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Eachtra Journal

Issue 10                                                        [ISSN 2009-2237]




                  Archaeological Excavation Report
                  E2423 - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork
           Prehistoric activity, including a Bronze age structure
EACHTRA
Archaeological Projects   Archaeological Excavation Report
                          Prehistoric activity, including a
                          Bronze age structure at
                          Gortnahown 1
                          Co Cork
                          May 2011




               Client: Cork County Council and National
                       Roads Authority

              Project: N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown
                 E No: E2423

Excavation Director: Julianna O'Donoghue

          Written by: Julianna O'Donoghue
Archaeological Excavation Report
                                       Gortnahown 1
                                                     Co Cork




                                                   Excavation Director

                                         Julianna O'Donoghue

                                                         Written By

                                         Julianna O'Donoghue




                                                       EACHTRA
                                                       Archaeological Projects




                           CORK                                                                 GALWAY
               The Forge, Innishannon, Co. Cork                           Unit 10, Kilkerrin Park, Liosbain Industrial Estate, Galway
tel: 021 4701616 | web: www.eachtra.ie | email: info@eachtra.ie       tel: 091 763673 | web: www.eachtra.ie | email: galway@eachtra.ie
© Eachtra Archaeological Projects 2011
  The Forge, Innishannon, Co Cork




          Printed in Ireland
Table of Contents
       Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii
       Acknowledgements�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iv
1	     Scope	of	the	project		�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
2	     Route	location��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
3	     Receiving	environment	��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
4	     Archaeological	and	historical	background	��������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
5	     Site	Location	and	Topography	�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
6	     Excavation	methodology	������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9
7	     Excavation	results	������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 14
       Area1��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14
       Area2��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
       Plantremains����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
                             �
       Burntbone���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
       Animalbone����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
       Stonefind�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
                      �
       RadiocarbonDating��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
8	     Discussion	�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
9	     References	��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
Appendix	1	 Stratigraphic	Matrix	������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31
Appendix	2	 Site	matrix	�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46
Appendix	3	 Groups	and	subgroups	������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48
                                �
Appendix	4	 Finds	Register	������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 55
Appendix	5	 Plant	Remains	Report	���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������56
Appendix	6	 Osteoarchaeological	Report	�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57
                                      �
Appendix	7	 	Animal	Bone	Report	����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63




                                                                                                                                                                                       i
List of Figures
     Figure	1:	       The	route	of	the	N8	Fermoy	to	Mitchelstown	Bypass	overlain	on	the	Ordnance	Survey	
                      Discovery	Series	map�	������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
     Figure	2:	       The	route	of	the	N8	Fermoy	to	Mitchelstown	Bypass	overlain	on	the	first	edition	Ord-
                      nance	Survey	map	CO010,	011,	019,	020,	027	and	028�	����������������������������������������������������������������� 3
     Figure	3:	       The	route	of	the	N8	Fermoy	to	Mitchelstown	Bypass	overlain	on	the	RMP	map	CO010,	
                      011,	019,	020,	027	and	028�	The	map	is	based	on	the	second	edition	Ordnance	Survey	
                      maps�	�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
     Figure	4:	       Post-excavation	plan	of	Gortnahown	1	Area	1�	����������������������������������������������������������������������������10
                                                                  �
     Figure	5:	       Section	of	pit	C�82	����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
                                         �
     Figure	6:	       Post-excavation	plan	of	Gortnahown	1	Area	2�	���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
     Figure	7:	       Post-excavation	plan	of	structure	at	Gortnahown	1	Area	2�	���������������������������������������������������� 17
     Figure	8:	       Section	of	foundation	trenches	C�25,	C�65	and	C�27�		����������������������������������������������������������������� 18
     Figure	9:	       Section	of	pit	C�28������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21
     Figure	10:	 Topographical	map	showing	the	location	of	Gortnahown	1	E2423,	Gortnahown	2	
                 E2426	and	Gortnahown	3	E2477�	��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27


