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Department of
Horticultural Science
Horticulture Information Leaflet 645645
November 1992
WEED MANAGEMENT FOR WILDFLOWERS
Lena Gallitano, Research Assistant
W. A. Skroch, Extension Horticultural Specialist
D. A. Bailey, Extension Horticultural Specialist
The use of wildflowers in the land-
scape has increased since Lady Bird
Johnson first promoted them in the
late 1960’s and early 1970’s. Wild-
flowers were further popularized by
the "Meadow in a Can" seed collec-
tions that were marketed in the
early 1980’s. A number of books
have been written that describe
methods for planning and planting
wildflowers, however, few recom-
mendations are available regarding
maintenance and long-term weed
management. In wildflower plan-
tings, weed management is a com-
plex system that requires knowledge
of the specific wildflowers and
weeds, environmental conditions,
and control methods. Therefore, the
objective of this leaflet is to discuss
weed management strategies that
can be applied to the planning,
establishment, maintenance and
renovation stages of a naturalized
wildflower planting.
In North Carolina, extensive
plantings on the highways have
given wildflowers high visibility and
further promoted the concept for use
in other landscapes including golf
courses, office parks and private
residences. Naturalized wildflower
plantings such as meadows are
being recognized and appreciated as
landscape designs. Wildflowers
attract birds, butterflies and other
wildlife as well as provide color
when planted in lieu of large
expanses of turf grass. When
allowed to naturalize, they can
reduce the maintenance required by
a more formal landscape design.
The ultimate objective in planting a
naturalized wildflower area is to
develop an attractive, permanent
planting that will provide flowers
year after year with self-seeding
annuals and perennials. However,
wildflower plantings that are left
unmanaged will eventually revert to
the composition of plant species in
the original plant community
through a process called succession.
Succession is a gradual change over
time in the species composition of
the plant community. The species
that appear/disappear during this
time change can generally be predic-
ted based on historical knowledge of
the planting site. For example, it is
well documented that in North
Carolina’s Piedmont, the following
sequence of successional species will
occur in a cultivated area that is
abandoned and not properly man-
aged or maintained after the initial
growing season:
Years After
Abandonment Major Plant Species Present
0-2 Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.)
Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)
Common ragweed (Ambrosia
artemisiifolia)
Aster spp.
3-5 Broomsedge (Andropogon spp.)
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)
10-15 Loblolly pine
15-75 Loblolly pine with hardwood
understory
75+ Mixed forest eventually changing to
mature hardwoods
Wildflower plantings will essentially follow
this successional process because they are
given very little maintenance after the initial
establishment period. In addition to succes-
sional changes, other weed problems can be
anticipated, based on knowledge of the site
selected. A primary source of weed contami-
nation is from seed that have been deposited
in the "soil seed bank" over a long period of
time. These seed often remain dormant for
many years but will germinate when tillage
lifts them to the soil surface where moisture,
air, and light are favorable for germination.
Research has found as many as 98 to 3,068
viable weed seed per square foot in the top
six inches of soil. This quantity of seed, if
allowed to germinate, would present a for-
midable weed population in a new planting.
Therefore, in selecting a site for a wildflower
planting, knowledge of previous weeds and
past use of the land will allow insight into
potential weed problems in the future.
I. PLANNING
A. Analyze the site for potential weed
problems. Assessing the wildflower site for
potential weed infestations from the weeds
present, the soil seed bank, the surrounding
area and anticipated successional changes, is
the first step toward developing a weed
management strategy. The current weeds on
the site should first be identified. If it is
infested with difficult-to-control perennial
weeds such as nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) or
white clover (Trifolium repens), it may be
best to select another site for the wildflower
planting or weed pressure may be too great
for wildflower establishment. If the site
must be used, it may be advisable to spend
several seasons dedicated to controlling and
removing as many perennial and reseeding
annual weeds as possible before planting
wildflowers. Weed species and populations
in surrounding areas should also be consid-
ered in the site selection process. Seed
dispersal mechanisms that allow wind and
water to bring in seeds from outside the
planting area will add to the site’s weed
population. Germination times, such as fall
or spring for annual weeds, will also affect
wildflower growth if weeds are established
and large enough to compete when the
wildflowers germinate. After potential weed
species and their sources have been identi-
fied, their growth habits and characteristics
should be studied. Knowledge of these
weeds is essential in determining methods of
control. (Weed identification references are
included in the Reference Section.)
B. Select the desired wildflower species.
The second consideration in the planning
phase is the selection of the wildflower
species. The species planted will affect weed
management at the site. The objective in
selecting a variety of wildflowers is to
develop a plant community that will be
attractive and compatible in terms of
growing requirements, that will flower over
extended periods of time, that will reseed the
site for generation of new plants, and that
can be held and maintained at the flowering
successional stage. In order to be successful
in a particular location, the wildflower
species must be compatible with and adapt-
able to growing conditions at the site. They
must also be competitive with other species
present, including weeds. Native species
generally are most adaptable to local
growing conditions and are usually the most
competitive with native weeds that will be
present.
