaia memperolehbahkandenganprobabilitaskecil dari kesalahantersebut.
Seltenlahirdi Breslau,Jerman,sekarangkotaWrocław,Polandia.TumbuhsetengahYahudi,diabelajar
sebuahpelajaranpentingdari anti-Semitisme yangganasyangdilihatnyadi sekelilingnya.Seperti yang
Seltenkatakan,"Sayaharusbelajaruntukmempercayai penilaiansayasendiri daripadapropaganda
resmi atau opini publik."
Seltenmenjaditertarikpadateori permainansetelahmembacatentanghal itudi Fortune padaakhir
1940an. Ia mendapatkangelarmasterdi bidangmatematikadi Universityof Frankfurtpadatahun1957
dan gelarPh.D.di sekolahyangsama padatahun 1961. Diaadalahseorangprofesorekonomi di
UniversitasTerbukaBerlindari tahun1969 sampai 1972. Ini adalahperiode "kerusuhan"siswa,yang,
menulisSelten,"membuatpengajaranmenjadi sulitdanterkadangtidakmungkin."Karenaalasanlain,
diapindahke UniversitasBielefedpadatahun1972 dan tinggal di sana sampai tahun 1984, saat dia
pindahke UniversitasBonn.Diaseringberkolaborasi dengancalonpemenangNobellainnyaJohn
Harsanyi.
http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Selten.html
ProfesorReinhardSelten
InstitutfürGesellschaft- undWirtschaftswissenschaften,UniversitätBonn
________________________________________
Prof.ReinhardSeltenlahirdi Breslau,Jerman,padatanggal 5 Oktober1930

1957 TesisMaster dalambidangmatematikadi Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-University
di Frankfurt,RepublikFederal Jerman
1957-67 AsistenpenelitiuntukProfesorSauermanndi UniversitasFrankfurt
1961 Ph.D.tesis(matematika)di UniversitasFrankfurt
1967-68 Mengunjungi ProfesorPenuh,SekolahAdministrasiBisnis,
UniversitasCalifornia,Berkeley
1968 Habilitasi tesisuntukekonomidi UniversitasFrankfurt
1969-72 Profesorekonomi penuhdi UniversitasBebasBerlin
1972-84 Profesorpenuhdi Institute forMathematical Economicsdari
UniversitasBielefeld
1984 Profesorpenuhdi UniversitasBonn,DepartemenEkonomi
1989 Gelardoktor kehormatandi bidangekonomi UniversitasBielefeld
1991 Gelardoktor kehormatandi bidangekonomi di UniversitasFrankfurt/Main
Kepentinganutamapenelitian
• Teori Permainan
• Teori Oligopoli
• Ekonomi Eksperimental
Keanggotaan
• Fellowthe EconometricSocietysejak1974
• AnggotaAkademi IlmuPengetahuanNorthrhine-Westfaliansejaktahun1983
• AnggotaKehormatanAsingdari AmericanAcademyof ArtsandSciences sejak1992
• AnggotaLuar BiasaAkademi IlmuPengetahuanBerlin-Brandenburgiansejaktahun1994
• Keanggotaandewanredaksi
o Jurnal Teori Game Internasional
o Jurnal Resolusi Konflik
o Jurnal IlmuSosial Matematika
o Jurnal PerilakuEkonomi danOrganisasi
o Jurnal PilihanSosial danKesejahteraan
o Jurnal Studi Strategis
o Catatan Kuliahdi bidangEkonomi danSistemMatematika
http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/selten/selten_biograph.html
ReinhardSelten,YangMenyerangdalamTeori Game MenujuNobel,Meninggal padausia85 tahun
OlehSAMROBERTSSEPT.2, 2016
ReinhardSelten,yangmenerimaHadiahNobel Perdamaiantahun1994 dalamIlmuEkonomi,di
rumahnyadi Königswinter,Jermanpadatahun1994. KreditMichael Urban / Reuters
ReinhardSelten,yangdikeluarkandari sekolahdi Jermansaatberusia14 tahun karenadiasetengah
Yahudi,namunkembali setelahPerangDuniaIIuntukbelajarmatematikadanmenjadi pemenangNobel
pertamadan satu-satunyadi negaraituuntukekonomi,meninggal pada23 Agustusdi Poznan,Polandia
. Umurnya 85 tahun.