     List of Plates
     Plate	1:	        View	of	Gortnahown	1	Area	1,	from	south-west�	������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
     Plate	2:	        Post-ex	view	of	pit	(C�54)	and	stake-hole	(C�58)	Area	1,	from	east	����������������������������������������� 12
     Plate	3:	        Post-ex	view	of	pit	(C�41)	Area	1,	from	south-east�	����������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
     Plate	4:	        Post-excavation	view	of	pit	(C�25)	Area	1,	from	south-east�	����������������������������������������������������� 15
     Plate	5:	        Mid-excavation	view	of	hearth	(C�80)	Area	1,	from	north-west�	��������������������������������������������� 16
     Plate	6:	        Post-excavation	view	of	pit	(C�82)	Area	1,	from	south-west�	���������������������������������������������������� 16
     Plate	7:	        Post-excavation	view	of	pit	(C�88)	Area	1,	from	north�	��������������������������������������������������������������� 19
     Plate	8:	        Aerial	view	of	Gortnahown	1	Area	2,	from	the	north-east�	������������������������������������������������������20
     Plate	9:	        Closer	aerial	view	of	excavated	features	in	Gortnahown	1	Area	2,																																				
                      from	the	north-east���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20
     Plate	10:	       View	of	saddle	quern	E2423:36:1	��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24



     List of Tables
     Table	1	         Dimensions	of	pits	in	the	eastern	part	of	Area	1	�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
     Table	2	         Dimensions	of	hearth	and	pits	������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 19
     Table	3	         Dimensions	of	pits	and	slot	trenches	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
     Table	4	         Dimensions	of	post-holes	in	the	interior	of	the	structure	���������������������������������������������������������23
     Table	5	         Radiocarbon	dates	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
     Table	6	         Bronze	Age	houses	on	the	N8	Fermoy	Mitchelstown		���������������������������������������������������������������28




ii
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                      http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




Summary
The excavation of the site at Gortnahown 1 comprised two separate areas of excavation.
A group of over 30 pits, post-holes and stake-holes were excavated in Area 1. An Early
Bronze Age and an Iron Age date were returned from pits in Area 1. At Area 2 there were
26 cut features, these included six slot trenches, five pits, eight stake-holes and four post-
holes, which represented the truncated remains of a Bronze Age house. A saddle quern, a
small quantity of charred animal bone and a token deposit of the cremated remains of a
juvenile were recovered from the Bronze Age house.

Road project name                      N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown
Site name                              Gortnahown 1
Ministerial Order no.                  A040
E no.                                  E2423
Site director                          Julianna O’Donoghue
Townland                               Gortnahown
Parish                                 Glanworth
Barony                                 Condons  Clangibbon
OS Map Sheet No.                       CO019
National Grid Reference                180714 109340




                                                                                                                    iii
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                           archaEoloGical Excavation rEport




              Acknowledgements
              The senior archaeologist was John Tierney and the post-excavation managers were Penny
              Johnston and Jacinta Kiely. Administration of the project was by Choryna Kiely and
              Fiona Greene. Illustrations are by Ben Blakeman and Maurizio Toscano. Photographs are
              by John Sunderland, Hawkeye and Eachtra Archaeological Projects. Specialist analysis
              was carried out by Mary Dillon, Penny Johnston, Linda Lynch, Margaret McCarthy and
              the 14 Chrono Centre at Queen’s University Belfast. The project was funded by the Irish
              Government under the National Development Plan 2007-2013 and was commissioned by
              Cork County Council on behalf of the National Roads Authority. The project archaeolo-
              gist was Ken Hanley.




iv
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                     http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




