This document presents information on geothermal power generation and its potential in Pakistan. It discusses locations of geothermal springs in Pakistan and how geothermal energy can be used directly or indirectly for power generation. The document then describes the key components of a working model of a geothermal power plant developed by students, including a steam generation assembly, temperature sensors, turbine generator, and other equipment. It provides diagrams of the system and calculations of power output. Finally, it concludes that Pakistan has significant untapped geothermal resources that could potentially be developed for power generation.
2. 2/35
M. Faizan Mughal, Umair Khaliq, Tasswar Hussain, Arshad Mehmood
Contact: umairkhaliq24@gmail.com
Supervisor: Mukhtar Ahmed
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
WAH CANTT
JULY 2013
GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION
Final Year Project
4. 4/35
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal Energy is energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of the solid
earth.
Geothermal production of energy is 3rd highest among renewable energies. It is behind hydro
and biomass, but before solar and wind.
Layers of Earth [2,3]
5. 5/35
Geothermal in Pakistan
According to Alternative Energy Board of Pakistan, a global seismic
belt passes through Pakistan and the country has a long geological
history of geotectonic events.
Two-third of
Pakistan lies
on fault lines
7. 7/35
LOCATIONS OF GEOTHERMAL SPRINGS
IN PAKISTAN
LOCATIONS TEMPERATURES
Himalayan Collision Zone Turboto das (Gilgit area)
Darkot pas (Gilgit area)
Garam Chashma
Tatta pani
Mashkin
Sassi
ranges up to 910 oC
ranges up to 910 oC
850 oC to 2520 oC
51 to 970 oC
860 oC
400 oC
Chagai Volcanic Arc Chicken dik spring
Koh-e-Sultan springs 25-320 oC
Indus Basin Margin
(Karachi and Dadu areas)
Mangopir area
Salt range area
480 oC
25-32 oC
Locations of Geothermal Resources in Pakistan [4]
8. 8/35
GEOTHERMAL USAGE
1 : Direct Use
Geothermal heat is used directly rather than for power
generation
For example space heating ,greenhouse heating, Bathing
and swimming, Geothermal heat pumps
Extract heat from low temperature geothermal
resources
< 150 oC or 300 oF.
Applications sited near source (<10 km)
9. 9/35
GEOTHERMAL usage
2 : indirect use
Dry Steam Power Plants
Flash Steam Power Plants
Single flash
Double flash
Binary Cycle Power Plants
Combined Cycle Power Plants (Flash and Binary)
10. 10/35
KEY FEATURES
There is no pollution
This mean of power generation is Emission free
Infinite source of heat energy
It is inexpensive and prices of electricity will be Stable
Base load energy supplies low-cost energy at constant rate in order to meet
the region’s continuous energy demand.
11. 11/35
OBJECTIVE
Working model of geothermal power generation
Power production to tackle the power energy crises
Get rid of use of fossil fuel
Great geothermal source potential in Pakistan
No practical work and productive plant yet
15. 15/35
• Steam generating assembly is assembled by the combination of following
• equipments
o Pressure cooker
o Burnerpipe
o Frame
o Copper Pipe
Steam generating assembly
17. 17/35
PIPE
Material copper
Size 5/16 inch
Copper has high melting point (1023⁰C) and it does not get oxidized
Purpose
Steam and water flow
19. 19/35
pressure gauge
Operating voltage
220 v
Control flow of water and
steam
Scale
15psi (pounds per
square inch)
~1 bar
It shows the temperature of
pressure cooker in
degree centigrade.
SOLENOID VALVE thermometer
25. 25/35
POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
Power circuit takes 220v ac and step down to 24 volts which are further
rectified and filtered by capacitor.
7812 IC is used to get 12v for exhaust fans.
7805 IC is used to get 5v for volt and ammeter.
Direct 220v ac is supplied to other circuitry.
27. 27/35
Steam Valve Controller
TEMPERATURE METER
C
POWER SUPPLY
220 Vac
SOLENOID VALVE
(STEAM FLOW)
94kohm
47kohm
520ohm
12 Vdc
RELAY
12 Vdc /220 Vac
TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
28. 28/35
Project Wiring Diagram
220 Vac
DC POWER SUPPLY
STEAM VALVE
STEAM VALVE
CONTROLLER
+5V
+12V
WATER VALVE
WATER VALVE
CONTROLLER WATER PUMP
EXHAUST FAN
GND
TEMPERATURE
METER
VOLT AND
AMMETER
30. 30/35
CONCLUSION
It can be seen that a number of thermal springs exist in Pakistan. Studies of
these springs are far from complete.