KematiannyadiumumkanolehUniversitasBonn,tempatdiamengajarsejak1984 dan menjadi profesor
emeritus.Tidakadapenyebabyangdiberikan.
ProfesorSeltenberbagiHadiahNobelPerdamaiantahun1994 di bidangIlmuEkonomi denganJohnC.
Harsanyi,seorangekonomkelahiranHungariadi Universityof California,Berkeley,danJohnF.NashJr.,
matematikawanPrincetonyangpenyakitjiwaparahdanpemulihanakhirnyadiceritakan.dalambuku

dan film"A Beautiful Mind."
Hadiahtersebutmerayakankemajuanperintismerekadalamteori permainan,ataupengambilan
keputusanstrategisolehindividu,bisnis,negaradanbahkanalamdalamhal-hal seperti bermainpoker,
pencegahan nuklirdanevolusi biologis.
Denganmemberi penghargaankepadamereka,komite Nobel jugamengakui adanyaperubahan
mendasardalamteori ekonomi:dari model memprediksi bahwapasarbebasberevolusi dari persaingan
sempurnake versi yanglebihkuatberdasarkanperilakumemberi danmenerimayangmengakuifaktor
lain,seperti pengambilalihanyangbermusuhan.,perangdagangdanpemerintahanbesar.
"Ini seperti bermaincatur,"ProfesorSeltenmengatakankepadaThe New YorkTimessaatdia
dianugerahi hadiahnya. "AndaharusberpikirkerastentangapayangmenurutAndaakan dilakukan
lawan,dankemudianAndamerencanakanstrategi Andasendiriberdasarkanhal itu.Andamungkin
tidakselalubenar,tapi pemikiranseperti itumungkinmembuatAndabermainlebihbaikdan membuat
Andatidakmembuatbanyakgerakanbodoh."
Atau,seperti yangditulisolehPeterPasselldi The Timessaatitu,"Sementaraekonomiklasikbekerja
untukpasar internasionaldengangandumdenganribuanpembeli danpenjual,dibutuhkanteori
permainan untukmencobabagaimanaSafewayakanmengubahhargamuffinInggrisjikaA.&P. tanda
bagel bagel."
AlvinE.Roth,seorangperaihNobel ekonomilainnya,yangmengajardi StanfordUniversity,menulis
pada tahun1999 bahwa teori permainandanekonomi eksperimental adalahduaperkembangan
terpentingdi lapanganpadaparuhkeduaabadke-20.
"ReinhardSeltenadalahsalahsatupelopordalamkeduausahaini,dandiatelahmenjadi pemimpindi
masing-masingsepanjangkarirnya,"ProfesorRothmenulis."Ini membuatnyaunik:Tidakadaorang lain
di duniayang memberikankontribusi pentingatauberkelanjutansemacamituke keduabidang."
ReinhardJustusReginaldSeltenlahirpadatanggal 5 Oktober1930, di Breslau,Jerman,dansekarang
Wroclaw,Polandia.Ayahnya,Adolf Selten,penjual bukubutadenganpendidikankelastiga,adalah
orang Yahudi.Ibunya,mantanKathe Luther,adalahseorangProtestan.
PasangantersebutmemutuskanbahwamerekaakanmembiarkanReinhardmemutuskansebuahagama
untukdirinyasendiri,namunsaatNazi mulai memberlakukanundang-undangterhadaporang-orang
Yahudi,merekamemberinyapembaptisan.Ayahnyameninggal padatahun1942.
DealBook
DealBookmenyampaikanberitayangmendorongpasardanpercakapan.Disampaikanpagi hari kerja
dan sore hari.
• LihatContoh
• Kebijakanpribadi
• Memilihataumenghubungi kami kapansaja
Dalambiografi resminya,ProfesorSelteningatbahwameskipunpembaptisandiatidakhanyadipecat
dari sekolahmenengahatassebagai anakseorangYahudi namunjugamenolakkesempatanuntuk
belajarperdagangan.Diaterdegradasi menjadi buruhkasar.