1     Scope of the project
The archaeological works associated with the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown was carried out
on behalf of Cork County Council, National Road Design Office, Richmond, Glanmire,
Co. Cork. The project was funded by the Irish Government under the National Devel-
opment Plan 2007-2013. The total archaeological cost was administered by the National
Roads Authority through Cork County Council as part of the Authority’s commitment
to protecting our cultural heritage. The purpose of the archaeological services project was
to conduct archaeological site investigations within the lands made available, to assess the
nature and extent of any potential new sites uncovered and to preserve by record those
sites of agreed archaeological significance, as approved by the Department of Environ-
ment, Heritage and Local Government in consultation with the National Museum of
Ireland.
     Phase 1 of the project (archaeological testing of the route) was carried out in October
2005 under licence 05E1150 issued by Department of the Environment Heritage and Lo-
cal Government (DoEHLG). The principal aim of this phase of the project was to test for
any previously unknown sites by a programme of centreline and offset testing and to test
sites of archaeological potential identified in the EIS and geophysical surveying. Five Cul-
tural Heritage Sites were tested under individual excavation licences 05E1122-05E1126.
     Phase 2 of the project (resolution) involved the resolution of all archaeological sites
identified within the proposed road corridor prior to commencement of the construction
of the road. This phase of the project was carried out from September 2006 to September
2007 and excavations were conducted under the management of a Senior Archaeologist.
A total of 28 sites were excavated during this phase of works under separate licences issued
by DoEHLG.
     A post-excavation assessment and strategy document was prepared in Phase 3 of the
project to present a management strategy for dealing with post-excavation work arising
from archaeological works along the route of the new N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown. It
included a proposal for post-excavation and archiving work and a budget for the works.
The document detailed the location of the route, the receiving environment, the archaeo-
logical and historical background, the scope of the project and the circumstances and
scope of fieldwork. The document presented a scheme-wide summary of the archaeologi-
cal findings, a research framework within which the findings were dealt with and a pub-
lication plan and dissemination strategy for the end results.



2     Route location
The route of the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown road is located in the rich pastureland of
North Cork (Figures 1 and 2). The project involves the construction of c. 16 km of the N8
from Gortore north of Fermoy to Carrigane north-east of Mitchelstown. The N8 Fermoy
to Mitchelstown road passes through the townlands of Gortore, Ballynacarriga, Glen-
wood, Ballinglanna North, Ballinrush, Caherdrinny, Gortnahown, Ballybeg, Turbeagh,



                                                                                                                   1
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                                                                                                                                               archaEoloGical Excavation rEport


                                                                                                                                                                                                                      N

                                                           Derry
                                      Donegal                              Antrim


                                                       Tyrone


                                   Leitrim Fermanagh             Armagh       Down

                         Sligo

                                                   Cavan
                                                                                                                                                                          Garryleagh 1          Carrigane 1
                                                                     Louth
               Mayo
                               Roscommon Longford                                                                                                                         E2433                 E2434
                                                                Meath

                                            Westmeath                     Dublin
                          Gal ay
                            w
                                           Offaly
                                                               Kildare


                       Clare
                                                   Laois                 Wicklow                                                                                  Kildrum 1
                                                            Carlow                                                                                                E3971
                                       Tippeary
                                           r
                                                    Kilkenny
                      Limerick                                      Wexford
                                                                                                                                                         Kilshanny 3
           Kerry                 N8        Waterford                                                                                                     E2432
                          Cork




                                                                                                                                                                          Kilshanny 2
                                                                                                                                                                          E2431

                                                                                                                                           Ballynamona 2               Kilshanny 1
                                                                                                                                           E2429                       E2430




                                                                                                                                                              Ballynamona 1
                                                                                                                          Glenatluckly 1                      E2428
                                                                                                                          E2427




                                                                                             Gortnahown 2
                                                                                             E2426


                                                                                     Gortnahown 1
                                                                                        Gortnahown 1                         Gortnahown 3
                                                                                        E2423
                                                                                     E2423                                   E2477


                                                                                   Gortnahown 4
                                                                                   E3832



                                                                                                            Caherdrinny 3
                                                                                                            E2422

                                                                                                            Caherdrinny 2
                                                                                                            E2421




                                                                                                                           Caherdrinny 1
                                                                                                                           E2420
                                                                                                                              Ballinrush 1
                                                                                                                              E2419




                                                                                                                                 Ballinglanna North 5
                                                                                                                                 E2418
                                                                                                                                  Ballinglanna North 4
                                                                                                                                  E2417



                                                                                                                                   Ballinglanna North 3
                                                                                                                                   E2416
                                                                                                                                    Ballinglanna North 6
                                                                                                                                    E3972



                                                                                                                                    Ballinglanna North 2
                                                                                                                                    E2415