It is suggested that detailed geochemical and radiometric studies should be
carried out. After the data is collected of these springs is ascertained some of
them can be developed as power generation plants as in China, France, USA
and Iceland.
31. 31/35
references
What is Geothermal Energy?
Mary H. Dickson and Mario Fanelli, Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse , Pisa, Italy
[1] http://clilenergies.wikispaces.com/1.+Energy+and+sources+of+energy
[2] http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2900/homepages/Marianne.Hogan/inside.html
[3]
http://www.kentlaw.edu/faculty/fbosselman/classes/Spring2003/studentpresentations/Geoth
ermalRobinson.ppt
[4] Investigation of Major Geothermal Fields of Pakistan Using Isotope and Chemical
Techniques
Manzoor Ahmad, Muhammad Rafiq, Naveed Iqbal, Waheed Akram, M. Azam Tasneem,
Mubarik Ali
Radiation and Isotope Application Division, PINSTECH, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005
Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005
33. 33/35
references
[8] Geothermal Power Plant Projects in Central America: Technical and Financial Feasibility
Assessment Model
Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and
Computer Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences
University of Iceland, Reykjavík, 2012
[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple
[10]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer
[11] http://janderson99.hubpages.com/hub/Excellent-Prospects-for-Geothermal-Power-in-
Australia-America-and-Worldwide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor
http://www.personal.psu.edu/ked2/EE210/Temperature%20Measurement%20using%20sensors%20and%20signal%20conditioning.p
pt
http://oscar.iitb.ac.in/OSCARPP/Mechanical%20Engineering/UploadedStoryboards/SME030 1P0434Steam%20Turbine.ppt
https://sites.google.com/site/ee535test/pavan-naga
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_condenser
Renewable Energy is energy that comes from resources which are continually replenished naturally such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower and tidal energy, plus biofuelsThese are grown and harvested without fossil fuelsNon-renewable Energy, such as coal and petroleum, require costly explorations and potentially dangerous and will become more expensive as supplies and demand increases
Himalayan Collision ZoneTurboto das & Darkot pass (Gilgit area) temp. ranges up to 910 oCGaramChashma where the subsurface temperature ranges from 850 oC to 2520 oC, based on silica and Na-K geo-thermometers respectively.The temperature estimated at Tattapani ranges from 93 to 1280 oC, and at Mashkinit is about 1690 oC by the Na-K-Ca geo-thermometer. On the other hand the silica geo-thermometer indicates temperatures from 51 to 970 oC at Tattapani, 860 oC at Mashkin and 400 oC at Sassi.Chagai Volcanic Arc The Chicken dik spring and Koh-e-Sultan springs are located chagai volcanic arc. The water temperature ranges from 25-320 oC. Indus Basin Margin In Karachi and Dadu areas there is a large concentration of thermal springs where the average surface temperature is 400 oC. The surface temperature of the springs in the Mangopir area at Karachi is 480 oC. In the Salt range area temperatures of the thermal springs are from 25-32 oC. The spring water is sulphurous and is known to have therapeutic value for skin disease.It is noted that most of them are considered to be mixed with non-thermal waters.
Dry Steam Power Plants180-225 ºC4-8 MPa (580-1160 psi)Can achieve 1 kWh per 6.5 kg of steamA 55 MW plant requires 100 kg/s of steamFlash Steam Power PlantsGenerate between 5 and 100 MWUse 6 to 9 tones of steam per hourBinary Cycle Power PlantsLow temps – 100o and 150oCUse heat to vaporize organic liquidE.g., iso-butane, iso-pentaneTypically 7 to 12 % efficient0.1 – 40 MW units common
Two wires of different metal alloys.Converts thermal energy into electrical energy.Requires a temperature difference between measuring junction and reference junction.Easy to use and obtainTemperature RangeIts temperature range is -180 oC to 1300 oC.Nikal or platinum Wire wound around an insulator it is positive temperature Range of Pt100: –200° C to +850° C