"Keadaansayasebagai anggotaminoritasyangdibenci secarapaksamemaksasayauntuk
memperhatikanmasalahpolitikdi awal kehidupansaya,"tulisnya."Selainitu,sayamendapati diri saya
bertentangandenganpandanganpolitikyangdimiliki olehmayoritaspenduduk.
"Saya harusbelajaruntukmempercayai penilaiansayasendiridaripadapropagandaresmi atauopini
publik.Ini adalahpengaruhyangkuatpadaperkembanganintelektual saya.Kepentingansayadalam
urusanpolitikdanpublikmerupakansalahsatualasanmengapasayamulai tertarikpadaekonomi di
tahun-tahunterakhirsayadi SMA.
Pada tahun1945, saat pertahananJermanmelemahdanpasukanSovietmaju,dia,ibunya,saudaralaki-
laki dan saudaraperempuannyamelarikandiri dari Breslaudengankeretaapi danmelarikandiri ke

Austria,tempatdiabekerjasebagai buruhtani.Diakembali ke Jermansetelahperangdanbisa
melanjutkanpendidikannyadi sana.Di SMA,ia terpikatolehsebuahartikeldi majalahFortune tentang
teori permainanolehpenulisbisnisJohnD.McDonald.
"Saya harusberjalanke sekolah,yangmemakanwaktusekitartigasetengahjamdi sanadan kembali,"
ingatProfesorSelten."Selamajalan-jalanini,sayamenguasaipikiransayadenganmasalahgeometri dan
aljabardasar."
Dia lulusdari UniversitasGoethe di FrankfurtamMain,di mana diamelanjutkanuntukmenerimagelar
masternyadan,pada tahun1961, gelardoktornya.Diaadalahseorangprofesortamudi Universityof
California,Berkeley,danjugamengajardi UniversitasTerbukaBerlindanUniversitasBielefeldsebelum
bergabungdenganUniversitasBonnpadatahun1984.
Dia menikahi ElisabethLangreiner,yangtelahdiatemui melaluigerakantersebutuntukmenyebarkan
bahasa Esperanto,sebuahbahasayangdikembangkanpadaabadke-19 untukmendorongkomunikasi
global.Seperti ProfesorSelten,diamenderitadiabetes;Keduakakinyadiamputasidi bawahlutut.Tidak
ada kata langsungtentangkorbanselamatnya.
Rekomendasi komite ekonomi Nobel untukpenghargaanhadiahhampirditolakolehAkademi Ilmu
PengetahuanKerajaanSwediadanmemicuperdebatandi lantai yangbelumpernahterjadi sebelumnya
karenakekhawatirantentangkeadaanmentalDr.Nash.Tapi pendukungnya,dankeinginanpanitia
untukmengakui semakinpentingnyateori permainan,terbawapadahari itu.
Nashmeninggal dalamkecelakaanmobil tahunlalu.Dr.Harsanyi meninggal padatahun2000.
Dimulai padapertengahan1960-an,ProfesorSeltenmemperluaspenelitianteori permainanterobosan
Dr. Nash,merancangformulakompleks.Salahsatunyaadalahbahasasehari-hari yangdisebut"paradoks
rantai toko",dimanaancaman perangharga di satupasar mempengaruhi pasarlain;Yanglainnyaadalah
"keseimbangantangangemetar,"dimanamasing-masingpemainpercayaadakemungkinankecilbahwa
kesalahanakanterjadi.
TopikpenelitianProfesorSelten"tampaknyaseringkalisangatberisikodankadang-kadanghampir
kontroversial,"AbdolkarimSadrieh,mantanmuridnyadansekarangmenjadigurusendiri,menulisdi
tahun2010. Namundia mengatakanbahwasangprofesordapatberhati-hati dalamkehidupan
pribadinya.Untuksatuhal,Dr. Sadriehmencatat,diaselalumembawapayung.