In determining species that are to be
included in a wildflower seed mix, consider-
ation should be given to the germination
times and growth characteristics of the
species. Most wildflower mixes are a
combination of annuals for flower color the
first year and reseeding annuals or peren-
nials for flowers in the second and
succeeding years. The objective in using a
mix is to develop a wildflower community of
compatible species. Species that germinate
and emerge rapidly after planting will
become better established, provide ground
cover and, consequently, will help reduce the
number and growth of weeds. Early estab-
lishment allows the wildflowers to develop
better root systems and to capture available
resources such as water and nutrients so
they can successfully compete with weeds
that germinate at later times. A careful
selection of wildflower species will help with
weed management at the site. (The Refer-
ence Section includes resources for selecting
wildflower species.)
2
II. SITE PREPARATION AND
ESTABLISHMENT
The second stage of weed management in
wildflowers is site preparation and estab-
lishment of the planting. In North Carolina,
fall (October/November) is the recommended
planting time for wildflowers. Generally, the
soil is cool (40 to 60°F) and moist at this
time of year which promotes seed germi-
nation and establishment. Winter annuals
and some perennials will germinate and
overwinter as small seedlings. In addition,
the soil is cool enough to hold summer
annual seed in a dormant state for early
spring germination. The most effective weed
management during site preparation is to
kill as many weeds and viable weed seed as
possible to prepare the site for wildflower
planting. There are essentially two methods
that are effective: 1) the use of a systemic
herbicide and 2) fumigation.
A. Site Preparation with Herbicides.
Initial weed control with a systemic, non-
residual herbicide such as glyphosate
(RoundupTM
and other trade names), is the
approach most often used in establishing
wildflowers. Glyphosate is often thought to
kill all plants, however, it has selectivity for
some plants depending on the time of year it
is applied and the growth state of the plant.
Proper timing of the application is, therefore,
very important to achieve maximum weed
control results. (N.C. Cooperative Extension
Service Publication AG-427, "Weed Control
Suggestions for Christmas Trees, Woody
Ornamentals, and Flowers" and the glypho-
sate label contain details on application
rates and timing for specific weeds.)
In order to plant wildflowers in October or
November, site preparation must begin in
late summer (August/September). Total
preparation time is approximately four to six
weeks using the following method:
1. Be sure the area has NOT been
mowed so grass and weeds will be the
proper size at the time of spraying as
specified on the glyphosate label.
2. Spray only when the plants are dry.
When the site meets these conditions,
uniformly spray the area for coverage
but do not wet the plants to runoff.
3. Allow at least six hours of drying
time for maximum plant kill with gly-
phosate. The timing of this first applica-
tion should coincide with active weed
growth because the optimum suscepti-
bility to glyphosate for perennial weeds
is when they are actively growing. In
addition, they are most susceptible when
they are not stressed.
4. Seven to ten days after the initial
spray when the grass and weeds are
dying, till the site and prepare it for
final planting. This should be accom-
plished by mid-September for planting in
early October.
5. If weeds emerge, re-treat with
glyphosate two to four weeks after the
final tilling and bed preparation. Tilling
will bring new weed seed to the surface.
The soil will be warm and if sufficient
moisture is present, many annual weed
seed may germinate. These seedlings
will die within seven days after treat-
ment and the site will be ready for
planting.
B. Site Preparation with Fumigation. A
second technique for site preparation and
establishment of wildflowers is the use of
fumigation. Fumigants kill most weeds and
dormant weed seed except those with hard
seed coats such as Carolina geranium
(Geranium carolinianum), white clover, and
nutsedge. Fumigation is a temporary weed
control method and new weed seed will
germinate as they are introduced into the
planting area. The advantage of fumigation
is that wildflowers become better established
prior to weed emergence. Research has
shown that fumigation can result in
increased plant size over non-fumigated
sites. Although increased size can benefit
wildflower growth, the cost of fumigation is
high and must be considered.
There are several fumigants available for
use in wildflowers including methyl bromide,
metham and dazomet. Methyl bromide is a
gas and for large areas requires the use of
3
specialized equipment and a licensed
applicator. Metham (Vapam and Sectagon)
are water soluble liquids and are less active
than methyl bromide, but they are easier to
use. Dazomet (Basamid Granular) is a
granular product that is most effective in
cool soil temperatures. The metham and
dazomet fumigants remain in the soil for
longer periods of time than methyl bromide.
To ensure the soil is safe for planting a soil
bioassay should be conducted after any
fumigation. However, because of the
potential for prolonged soil activity with
metham and dazomet, a bioassay is essential
when these fumigants are used. If the soil
still contains the fumigant, planting wild-
flower seed will result in the death of the
seed. Extension publication AG-427 contains
additional fumigation information and a
complete procedure for conducting a soil
bioassay.
If fumigation is chosen for preparation of a
wildflower planting site, the site should be
tilled and prepared for planting in late
summer to early fall (August/September).
Fumigation requires adequate soil moisture
for movement in the soil and is generally
very effective in September to early October
when soil temperatures are still high. The
site can be planted when the bioassay shows
the soil is safe for planting (late October/
November).
C. Planting. At planting time, loosen the
soil surface slightly to enhance seed contact.
At this time the soil surface should be
disturbed as little as possible because most
annual weed seed that germinate are within
the top one-fourth inch of soil. If the soil is
deeply disturbed, additional weed seed that
are capable of germinating and competing
with the wildflowers will be moved to the
soil surface.
