operant conditioning

Operant Conditioning Compare and contrast the four methods used to modify behavior in operant conditioning (positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and response cost), giving original examples of how each can be used in the classroom. Include in your answer a discussion of the four schedules of reinforcement, describing the likely response pattern associated with each. Give original examples of how each can be used in the classroom. Developed by W. Huitt (1998)

Operant Conditioning The major theorists for the development of operant conditioning are: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object]

Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Operant Conditioning Outcomes of Conditioning Increase Behavior Decrease Behavior Stimulus Positive/pleasant Negative/Aversive Add Positive Reinforcement Subtract Response Cost Subtract Negative Reinforcement Add Punishment

Schedules of consequences Stimuli are presented in the environment according to a schedule of which there are two basic categories: ,[object Object],[object Object]

Schedules of consequences Continuous reinforcement simply means that the behavior is followed by a consequence each time it occurs. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Schedules of consequences Intermittent schedules are based either on the ,[object Object],OR ,[object Object]

Schedules of consequences The consequence can be delivered based on ,[object Object],OR ,[object Object]

Schedules of consequences This results in an four classes of intermittent schedules. Fixed Interval ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Schedules of consequences Pattern of behavior for fixed interval schedule

Schedules of consequences Variable Interval ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Schedules of consequences Pattern of behavior for variable interval schedule

Schedules of consequences Fixed Ratio ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Schedules of consequences Pattern of behavior for fixed ratio schedule

Schedules of consequences Variable Ratio ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Schedules of consequences Pattern of behavior for variable ratio schedule

Premack Principle ,[object Object],[object Object]

Premack Principle ,[object Object],1. Asking students what they would like to do. 2. Observing students during free time. 3. Knowledge of interests of a particular age group.

Rules In Analyzing Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],OR ,[object Object]

Rules In Analyzing Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Analyzing An Example ,[object Object],[object Object],Camping out

Analyzing An Example ,[object Object],b. Was the behavior strengthened or weakened? Weakened (Behavior decreased) Eliminate positive and negative reinforcement

Analyzing An Example ,[object Object],Having water thrown on him. ,[object Object],d. Was the behavior consequence added or subtracted? Added

Analyzing An Example ,[object Object],Since a consequence was ADDED and the behavior was WEAKENED (REDUCED), the process was PUNISHMENT.

Analyzing An Example ,[object Object],An excellent web-based presentation on positive reinforcement is provided at: http://server.bmod.athabascau.ca/html/prtut/reinpair.htm

operant conditioning

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operant conditioning