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/business/economy/reinhard-selten-whose-strides-in-game-
theory-led-to-a-nobel-dies-at-85.html
ReinhardSelten
ReinhardJustusReginaldSelten(5Oktober1930 - 23 Agustus2016) adalahseorangekonomJerman,
yang memenangkanHadiahNobel Perdamaiantahun1994 dalamIlmuEkonomi (dibagikandenganJohn
Harsanyi dan JohnForbesNash).Diajugaterkenal karenakaryanyadalamrasionalitasterbatas,dan
dapat dianggap sebagai salahsatupendiri ekonomi eksperimental.
Isi
• 1 Kutipan
o 1.1 "ReinhardSelten - Biografis,"1994
• 2 KutipantentangReinhardSelten
• 3 Pranala luar
Tanda kutip
• Model rasionalitasterbatasmenggambarkanbagaimanapenghakimanataukeputusantercapai (yaitu,
prosesheuristikataumekanisme proksimal) danbukanhanyahasil keputusan,danini menggambarkan
kelaslingkungandi manaheuristikini akanberhasilataugagal.
Gerd GigerenzerdanReinhardSelteneds.RasionalitasBounded:The Adaptive Toolbox.MITPress,
Cambridge MA.(2001), hal.4
• Sayaselaluskeptistentangwewenang,tentanghal-hal yangdiceritakanolehpihakberwenang,karena

saya tinggal di negaradan di masa dimanaotoritastersebutbenar-benarsalah,menurutpandangan
saya.Dan karenaitusaya tidakpercaya,saya takutotoritas,sayajuga takuthari ini.Sayasangat, sangat
ketakutan,maksudsayamungkinlebihdari oranglain,tapi sayatidakmempercayai otoritas.Itu
membuatsayalebihmandiri danjugabeberapabagianpemberontakan,...sayaseorangmaverick.
ReinhardSelten(2004),seperti dikutipdalam:Klein,Daniel B.,RyanDaza,dan HannahMead. "Reinhard
Selten(Profil Ideologisdari LaureatesEkonomi)."EconJournal Watch 10.3 (2013): 601-604.
"ReinhardSelten - Biografis,"1994
ReinhardSelten(1994) "ReinhardSelten - Biographical".di Nobelprize.orgNobel MediaAB2013. Web.
13 Juni 2014.
• Kontakpertamasaya denganteori permainanadalahartikelpopulerdi MajalahFortune yangsaya
baca di tahunajaran terakhirsaya.Saya langsungtertarikpadamateri pelajarandanketikasayabelajar
matematika,sayamenemukanbukumendasardari vonNeumanndanMorgensterndi perpustakaan
dan mempelajarinya.
• Tesismastersayadan kemudiangelarPh.D.tesismemiliki tujuanuntukaxiomatizingnilai untuk
permainane-orangdalambentukyangluas.Karyaini membuatsayaterbiasadenganbentukyangluas,
di saat sedikitsekali pekerjaanekstensif dilakukan.Hal ini memungkinkansayauntukmelihatmasalah
kesempurnaanlebihawal daripadayanglaindanuntukmenuliskontribusi yangsekarangdihargai oleh
hadiahuntukmengenangAlfredNobel.
• Sekitartahun1958, saya menjadi sadarakanH.A. MakalahmanuskripSimontentangrasionalitas
terbatasdan segeradiyakinkanolehargumennya.Sayamencobamembangunsebuahteori pengambilan
keputusanmultikultural yangrasional.BersamadenganHeinzSauermann,sayamenyusunsebuah"teori
adaptasi aspirasi firma"yangditerbitkansebagaiartikeljurnal padatahun1962 ... Semakinsayasampai
pada kesimpulanbahwapendekatanspekulatif murni sepertimakalahkami tahun1962 adalahtentang
nilai terbatasStrukturperilakuekonomi yangdibatasisecararasional tidakdapatditemukandi kursi
berlengan,namunharusdieksplorasi secaraeksperimental.
• Padatahun 1965, saya diundangke sebuahlokakaryateori permainandi Yerusalemyangberlangsung
selamatigaminggudanhanya memiliki 17peserta,namundi antara merekasemuapeneliti penting
dalamteori permainan,dengansedikitpengecualian.Teori permainanmasih merupakanbidangkecil.