Distribute the wildflower seed evenly in the
planting area to give each seed adequate
space and resources for germination. Even
seed distribution allows maximum coverage
of the soil by new seedlings and provides the
most benefit in weed suppression. After
sowing, either tamp the soil or water the
area to ensure good seed-soil contact. A
light, seed-free mulch, such as wheat straw,
can also be used for seedling protection. The
mulch should be lightly and evenly dispersed
with no heavy clumps. A heavy, uneven
mulch reduces wildflower growth and
development and results in areas with no
plants.
III. MAINTENANCE AND RENOVATION
The third and final stage in the development
of a weed management strategy for wild-
flowers is to develop both short and long-
term maintenance programs. The best
approach for developing these programs is
to: 1) anticipate weed problems, such as
successional changes, before they occur; 2)
identify seedlings quickly as they grow; and
3) take corrective weed control action as soon
as possible. In general, weed seedlings are
easier to control before they mature and
establish good root systems. Optimum size
for best control is usually four inches or less.
Early control will reduce weed competition
with young wildflower seedlings giving them
maximum growth conditions.
After a wildflower planting is established,
there is no single approach or "magic
formula" to manage encroaching weeds. The
problem is further compounded by the fact
that most wildflower plantings are a mix of
species, thereby reducing the number of
herbicides that can be safely used for weed
control. Similar plants, such as those in the
same family, generally have similar toler-
ance to selective herbicides. For example,
many popular wildflowers are in the
Compositae family and so are many of the
troublesome weeds in North Carolina. As a
result, if an herbicide is safe for the wild-
flower, it will probably have no effect in
controlling closely related weeds. With a
mix of wildflowers from various families, it is
unlikely that one herbicide will be complete-
ly effective for weed control without damag-
ing some wildflowers. Therefore, weed man-
agement programs must be developed to use
a combination of cultural, chemical and
mechanical weed control techniques.
Most wildflower plantings are not static but
change annually and seasonally due to the
mix of species. A good mix will provide
flushes of seasonal flowering from spring to
4
fall. Annual changes will occur based on the
number of perennial plants and those species
that have reseeding potential and the extent
to which that potential is realized. Reseed-
ing is essential for natural regeneration of
plants in order to perpetuate and extend the
life of the planting. Weed control techniques
should be carefully selected in order to
optimize wildflower reseeding potential at
the site.
An integrated weed management approach
that incorporates multiple weed control
techniques and is site specific will be the
most effective for wildflowers. Avoidance of
the weed problem by preventing regener-
ation is often easier than trying to establish
weed control at a weed infested site. In
selecting the techniques to use, remember
that small seedlings are the easiest to
control. Also, control of weeds at the site will
prevent weed seed dispersal and the develop-
ment of other weed propagation structures
such as rhizomes and tubers. Good control
will minimize future weed pressure. A range
of weed control techniques are discussed
below. The manager must evaluate the site
on a continuing basis and select those tech-
niques that will be most effective on a long
term basis for a given location.
A. Competition. One method of weed con-
trol that is often overlooked is competition.
Seedlings that emerge first are often able to
capture more space and resources and this
gives them a competitive edge over later
germinating seed. Young plants are the most
susceptible to damage from weed competi-
tion. Therefore, if wildflowers are planted in
a properly prepared, weed-free site, they will
be quicker to germinate and establish than
weeds. Early development of the wildflower
canopy in the spring will also help suppress
weed growth. An even distribution of seed-
lings at this stage will allow maximum
growth of the wildflowers. If the wildflowers
are heavily planted, they will compete with
themselves. This will cause dieback and
open areas within the site which promotes
weed establishment. In North Carolina,
horseweed can be expected to encroach in
the first two years based on successional
changes. It is difficult to control in wild-
flowers because it is a fall germinating
composite. Horseweed, however, can be sup-
pressed with a good cover of fall wildflowers
because it requires bare ground to germi-
nate. Understanding weed and wildflower
biology is essential in order to make maxi-
mum use of growth characteristics for weed
suppression.
B. Mowing. Most wildflower plantings are
maintained with an annual mowing. Mowing
prevents development of pines and hardwood
trees and arrests the successional develop-
ment at the herbaceous plant stage. Mowing
should be timed to meet three objectives:
1) to remove weeds before they flower and
develop viable seed; 2) to disperse wildflower
seed for reseeding within the site; and 3) to
remove dead plant material and improve the
appearance of the planting. Mowing is an
important management tool and timing is
essential to maximize weed control and
wildflower reseeding.
C. Hand pulling. Hand pulling is a viable
alternative for weed control in small wild-
flower planting sites. Any weeds that are
pulled from the site before seed mature and
disperse will contribute to future overall
weed control. One weed can produce thou-
sands of seeds. Therefore, even on the
smallest scale, the contribution of hand
pulling should not be overlooked.
D. Chemical control. Chemical weed con-
trol programs are based on herbicide selec-
tivity and plant tolerance. The objective
with chemical control is to find an herbicide
that wildflowers can tolerate but which is
detrimental to the weeds present. As dis-
cussed earlier, similar plant species have
similar tolerance to herbicides. For this
reason, herbicides are often classified as
broadleaf and grass (graminicide) herbicides
based on the weeds they control. Herbicide
labels list the weeds that are controlled as
well as tolerant, desirable species. At
present, there are very few wildflowers inclu-
ded on broadleaf herbicide labels. Therefore,
there are no broadleaf herbicides that are
known to be safe for a wide range of wild-
flower species. On the other hand, most
weedy grasses can be controlled in wild-
flowers with a graminicide such as sethoxy-
dim (Vantage, Poast) or fluazifop (Ornamec,
5
Grass-B-Gon) without damaging the broad-
leaf wildflowers. However, use of a gram-
inicide will also control any native or
ornamental grasses that may be included in
the wildflower planting.