                                                                                                                                    Ballinglanna North 1
                                                                                                                                    E2414
                                                                                                   Ballynacarriga 3
                                                                                                   E2412
                                                                                                       Ballynacarriga 2
                                                                                                       E2413

                                                                                                       Ballynacarriga 1
    Key                                                                                                E2411
      Post Medieval                                                                                            Gortore 1B
      Early Medieval                                                                                           E2410
                                                                                                                  Gortore 2
      Prehistoric Site
                                                                                                                  E3973
      Prehistoric Settlement Site
      Burnt Mound
      Non-archaeological
                                                                           0km                                             2km
                   Townland Boundaries


Figure	1:	 The	route	of	the	N8	Fermoy	to	Mitchelstown	Bypass	overlain	on	the	Ordnance	Survey	Discovery	Series	map�


2
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                                                                                                                       http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/


                                                                                                                                                                                                                   N

                                                         Derry
                                    Donegal                              Antrim


                                                     Tyrone


                                 Leitrim Fermanagh             Armagh       Down

                       Sligo

                                                 Cavan
                                                                                                                                                                        Garryleagh 1   Carrigane 1
                                                                   Louth
             Mayo
                             Roscommon Longford                                                                                                                         E2433          E2434
                                                              Meath

                                           Westmeath                    Dublin
                        Gal ay
                          w
                                         Offaly
                                                             Kildare


                     Clare
                                                 Laois                 Wicklow                                                                                  Kildrum 1
                                                          Carlow                                                                                                E3971
                                     Tippeary
                                         r
                                                  Kilkenny
                    Limerick                                      Wexford
                                                                                                                                                       Kilshanny 3
         Kerry                 N8        Waterford                                                                                                     E2432
                        Cork




                                                                                                                                                                        Kilshanny 2
                                                                                                                                                                        E2431

                                                                                                                                         Ballynamona 2               Kilshanny 1
                                                                                                                                         E2429                       E2430




                                                                                                                                                            Ballynamona 1
                                                                                                                        Glenatluckly 1                      E2428
                                                                                                                        E2427




                                                                                           Gortnahown 2
                                                                                           E2426


                                                                                   Gortnahown 1
                                                                                      Gortnahown 1                         Gortnahown 3
                                                                                      E2423
                                                                                   E2423                                   E2477


                                                                                 Gortnahown 4
                                                                                 E3832



                                                                                                          Caherdrinny 3
                                                                                                          E2422

                                                                                                          Caherdrinny 2
                                                                                                          E2421




                                                                                                                         Caherdrinny 1
                                                                                                                         E2420
                                                                                                                            Ballinrush 1
                                                                                                                            E2419




                                                                                                                               Ballinglanna North 5
                                                                                                                               E2418
                                                                                                                                Ballinglanna North 4
                                                                                                                                E2417



                                                                                                                                 Ballinglanna North 3
                                                                                                                                 E2416
                                                                                                                                  Ballinglanna North 6
                                                                                                                                  E3972



                                                                                                                                  Ballinglanna North 2
                                                                                                                                  E2415

                                                                                                                                  Ballinglanna North 1
                                                                                                                                  E2414
                                                                                                 Ballynacarriga 3
                                                                                                 E2412
                                                                                                     Ballynacarriga 2
                                                                                                     E2413

                                                                                                     Ballynacarriga 1
  Key                                                                                                E2411
    Post Medieval                                                                                            Gortore 1B
    Early Medieval                                                                                           E2410
                                                                                                                Gortore 2
    Prehistoric Site
                                                                                                                E3973
    Prehistoric Settlement Site
    Burnt Mound
    Non-archaeological
                                                                         0km                                             2km
                 Townland Boundaries


Figure	2:	 The	 route	 of	 the	 N8	 Fermoy	 to	 Mitchelstown	 Bypass	 overlain	 on	 the	 first	 edition	 Ordnance	 Survey	 map	
           CO010,	011,	019,	020,	027	and	028�
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       3
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                              archaEoloGical Excavation rEport




