1. Antti Roose University of Tartu, Estonia SETTING INDICATORS FOR URBANIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF ESTONIA Ecocity World Summit 2008, San Francisco, CA
2. Suburbs for the masses arrived in 21. Century “G odzilla attacked new settlement” I nitiated by individual choices , how these decisions sum up over time and space to create sprawl .
8. Methods F ine-tuning and upgrading of the EU Urban Audit to enable an assessment of the state of dynamic, transitional cities, in particular tracking suburbanization processes, and to provide information for spatial planning. A comparison of the indicator scores will allow cities and suburban municipalities to judge their progress in urban qualities as a result of fast suburbanization. A few clear-cut time-series were selected to represent actual urban processes. Information compounded data from the historic core city and surrounding municipalities to demonstrate disparities of development.
9. 1. Demography 1.1. Total resident population 1.2. Demographic dependency: 2. Social Aspects 2.1. Total number of households 2.2. Average size of households 2.3. Number of dwellings 2.4. Number of houses/apartments 2.5. Average area of living accommodation 2.6. Average price for an apartment 2.7. Number of recorded crimes per 1,000 pop 3. Economic Aspects 3.1. Unemployment rate 3.2. Median disposable annual household income 3.3. Proportion of individuals reliant on social security 4. Civic Aspects 4.1. Proportion of registered electorate voting in city elections 5. Environmental and Land Use Aspects 5.1. Proportion of the area used for agricultural purposes 5.2. Proportion of the area in housing/residential use 5.3. Issued master plans 5.4. Percentage of dwellings connected to sewerage treatment system 5.5. Ecological footprint of residents 6. Travel and Transport 6.1. Net residential density – population per land area in housing 6.2. Number of registered cars 6.3. Length of public transport network per capita 6.4. Percentage of journeys to work by car 6.5. Percentage of journeys to work by bus
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11. Land reform 2 Unlimited availability of undeveloped land
12. Timeline of post-socialist suburbanization in Estonia Q uality C ontrol ; Issuing general plans Infill in the city; growing share of semi-detached and terraced houses Suburbanization slowing down 2007–present Massive issuing master plans; delay master plan; g reen networks Mid-size settlements in fringe; peak of detached houses; apartment houses in the core city Peak of suburbanization / patchy urban sprawl 2003–2006 No or few master plans; comprehensive city planning Small settlements in fringe ; ‘landmarks’ in the city Slow suburbanization 1998–2002 No master plans; shortage of planning know-how; few districts in the city Vacant plots in the core city; single plots at the fringe; individual develop. Slow urbanization 1992–1997 Planning practice Key areas of development Urbanization process Period
29. Highway landscape Separation of l ight traffic and pavements. Features of highways destroy city environment and scare pedestrians
30. Ecological footprint of the Tartu suburbanites 76% 0.90 5000 kWh Household energy 9% 0.11 200 m 2 Construction 15% 0.18 20 km Transport gha/ cap / y Unit
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33. How to suburbanize? * Network-city: neighborhood, surrounding similarly important, spatial unity * County service centers * Center-periphery * Structural diversity
34. How to suburbanize? * The indicators’ approach as an efficient analytical tool for planning support systems. * T o control urban expansion so that urban areas can develop in a more sustainable manner. * T he planning quality using participatory means