In addition to the broadleaf and grass classi-
fication, herbicides are also categorized by
their activity as either preemergence or
postemergence herbicides. For the purposes
of maintaining established wildflower
plantings, preemergence herbicides would be
applied to the soil prior to the emergence of
the target weeds. Postemergence herbicides
are applied after the emergence of the target
weeds.
Preemergence products are applied uniform-
ly to the soil to prevent germination and
growth of the weeds controlled by the
herbicide. This will require tolerance by all
the wildflowers in the planting or it may
damage susceptible species. In an estab-
lished bed, these herbicides may be safe for
existing plants. However, there is little
known regarding the effects of preemergence
herbicides on the reseeding potential of
wildflowers. If the preemergence herbicide
is detrimental to the wildflower seeds,
regeneration of new wildflower plants would
be reduced. In a planting with a good,
established wildflower population and a
growing weed population, the use of a
preemergence may be warranted to reduce
the weeds, even though reseeding will be
reduced for a period of time. Managers
should consider these possibilities when
making the decision to use preemergence
herbicides.
Postemergence herbicides are usually
sprayed on actively growing weeds. One way
to circumvent damage to the wildflower
planting is to select a method for application
that directs the herbicide to the targeted
weeds and avoids the wildflowers. The
following application methods can be used
for this purpose:
1. Spot spray - A small sprayer is used
that can be directed to individual or small
groups of weeds so the spray will not contact
desirable wildflowers.
2. Wipe-on application - An application
device is used to wipe the herbicide on weeds
that are taller than the wildflowers. Equip-
ment may be either a rope wick or roller
type applicator. This technique may be
particularly useful for reducing tall weeds
such as horseweed. Inexpensive hand wicks
are available.
3. Clip-cut - Hand-held clippers that
dispense a thin layer of herbicide onto the
blade can be used to selectively cut weeds.
This method applies the herbicide to the cut
surface of the stem so it is translocated into
the weed to kill the total plant.
When planning any chemical control
program, the user has the responsibility to
determine the most effective herbicide to
use, timing of the application, and the proper
rates. Herbicide labels must always be
carefully read and followed for the best
and most cost effective results.
E. Allelopathy. Some plants produce
chemical compounds that inhibit the growth
of other nearby plants (allelopathy). The
toxic substances may be released from the
roots or leaves and through plant residues
on the surface that are leached into the soil
with rainwater. Weeds are known to have
allelopathic (detrimental) effects on some
crops and vice versa. Some of the weeds
that are known or suspected to be allelo-
pathic are bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon),
johnsongrass (Sorghum halepnese), yellow
and purple nutsedge, pigweed (Amaranthus
spp.) and sunflower (Helianthus spp.).
Horseweed is known to be allelopathic to
itself. This most likely is the reason it
declines in the successional changes in North
Carolina’s Piedmont. However, even though
it will decline over several years, if it is left
in most wildflower plantings, it will severely
reduce the wildflower population by out-
competing more desirable plants.
Knowledge of allelopathic effects will never
become a total weed control method for wild-
flowers. However, by observing differences
in wildflower plantings and surrounding
areas, managers may see differences in plant
growth that can be effectively used in
developing a weed management strategy.
6
F. Renovation. Wildflower plantings
decline over time because many herbaceous
perennial plants often have a limited life
span. Decline may also be attributed to
weed pressure, allelopathy, site, and envi-
ronmental growing conditions. Renovation of
an existing planting may be more cost effec-
tive than starting with a new bed if the weed
pressure is first brought under control.
New seeds can be planted into existing wild-
flower plantings that are relatively weed
free. The soil should be disturbed as little as
possible to prevent additional weed seed
germination. This can be accomplished
either by raking or using a slot seeder.
Since the seed cannot be tamped without
damaging existing plants, water them in to
provide adequate soil contact. Renovation
should be completed following the same
timeframes used for initial seeding.
Weed management in wildflowers is an on-
going challenge. As wildflowers become
more popular, additional knowledge and
experience will generate improved manage-
ment techniques. The primary objective for
wildflower plantings should be a naturalized
planting with seasonal changes and interest
rather than a weed-free groomed area. This
can be achieved with properly applied weed
management techniques.
References and Resources
Baldwin, F.L. and E.B. Smith. 1981. Weeds
of Arkansas: A Guide to Identification.
Cooperative Extension Service, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK.
Corley, W.L. and A.E. Smith, Jr. 1990.
Evaluation of Wildflower Plant Species and
Establishment Procedures for Georgia Road
Sites. GDOT Research Project No. 8604
Final Report. University of Georgia, GA.
Martin, L.C. 1986. The Wildflower Meadow
Book. East Woods Press, Charlotte, NC.
North Carolina Dept. of Transportation.
1989. Wildflowers on North Carolina
Roadsides. N.C. Department of Transpor-
tation Landscape Unit, Raleigh, NC.