              Glenatlucky, Ballynamona, Kilshanny, Corracunna, Kildrum, Garryleagh, and Carrig-
              ane. The townlands are located in the parishes of Kilcrumper, Glanworth and Brigown
              and Barony of Condons  Clangibbon, with the exception of Gortore, and Glenwood,
              which are located in the Barony of Fermoy.
                  The route begins at the northern end of the Fermoy Bypass at Gortore, c. 2km north
              of Fermoy, and continues northwards across the River Funshion, and to the west of the
              Glencorra Stream, a tributary of the Funshion, for 4 km. At Caherdrinny, it crosses over
              the western extremities of the Kilworth Mountains. From there it descends north-east-
              wards onto the broad plain that extends east and north-eastwards from Mitchelstown. It
              crosses the existing N8 at Gortnahown and passes to the east of Mitchelstown, crossing
              the R665 Mitchelstown-Ballyporeen road and links up with the N8 Cashel Mitchelstown
              Road at Carrigane south of Kilbeheny and 2 km west of where the borders of the Cork,
              Limerick and Tipperary counties meet.



              3      Receiving environment
              The topography of East Cork and Waterford consists of east/west valleys separated by in-
              tervening ridges. The ridges consist of sandstones and mudstones of the Devonian Period
              (Old Red Sandstone) laid down 355-410 million years ago and the valleys of Carbonifer-
              ous limestones laid down 290-355 million years ago. The sediments covering many of the
              rocks are mainly of glacial origin deposited by glacial ice or meltwater (Sleeman et al.
              1995, 1).
                  The landscape of the area is dominated by the Galtee Mountains to the north, the
              Ballyhoura Mountains to the north-west, the Kilworth Mountains to the east and the
              Nagles to the south. The landscape is drained by the Blackwater River, the Funshion
              River (which flows into the Blackwater River c. 2 km north-east of Fermoy), and the
              Glencorra Stream, a tributary of the Funshion River. The largest population centres in
              the area, Fermoy and Mitchelstown, have developed on the banks of the River Blackwater
              and Gradoge (a tributary of the Funshion), respectively.
                  The route begins at Gortore, c. 2 km north of Fermoy, at an elevation of c. 40 m OD.
              At Caherdrinny, it rises to its maximum elevation of c. 180 m OD as it crosses over the
              western extremities of the Kilworth Mountains, before descending onto the broad plain
              that that extends east and north-eastwards from Mitchelstown, at an elevation of 100-120
              m OD.
                  The soils on the southern portion of the route are characterised by acid brown earths
              derived from mixed sandstone and limestone glacial till. These soils occur generally in
              the valleys of Cork and Waterford (Gardiner and Radford 1980, 61), and have a wide use
              range, being suitable for tillage and grass production. The soils on the western limits of
              Kilworth Mountains are characterised by brown podzolics derived from sandstone. The
              soils on the northern portion of the route are characterised by brown podzolics derived
              from sandstone and shale glacial till. They have a wide range of potential uses and are well



4
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                     http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




suited to arable and pastoral farming (ibid., 67). Land use along the route was almost en-
tirely grassland devoted to intensive dairying and cattle-rearing, with only an occasional
tillage field.



4     Archaeological and historical background
Archaeological sites of numerous periods were discovered along the route of the new
road (Figure 2). The periods are referred to as follows: Mesolithic (c. 8000 to 4000 BC),
Neolithic (c. 4000 to 2000 BC), Chalcolithic (Beaker) (c. 2500-2000 BC), Bronze Age
(c. 2000 to 500 BC), and Iron Age (c. 500 BC to AD 500), early medieval period (c. AD
500 to 1100), medieval period (c. AD 1100 to 1650), post-medieval period (c. AD 1650 to
the present).
    A number of Giant Irish Deer (Megaloceros giganteus) skulls, large antlers, antler frag-
ments and various long-bones were retrieved from the clay sediments, c. 1.5 m below the
peat stratum at Ballyoran Bog (04E1014) on the route of the N8 Rathcormac Fermoy.
A radiocarbon date of cal BC 11201-10962 was returned for the Giant Irish Deer. Gi-
ant Irish Deer are extinct but are known to have inhabited Ireland during two separate
periods in the Pleistocene (from 37,000-32,000 BP and 11,750-10,950 BP), with examples
from lake deposits beneath peat bogs frequently dating to the period between 11,750 BP
and 10,950 BP (Woodman et al. 1997). The Ballyoran Bog examples were found in this
typical location of lacustrine (lake ) sediments beneath peat and they therefore pre-date
the beginnings of bog formation and the first human settlement of the area.