Kami mengobrol tentangteori baruHarsanyi tentangpermainandenganinformasiyangtidaklengkap.
Inilahawal kerjasamasaya yang panjangdenganJohnC.Harsanyi.
KutipantentangReinhardSelten
• ReinhardSeltenberbagi PenghargaanNobelekonomi tahun1994 denganJohnNashdan johnharsanyi
"untukanalisisperintiskeseimbanganmerekadalamteori permainannon-kooperatif."
Satu masalahdenganberbagai kesetimbanganNashadalahbahwahal itutidakselaluunik.Selten
menerapkankondisiyanglebihkuatuntukmengurangi jumlahekuilibriumyangmungkindanuntuk
menghilangkanekuilibriumyangtidakmasukakal secaraekonomi.Padatahun1965 iamemperkenalkan
konsep"kesempurnaansubgame,"istilahnyauntukmenampiturunekuilibriumyang mungkinini."Saat
itusaya tidakmendugabahwaituseringakandikutip,hampirsecaraeksklusif untukdefinisi
kesempurnaansubgame,"tulisSeltendalamotobiografinyadi Nobel.
o "ReinhardSelten,"The Concise EnsiklopediaEkonomi.2008. PerpustakaanEkonomi danLiberty.13
Juni 2014.
Tautan eksternal
Wikipediamemiliki artikel tentang:
ReinhardSelten
• ReinhardSeltendi MacTutor Historyof Mathematicsarchive
• ReinhardSelten(Profil Ideologisdari PemenangEkonomi).olehDaniel B.Klein,RyanDaza, dan Hannah
Mead. di:Econ Journal Watch 10.3 (2013): 601-604.

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Reinhard_Selten
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=lxlrr0I_IkgC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=kontribusi+robert
+auman+terhadap+teori+permainan&source=bl&ots=B8DeVcTwMC&sig=rJl6t3bevFih3NAUP
gbW_JaY1So&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw4eW1u9PWAhWIvo8KHRp0D9AQ6AEILzAB
#v=onepage&q=kontribusi%20robert%20auman%20terhadap%20teori%20permainan&f=false
Pada tahun1965, ReinhardSeltenmemperkenalkankonsepsolusi dari kesetimbangansubgame
sempurna,yangmerupakanpengembangan dari kesetimbanganNash.
https://anggadewantoro.wordpress.com/2016/12/page/3/
Reinhard Selten telah dianugerahkan Master of matematika dari Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-
Universitas di Frankfurt di tahun 1957. Selama 10 tahun ia bekerja sebagai asisten di Universitas
Frankfurt, yang diberikan kepada doktor di Frankfurt dari 1961.
Setelah menghabiskan satu tahun mengunjungi University of California, Berkeley ia diserahkan
kepada Habilitationsschrift dalam bidang ekonomi untuk Universitas Frankfurt, penghargaan
yang dibuat pada tahun 1968.
Tahun 1969 Selten diangkat ke kursi ekonomi di Free University di Berlin. Kemudian, pada
1972, dia pindah ke Institut untuk matematika Ekonomi dari Universitas Bielefeld. Setelah dua
belas tahun di Bielefeld, dia pindah ke kursi di Universitas Bonn.
Pada akhir tahun 1940an dia menjadi tertarik dalam permainan teori. Pada tahun 1965 ia
diterbitkan penting bekerja di bedakan antara wajar dan tidak masuk akal keputusan di
Memprediksikan hasil permainan. Untuk karyanya dalam permainan teori Selten ini, bersama
dengan Nash, penghargaan Nobel 1994 dalam Ilmu Ekonomi
untuk mereka perintis analisis equilibria dalam teori non-koperasi permainan.
Masing-masing kontribusi dari Nash dan Selten adalah sebagai berikut. Nash permainan teori
dibagi menjadi dua bagian, koperasi permainan, yang mengikat perjanjian dapat dibuat, dan non-
koperasi permainan, di mana mengikat perjanjian tidak mungkin. Nash membuat kontribusi yang
signifikan dengan konsep keseimbangan untuk non-koperasi permainan. Sekarang disebut

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