North Carolina Botanical Garden. The
University of North Carolina. Box 3375,
Totten Center. Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
Phillips, H.R. 1985. Growing and
Propagating Wild Flowers. The University
of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
Skroch, W.A. and J.F. Derr. 1992. Weed
Control Suggestions for Christmas Trees,
Woody Ornamentals, and Flowers. N.C.
Cooperative Extension Service Publication
AG-427. N.C. Coop. Ext. Serv., N.C. State
University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609.
Stuckey, J.M., T.J. Monaco and A.D.
Worsham. 1989. Identifying Seedling and
Mature Weeds Common in the Southeast-
ern United States. AG Extension Bulletin
208. N.C. Agricultural Extension Service,
N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-
7603.
Smith, S.W., Editor. 1984. Landscaping with
Wildflowers and Native Plants. Ortho
Books, San Francisco, CA.
* * * * *
7

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  • 1. Department of Horticultural Science Horticulture Information Leaflet 645645 November 1992 WEED MANAGEMENT FOR WILDFLOWERS Lena Gallitano, Research Assistant W. A. Skroch, Extension Horticultural Specialist D. A. Bailey, Extension Horticultural Specialist The use of wildflowers in the land- scape has increased since Lady Bird Johnson first promoted them in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. Wild- flowers were further popularized by the "Meadow in a Can" seed collec- tions that were marketed in the early 1980’s. A number of books have been written that describe methods for planning and planting wildflowers, however, few recom- mendations are available regarding maintenance and long-term weed management. In wildflower plan- tings, weed management is a com- plex system that requires knowledge of the specific wildflowers and weeds, environmental conditions, and control methods. Therefore, the objective of this leaflet is to discuss weed management strategies that can be applied to the planning, establishment, maintenance and renovation stages of a naturalized wildflower planting. In North Carolina, extensive plantings on the highways have given wildflowers high visibility and further promoted the concept for use in other landscapes including golf courses, office parks and private residences. Naturalized wildflower plantings such as meadows are being recognized and appreciated as landscape designs. Wildflowers attract birds, butterflies and other wildlife as well as provide color when planted in lieu of large expanses of turf grass. When allowed to naturalize, they can reduce the maintenance required by a more formal landscape design. The ultimate objective in planting a naturalized wildflower area is to develop an attractive, permanent planting that will provide flowers year after year with self-seeding annuals and perennials. However, wildflower plantings that are left unmanaged will eventually revert to the composition of plant species in the original plant community through a process called succession. Succession is a gradual change over time in the species composition of the plant community. The species that appear/disappear during this time change can generally be predic- ted based on historical knowledge of the planting site. For example, it is well documented that in North Carolina’s Piedmont, the following sequence of successional species will occur in a cultivated area that is abandoned and not properly man- aged or maintained after the initial growing season: Years After Abandonment Major Plant Species Present 0-2 Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Aster spp. 3-5 Broomsedge (Andropogon spp.) Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) 10-15 Loblolly pine 15-75 Loblolly pine with hardwood understory 75+ Mixed forest eventually changing to mature hardwoods
  • 2. Wildflower plantings will essentially follow this successional process because they are given very little maintenance after the initial establishment period. In addition to succes- sional changes, other weed problems can be anticipated, based on knowledge of the site selected. A primary source of weed contami- nation is from seed that have been deposited in the "soil seed bank" over a long period of time. These seed often remain dormant for many years but will germinate when tillage lifts them to the soil surface where moisture, air, and light are favorable for germination. Research has found as many as 98 to 3,068 viable weed seed per square foot in the top six inches of soil. This quantity of seed, if allowed to germinate, would present a for- midable weed population in a new planting. Therefore, in selecting a site for a wildflower planting, knowledge of previous weeds and past use of the land will allow insight into potential weed problems in the future. I. PLANNING A. Analyze the site for potential weed problems. Assessing the wildflower site for potential weed infestations from the weeds present, the soil seed bank, the surrounding area and anticipated successional changes, is the first step toward developing a weed management strategy. The current weeds on the site should first be identified. If it is infested with difficult-to-control perennial weeds such as nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) or white clover (Trifolium repens), it may be best to select another site for the wildflower planting or weed pressure may be too great for wildflower establishment. If the site must be used, it may be advisable to spend several seasons dedicated to controlling and removing as many perennial and reseeding annual weeds as possible before planting wildflowers. Weed species and populations in surrounding areas should also be consid- ered in the site selection process. Seed dispersal mechanisms that allow wind and water to bring in seeds from outside the planting area will add to the site’s weed population. Germination times, such as fall or spring for annual weeds, will also affect wildflower growth if weeds are established and large enough to compete when the wildflowers germinate. After potential weed species and their sources have been identi- fied, their growth habits and characteristics should be studied. Knowledge of these weeds is essential in determining methods of control. (Weed identification references are included in the Reference Section.) B. Select the desired wildflower species. The second consideration in the planning phase is the selection of the wildflower species. The species planted will affect weed management at the site. The objective in selecting a variety of wildflowers is to develop a plant community that will be attractive and compatible in terms of growing requirements, that will flower over extended periods of time, that will reseed the site for generation of new plants, and that can be held and maintained at the