The importance and basic type of listening, micro- and macro skills of Listening, and how to observing the performance and designed the assessment tasks

1. EFL Learning

2.  The two interacting concepts;
 Performance
 Observing
 The one important principle for assessing a learner’s competence is to
consider the fallibillity of the results of a single performance.
 The second principle is we must rely as much as possible on observable
performance in our assessments of students.
 Following design :
 Several tests that are combined to form an assessment
 A single test with multiple test tasks to account for learning styles and
performance variables
 In-class and extra-class graded work
 Alternative forms of assessment (e.g., journal, portofolio)
 Multiple measures will always give you a more reliable and valid
assessment than a single measure

3.  Listening is often implied as a component of speaking

4.  Designing appropriate assessment tasks in listening begin with the
specifiation of objectives, or criteria.
* Objectives may be classified in terms of several types of
listening performance
 The 4 stages in processing to flash through you brain:
 Recognize speech sound and hold temporary imprint of them in short-term
memory
 Determine the type of speech event
 Use linguistic decoding skills
 Delete the exact linguistic form in which the message was originally received in
favor of conceptually retaining important or relevant information in long-term
memory
 4 commonly identified types of listening performance
 Intensive
 Responsitive
 Selective
 extensive

5.  Microskills; attending to the smaller bits and chunks of
language
 Macroskills; focusing on the larger elements
 It is provided 17 different objectives to assess in listening
 8 reasons for what makes listening difficult;
 Clustering
 Redudancy
 Reduced forms
 Performance variables
 Colloquial language
 Rate of delivery
 Stress, ryhthm, and intonation
 interaction

6.  Investing Listening
 Recognizing Phonological and Morphological Elements
 Pharaprase recognition
 Reponsive Listening
 Selective Listening
 Listening Cloze
 Information Transfer
 Sentence Repetition
 Extensive Listening
 Dictation
 Communicative Stimulus-Response Tasks
 Authentic Listening Tasks

7.  Source : eflearners.blogspot.com