I-2DP Colloquium Accra James Mackie, Senior Advisor EU Development Policy 23 April 2015

1. I-2DP Colloquium
Accra
James Mackie, Senior Advisor EU Development Policy
23 April 2015
The Post-2015 Global
Development Agenda
and the EU

2. • Some Propositions
• Post-2015 Agenda – process so far
• UN process on post-2015
• The Agenda
• EU interest in MDGs and now post-2015
• EU Development policy
• EU ODA levels
• EU positions for post-2015
• Moving beyond the MDGs
• Financing for Development
• Likely outcomes
Outline
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3. 1. Agreement on value of a global
development agenda
2. Yet there is core dilemma:
• Limitations of MDGs
• Scale & complexity of SDG agenda
1. Europe continues to support:
• Need for international development
• Willing to tackle global challenges
• Multilateral and collective approach
1. But Europeans also
• Unsure of wider international support
• Want to move on from North-South model
Some propositions
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4. • Extensive consultations at national level
• High-Level Panel Report – June 2013
• OWG – Proposals on SDGs – July 2014
• ICESDF – Report on finance – Aug 2014
• UNSG Synthesis Report, Nov 2014
• January 2015: negotiating process started
• UN processes
• Negotiating in Blocks: G77+China & EU
• EU engagement
• Various communications DEVCO+ENV
• European Reports on Development
• 2013 – Post-MDG agenda
• 2015 – Finance & development
Post-2015 process to date
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5. General agreement seems to exist on:
1.Sustainable development
• Social agenda not enough on its own
• All 3 pillars: social, economic & environmental
1.Transformative change
• Tackle causes not just symptoms
1.Universality
• MDGs were about development in South
• SDG agenda is about both North and South
Can this be sustained & will it work?
At this stage in process
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6. • UN High-Level Panel conclusions – June 2013
• Chairs: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono, David Cameron
• Proposed a universal agenda with five big
‘transformative shifts’:
1. Leave no-one behind
2. Put sustainable development at the core
3. Transform economies for jobs and inclusive
growth
4. Build peace & effective, open and accountable
institutions for all
5. Forge a new global partnership
Transformative agenda
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7. 1.End poverty
2.Achieve food security and improved nutrition
3.Ensure healthy lives and well-being
4.Inclusive and equitable education
5.Gender equality and empower women and girls
6.Availability of water & sanitation
7.Affordable, reliable & sustainable energy
8.Inclusive & sustainable growth
9.Resilient infrastructure, inclusive industrialisation
10.Reduce inequality within & among countries
11.Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient & sustainable
12.Sustainable consumption & production
13.Urgent action to combat climate change
14.Sustainable use of oceans, seas & marine resources
15.Sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems
16.Peaceful & inclusive societies, justice for all, inclusive
institutions
17.Strengthen finance, Means of Implementation, global
partnership & PCSD
Goa
…
EnvirEconomic,Social:MDG1-6
7

8. Drivers of changes in EU thinking since 2000
• Agreement on objectives – the MDGs
• Culmination of series of UN conferences in 1990s
• Scale – Monterrey Consensus – 2002
• Doubling of ODA levels by 2015
• Approach – how to improve results?
• Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness 2005, AAA, Busan
• Motivation – changing geo-political priorities
• Concern with security since 9/11
• New concerns with natural resources …
• New actors – China, India, Korea, Turkey…
• More recently other emerging issues:
• Growing proactiveness of partner countries …
• New thinking on poverty and on aid itself
• Post-2015 – move to International Cooperation? Page 8

9. EU Development Policy
• European Consensus on Development 2005
– Principles: ownership, partnership, dialogue, work
with variety of actors including CS and private sector
– Poverty focus, achieve MDGs, More Aid, Better Aid …
– Cross-cutting issues: gender, environment, Human
Rights, rights of children, indigenous peoples,
combating HIV/AIDS …
– Policy coherence for development (PCD)
– Joint EU action: coordination & complementarity
• Agenda for Change 2011
• Improve impact – concentrate on two priority areas: (i)
governance and (ii) inclusive growth
• Ensure best value for money – target resources,
withdraw from some countries, coordinated action and
PCD
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10. EU Member States - ODA
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11. Performance against target: EU Member States
(EU Accountability Report, 2014)
targets. No Member State that has not yet reached its 2015 target expects to be able to do so on
time.
Figure 4.2.3b – Gap between 2015 targets and 2013 results 176
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12. ODA/GNI - 1995-2011
Performance of DAC donors
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Source: DAC & 2012 EU Accountability Report