flowering successional stage. In order to be successful in a particular location, the wildflower species must be compatible with and adapt- able to growing conditions at the site. They must also be competitive with other species present, including weeds. Native species generally are most adaptable to local growing conditions and are usually the most competitive with native weeds that will be present. In determining species that are to be included in a wildflower seed mix, consider- ation should be given to the germination times and growth characteristics of the species. Most wildflower mixes are a combination of annuals for flower color the first year and reseeding annuals or peren- nials for flowers in the second and succeeding years. The objective in using a mix is to develop a wildflower community of compatible species. Species that germinate and emerge rapidly after planting will become better established, provide ground cover and, consequently, will help reduce the number and growth of weeds. Early estab- lishment allows the wildflowers to develop better root systems and to capture available resources such as water and nutrients so they can successfully compete with weeds that germinate at later times. A careful selection of wildflower species will help with weed management at the site. (The Refer- ence Section includes resources for selecting wildflower species.) 2
  • 3. II. SITE PREPARATION AND ESTABLISHMENT The second stage of weed management in wildflowers is site preparation and estab- lishment of the planting. In North Carolina, fall (October/November) is the recommended planting time for wildflowers. Generally, the soil is cool (40 to 60°F) and moist at this time of year which promotes seed germi- nation and establishment. Winter annuals and some perennials will germinate and overwinter as small seedlings. In addition, the soil is cool enough to hold summer annual seed in a dormant state for early spring germination. The most effective weed management during site preparation is to kill as many weeds and viable weed seed as possible to prepare the site for wildflower planting. There are essentially two methods that are effective: 1) the use of a systemic herbicide and 2) fumigation. A. Site Preparation with Herbicides. Initial weed control with a systemic, non- residual herbicide such as glyphosate (RoundupTM and other trade names), is the approach most often used in establishing wildflowers. Glyphosate is often thought to kill all plants, however, it has selectivity for some plants depending on the time of year it is applied and the growth state of the plant. Proper timing of the application is, therefore, very important to achieve maximum weed control results. (N.C. Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-427, "Weed Control Suggestions for Christmas Trees, Woody Ornamentals, and Flowers" and the glypho- sate label contain details on application rates and timing for specific weeds.) In order to plant wildflowers in October or November, site preparation must begin in late summer (August/September). Total preparation time is approximately four to six weeks using the following method: 1. Be sure the area has NOT been mowed so grass and weeds will be the proper size at the time of spraying as specified on the glyphosate label. 2. Spray only when the plants are dry. When the site meets these conditions, uniformly spray the area for coverage but do not wet the plants to runoff. 3. Allow at least six hours of drying time for maximum plant kill with gly- phosate. The timing of this first applica- tion should coincide with active weed growth because the optimum suscepti- bility to glyphosate for perennial weeds is when they are actively growing. In addition, they are most susceptible when they are not stressed. 4. Seven to ten days after the initial spray when the grass and weeds are dying, till the site and prepare it for final planting. This should be accom- plished by mid-September for planting in early October. 5. If weeds emerge, re-treat with glyphosate two to four weeks after the final tilling and bed preparation. Tilling will bring new weed seed to the surface. The soil will be warm and if sufficient moisture is present, many annual weed seed may germinate. These seedlings will die within seven days after treat- ment and the site will be ready for planting. B. Site Preparation with Fumigation. A second technique for site preparation and establishment of wildflowers is the use of fumigation. Fumigants kill most weeds and dormant weed seed except those with hard seed coats such as Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum), white clover, and nutsedge. Fumigation is a temporary weed control method and new weed seed will germinate as they are introduced into the planting area. The advantage of fumigation is that wildflowers become better established prior to weed emergence. Research has shown that fumigation can result in increased plant size over non-fumigated sites. Although increased size can benefit wildflower growth, the cost of fumigation is high and must be considered. There are several fumigants available for use in wildflowers including methyl bromide, metham and dazomet. Methyl bromide is a gas and for large areas requires the use of 3
  • 4. specialized equipment and a licensed applicator. Metham (Vapam and Sectagon) are water soluble liquids and are less active than methyl bromide, but they are easier to use. Dazomet (Basamid Granular) is a granular product that is most effective in cool soil temperatures. The metham and dazomet fumigants remain in the soil for longer periods of time than methyl bromide. To ensure the soil is safe for planting a soil bioassay should be conducted after any fumigation. However, because of the potential for prolonged soil activity with metham and dazomet, a bioassay is essential when these fumigants are used. If the soil still contains the fumigant, planting wild- flower seed will result in the death of the seed. Extension publication AG-427 contains additional fumigation information and a complete procedure for conducting a soil bioassay. If fumigation is chosen for preparation of a wildflower planting site, the site should be tilled and prepared for planting in late summer to early fall (August/September). Fumigation requires adequate soil moisture for movement in the soil and is generally very effective in September to early October when soil temperatures are still high. The site can be planted when the bioassay shows the soil is safe for planting (late October/ November). C. Planting. At planting time, loosen the soil surface slightly to enhance seed contact. At this time the soil surface should be disturbed as little as possible because most annual weed seed that germinate are within the top one-fourth inch of soil. If the soil is deeply disturbed, additional weed seed that are capable of germinating and competing with the wildflowers will be moved to the soil surface. Distribute the wildflower seed evenly in the planting area to give each seed adequate space and resources for germination. Even seed distribution allows maximum coverage of the soil by new seedlings and provides the most benefit in weed suppression. After sowing, either tamp the soil or water the area to ensure good seed-soil contact. A light, seed-free mulch, such as wheat straw, can also be used for seedling protection. The mulch should be lightly and evenly dispersed with no heavy clumps. A heavy, uneven mulch reduces wildflower growth and development and results in areas with no plants. III. MAINTENANCE AND RENOVATION The third and final stage in the development of a weed management strategy for wild- flowers is to develop both short and long- term maintenance programs. The best approach for developing these programs is to: 1) anticipate weed problems, such as successional changes, before they occur; 2) identify seedlings quickly as they grow; and 3) take corrective weed control action as soon as possible. In general, weed seedlings are easier to control before they mature and establish good root systems. Optimum size for best control is usually four inches or less. Early control will reduce weed competition with young wildflower seedlings giving them maximum growth conditions. After a wildflower planting is established, there is no single approach or "magic formula" to manage encroaching weeds. The problem is further compounded by the fact that most wildflower plantings are a mix of species, thereby reducing the number of herbicides that can be safely used for weed control. Similar plants, such as those in the same family, generally have similar toler- ance to selective herbicides. For example, many popular wildflowers are in the Compositae family and so are many of the troublesome weeds in North Carolina. As a result, if an herbicide is safe for the wild- flower, it will probably have no effect in controlling closely related weeds. With a mix of wildflowers from various families, it is unlikely that one herbicide will be complete- ly effective for weed control without damag- ing some wildflowers. Therefore, weed man- agement programs must be developed to use a combination of cultural, chemical and mechanical weed control techniques. Most wildflower plantings are not static but change annually and seasonally due to the mix of species. A good mix will provide flushes of seasonal flowering from spring to 4
  • 5. fall. Annual changes will occur based on the number of perennial plants and those species that have reseeding potential and the extent to which that potential is realized. Reseed- ing is essential for natural regeneration of plants in order to perpetuate and extend the life of the planting. Weed control techniques should be carefully selected in order to optimize wildflower reseeding potential at the site. An integrated weed management approach that incorporates multiple weed control techniques and is site specific will be the most effective for wildflowers. Avoidance of the weed problem by preventing regener- ation is often easier than trying to establish weed control at a weed infested site. In selecting the techniques to use, remember that small seedlings are the easiest to control. Also, control of weeds at the site will prevent weed seed dispersal and the develop- ment of other weed propagation structures such as rhizomes and tubers. Good control will minimize future weed pressure. A range of weed control techniques are discussed below. The manager must evaluate the site on a continuing basis and select those tech- niques that will be most effective on a long term basis for a given location. A. Competition. One method of weed con- trol that is often overlooked is competition. Seedlings that emerge first are often able to capture more space and resources and this gives them a competitive edge over later germinating seed. Young plants are the most susceptible to damage from weed competi- tion. Therefore, if wildflowers are planted in a properly prepared, weed-free site, they will be quicker to germinate and establish than weeds. Early development of the wildflower canopy in the spring will also help suppress weed growth. An even distribution of seed- lings at this stage will allow maximum growth of the wildflowers. If the wildflowers are heavily planted, they will compete with themselves. This will cause dieback and open areas within the site which promotes weed establishment. In North Carolina, horseweed can be expected to encroach in the first two years based on successional changes. It is difficult to control in wild- flowers because it is a fall germinating composite. Horseweed, however, can be sup- pressed with a good cover of fall wildflowers because it requires bare ground to germi- nate. Understanding weed and wildflower biology is essential in order to make maxi- mum use of growth characteristics for weed suppression. B. Mowing. Most wildflower plantings are maintained with an annual mowing. Mowing prevents development of pines and hardwood trees and arrests the successional develop- ment at the herbaceous plant stage. Mowing should be timed to meet three objectives: 1) to remove weeds before they flower and develop viable seed; 2) to disperse wildflower seed for reseeding within the site; and 3) to remove dead plant material and improve the appearance of the planting. Mowing is an important management tool and timing is essential to maximize weed control and wildflower reseeding. C. Hand pulling. Hand pulling is a viable alternative for weed control in small wild- flower planting sites. Any weeds that are pulled from the site before seed mature and disperse will contribute to future overall weed control. One weed can produce thou- sands of seeds. Therefore, even on the smallest scale, the contribution of hand pulling should not be overlooked. D. Chemical control. Chemical weed con- trol programs are based on herbicide selec- tivity and plant tolerance. The objective with chemical control is to find an herbicide that wildflowers can tolerate but which is detrimental to the weeds present. As dis- cussed earlier, similar plant species have similar tolerance to herbicides. For this reason, herbicides are often classified as broadleaf and grass (graminicide) herbicides based on the weeds they control. Herbicide labels list the weeds that are controlled as well as tolerant, desirable species. At present, there are very few wildflowers inclu- ded on broadleaf herbicide labels. Therefore, there are no broadleaf herbicides that are known to be safe for a wide range of wild- flower species. On the other hand, most weedy grasses can be controlled in wild- flowers with a graminicide such as sethoxy- dim (Vantage, Poast) or fluazifop (Ornamec, 5