13. EU Donor Atlas 2008
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14. • Built a joint EU position (EU+MS, Dev+Env)
• Committed to multilateral approach
New Global Partnership [COM, 4 Feb 2015]
should be based on:
• Shared responsibility, mutual accountability
& respective capacity
• Cover 3 pillars of sustainable development
• Universality principle accepted
• Support for 0.7% ODA/GNI target but wants
other parties to make commitments too
• Aid should be targeted and effectively used
• Good policy and PCD (policy coherence for
development) is vital
• Monitoring, accountability & review system
EU position on post-2015
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15. • European Reports on Development
• Independent reports based on research
• Financed by European Commission and some
member states
• ERD 2013: Post-2015: Global Action for an
Inclusive & Sustainable Future
• ERD 2015: Combining Finance & Policies for
a Transformative post-2015 Global
Development Agenda
• ERD 2015 to be launched on 4 May, Brussels
• All documents including background papers
and case studies on: www.erd-report.eu
The ERD
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16. • Unprecedented mobilisation of collective action
• Yet ownership of agenda very variable
• Pushed aid towards social sectors
• Poverty did go down, but aid not only reason
• Inequalities increased
• Both nationally and internationally
• Lack of emphasis on economic growth and
productive sectors
• Sustainability issues not tackled
• Global partnership
• Did not materialise in various areas (e.g. trade,
climate change, etc.)
• ODA target not met though levels did go up
ERD 2013 – Lessons from the
MDGs
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17. • Dramatic global fall in extreme poverty …
• Yet 1.2bn people still poor
• Measurement: need to use both international &
national poverty lines
• Inequality needs to become an explicit focus
• Reduce through: fiscal measures, social
protection policies …
• Group based inequalities – often very persistent
• Multidimensionality – look at wider range of
issues & cumulative effect
• Vulnerability – take a dynamic view
• Sustainability – Poor exposed most + think of
future generations
• Poor peoples’ own experience – well-being
approaches
Understanding poverty better
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18. ERD 2013 - Beyond Aid & Beyond MDGs
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19. • A transformative agenda - wider and
more structurally transformative approach
• National ownership is key - more careful
attention to how global goals relate to
national policy needs and targets
• Scale up global collective action on:
1. International finance, trade, migration and
climate change
2. Policy Coherence for Development
3. Continue to increase both level and
effectiveness of aid
ERD 2013 - Key Messages
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20. • Beyond MDGs:
• Sustainable development integrated agenda
•Start from enablers of transformative change
• Beyond Aid:
•Consider all forms of development finance and
means of implementation
•Policies for mobilisation and effective use of
finance
•Importance of PCD / PCSD – effect of other
policies on development
•Global collective action on a package of
international and national measures
Starting point for ERD 2015
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21. Consider policy and finance to enable a
transformative post-2015 agenda
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22. Consider all financial resources for
sustainable development
Trends in finance to developing countries
($ billion, 2011 prices), 2002–2011
Sources: (See report) IMF, OECD, WDI, etc.
22

23. Composition of finance varies by
level of income (% of GDP)
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24. Domestic private finance
International private finance
Domestic public finance
Domestic public finance
Domestic private finance
International private finance
Domestic public finance
International public finance
International public
finance
Level of income
Domestic private finance
International private finance
…typical evolution in dominant sources of finance sources:
Bangladesh 2000-2012 ($):
-GDP up by 150%
-Aid up by 75%
-Tax revenues up by 280%
Indonesia: oil revenues pre 1986.
After fall in oil price 1986:
-FDI in manufacturing / services
-From foreign to domestic debt
Source: ERD illustrations on Bangladesh, Ecuador, Indonesia, Mauritius, Moldova, and Tanzania
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25. ERD 2015 – Main Messages
1. There are many sources of finance which
tend to vary by level of income and type of
enabler
2. Policy matters: finance important but not
enough; essential to encourage appropriate
policies for effective use and mobilisation:
• Domestic policy and financial
frameworks for mobilising domestic
resources and facilitating their effective use
for sustainable development
• A conducive global policy environment
• International public finance to be used in
a more focused and catalytic manner
1. Need for a monitoring and accountability
framework to encourage appropriate action
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26. Applying the universality
principle
• Implies that goals and targets are
relevant to all governments and actors
• Three types of targets:
• Type I - Domestic development Outcomes
(e.g. eradicate poverty, reduce violence)
• Type II - Responsibilities to assist other
countries (e.g. ODA, specific ‘beyond aid’
policies)
• Type III - Responsibilities for supporting
progress towards global common goods
(fair international systems, sustainable
consumption/production, etc.)
• Universality implies differentiation
• What can each contribute?
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27. • ODA levels – further increases unlikely as
long as financial crisis continues
• Targeting of aid
• LDCs & fragile states
• Focus on catalytic use of ODA
• Revision of European Consensus in 2016?
• Integration of development policies with
other policies?
• One ‘global strategy’ with development
policy as one element?
• Universality – how far will EU go internally?
Impact of post-2015 on EU
Development policy
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28. • UN block system for negotiations not ideal
for building coalitions of the willing
• G77+China and the EU are probably key
• Complication of having separate tracks for
climate change and trade
• FFD Addis – will it move beyond ODA?
• What other commitments to expect?
• EU negotiators apparently feel
• Unhappy with sequencing of conferences:
Finance before agenda
• China playing a constructive role
• Africa also better organised, clearer than in
past & not just interested in ODA
The UN negotiations …
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29. • Threshold moment – but many potential
pitfalls …
• Will coalitions emerge?
• SDG agenda – necessary, but with so many
goals and targets unlikely to work like MDGs
• Monitoring and accountability is key
• FFD Addis – need a range of contributions
(finance and policies) on the table
• UNGA – will unity on the agenda seen in
2014 be maintained?
• COP21, Paris – will enough parties agree to
make commitments?
• EU committed but looking for friends
Conclusions
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30. Thank you
jm@ecdpm.org
www.ecdpm.org
www.slideshare.net/ecdpm
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