  • 6. Grass-B-Gon) without damaging the broad- leaf wildflowers. However, use of a gram- inicide will also control any native or ornamental grasses that may be included in the wildflower planting. In addition to the broadleaf and grass classi- fication, herbicides are also categorized by their activity as either preemergence or postemergence herbicides. For the purposes of maintaining established wildflower plantings, preemergence herbicides would be applied to the soil prior to the emergence of the target weeds. Postemergence herbicides are applied after the emergence of the target weeds. Preemergence products are applied uniform- ly to the soil to prevent germination and growth of the weeds controlled by the herbicide. This will require tolerance by all the wildflowers in the planting or it may damage susceptible species. In an estab- lished bed, these herbicides may be safe for existing plants. However, there is little known regarding the effects of preemergence herbicides on the reseeding potential of wildflowers. If the preemergence herbicide is detrimental to the wildflower seeds, regeneration of new wildflower plants would be reduced. In a planting with a good, established wildflower population and a growing weed population, the use of a preemergence may be warranted to reduce the weeds, even though reseeding will be reduced for a period of time. Managers should consider these possibilities when making the decision to use preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are usually sprayed on actively growing weeds. One way to circumvent damage to the wildflower planting is to select a method for application that directs the herbicide to the targeted weeds and avoids the wildflowers. The following application methods can be used for this purpose: 1. Spot spray - A small sprayer is used that can be directed to individual or small groups of weeds so the spray will not contact desirable wildflowers. 2. Wipe-on application - An application device is used to wipe the herbicide on weeds that are taller than the wildflowers. Equip- ment may be either a rope wick or roller type applicator. This technique may be particularly useful for reducing tall weeds such as horseweed. Inexpensive hand wicks are available. 3. Clip-cut - Hand-held clippers that dispense a thin layer of herbicide onto the blade can be used to selectively cut weeds. This method applies the herbicide to the cut surface of the stem so it is translocated into the weed to kill the total plant. When planning any chemical control program, the user has the responsibility to determine the most effective herbicide to use, timing of the application, and the proper rates. Herbicide labels must always be carefully read and followed for the best and most cost effective results. E. Allelopathy. Some plants produce chemical compounds that inhibit the growth of other nearby plants (allelopathy). The toxic substances may be released from the roots or leaves and through plant residues on the surface that are leached into the soil with rainwater. Weeds are known to have allelopathic (detrimental) effects on some crops and vice versa. Some of the weeds that are known or suspected to be allelo- pathic are bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), johnsongrass (Sorghum halepnese), yellow and purple nutsedge, pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and sunflower (Helianthus spp.). Horseweed is known to be allelopathic to itself. This most likely is the reason it declines in the successional changes in North Carolina’s Piedmont. However, even though it will decline over several years, if it is left in most wildflower plantings, it will severely reduce the wildflower population by out- competing more desirable plants. Knowledge of allelopathic effects will never become a total weed control method for wild- flowers. However, by observing differences in wildflower plantings and surrounding areas, managers may see differences in plant growth that can be effectively used in developing a weed management strategy. 6
  • 7. F. Renovation. Wildflower plantings decline over time because many herbaceous perennial plants often have a limited life span. Decline may also be attributed to weed pressure, allelopathy, site, and envi- ronmental growing conditions. Renovation of an existing planting may be more cost effec- tive than starting with a new bed if the weed pressure is first brought under control. New seeds can be planted into existing wild- flower plantings that are relatively weed free. The soil should be disturbed as little as possible to prevent additional weed seed germination. This can be accomplished either by raking or using a slot seeder. Since the seed cannot be tamped without damaging existing plants, water them in to provide adequate soil contact. Renovation should be completed following the same timeframes used for initial seeding. Weed management in wildflowers is an on- going challenge. As wildflowers become more popular, additional knowledge and experience will generate improved manage- ment techniques. The primary objective for wildflower plantings should be a naturalized planting with seasonal changes and interest rather than a weed-free groomed area. This can be achieved with properly applied weed management techniques. References and Resources Baldwin, F.L. and E.B. Smith. 1981. Weeds of Arkansas: A Guide to Identification. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK. Corley, W.L. and A.E. Smith, Jr. 1990. Evaluation of Wildflower Plant Species and Establishment Procedures for Georgia Road Sites. GDOT Research Project No. 8604 Final Report. University of Georgia, GA. Martin, L.C. 1986. The Wildflower Meadow Book. East Woods Press, Charlotte, NC. North Carolina Dept. of Transportation. 1989. Wildflowers on North Carolina Roadsides. N.C. Department of Transpor- tation Landscape Unit, Raleigh, NC. North Carolina Botanical Garden. The University of North Carolina. Box 3375, Totten Center. Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Phillips, H.R. 1985. Growing and Propagating Wild Flowers. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. Skroch, W.A. and J.F. Derr. 1992. Weed Control Suggestions for Christmas Trees, Woody Ornamentals, and Flowers. N.C. Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-427. N.C. Coop. Ext. Serv., N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609. Stuckey, J.M., T.J. Monaco and A.D. Worsham. 1989. Identifying Seedling and Mature Weeds Common in the Southeast- ern United States. AG Extension Bulletin 208. N.C. Agricultural Extension Service, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695- 7603. Smith, S.W., Editor. 1984. Landscaping with Wildflowers and Native Plants. Ortho Books, San Francisco, CA. * * * * * 7