Mesolithic (c. 8000 to 4000 BC)
The earliest known human settlement in Ireland dates from the Mesolithic period (c.
8000 BC - 4000 BC). In Munster, the majority of the evidence (flint scatters) for Meso-
lithic occupation has ‘come from the Blackwater valley in Co. Cork’ (Woodman 1989,
116). Flint scatters were recorded in the townlands of Kilcummer Lower (CO034-060)
on the northern bank of the Blackwater c. 13 km to the south-west of the route and in
Ballynamona (CO018-099) and Wallstown (CO018-100) on the northern and southern
sides of the Awbeg river respectively c. 20 km to the west of the route (Power et al. 2000,
2). Mesolithic sites and find spots were recorded on other road schemes in Co. Cork, these
included; Rath-healy 3 03E1678 and Curraghprevin 3 03E1138 (N8 Rathcormac Fermoy
Bypass), Ballynacarriaga 1 01E0567 (N25 Youghal Bypass), Ballinaspig More 5 01E0546
(N22 Ballincollig Bypass) and Carrigrohane 3 02E0431 (N22 BG).
    Mesolithic activity was recorded on the route of the N8 Fermoy-Mitchelstown at
Gortore E2410 and at Caherdrinny 3 E2422 and Mesolithic stone tools were recovered
from Ballinglanna North 1 E2414, Ballinglanna North 3 E2416 and Ballinglanna North
6 E3972.




                                                                                                                   5
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                                                                                                                                                   archaEoloGical Excavation rEport


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   N

                                                              Derry
                                         Donegal                              Antrim


                                                          Tyrone


                                      Leitrim Fermanagh             Armagh       Down

                            Sligo

                                                      Cavan
                                                                                                                                                                              Garryleagh 1          Carrigane 1
                                                                        Louth
                  Mayo
                                  Roscommon Longford                                                                                                                          E2433                 E2434
                                                                   Meath

                                               Westmeath                     Dublin
                             Gal ay
                               w
                                              Offaly
                                                                  Kildare


                          Clare
                                                      Laois                 Wicklow                                                                                   Kildrum 1
                                                               Carlow                          RMP Sheet No. CO10                                                     E3971
                                          Tippeary
                                              r
                                                       Kilkenny
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   RMP Sheet No. CO11
                         Limerick                                      Wexford
                                                                                                                                                             Kilshanny 3
              Kerry                 N8        Waterford                                                                                                      E2432
                             Cork




                                                                                                                                                                              Kilshanny 2
                                                                                                                                                                              E2431

                                                                                                                                               Ballynamona 2               Kilshanny 1
                                                                                                                                               E2429                       E2430




                                                                                                                                                                  Ballynamona 1
                                                                                                                              Glenatluckly 1                      E2428
                                                                                                                              E2427




                                                                                                Gortnahown 2
                                                                                                E2426


                                                                                        Gortnahown 1
                                                                                           Gortnahown 1                          Gortnahown 3
                                                                                           E2423
                                                                                        E2423                                    E2477


                                                                                      Gortnahown 4
                                                                                      E3832



                                                                                                                Caherdrinny 3
                                                                                                                E2422

                                                                                                                Caherdrinny 2
                                                                                                                E2421




MP Sheet No. CO19
                                                                                                                               Caherdrinny 1                                                                        RMP Sheet No. CO20

                                                                                                                               E2420
                                                                                                                                  Ballinrush 1
                                                                                                                                  E2419




                                                                                                                                     Ballinglanna North 5
                                                                                                                                     E2418
                                                                                                                                      Ballinglanna North 4
                                                                                                                                      E2417



                                                                                                                                       Ballinglanna North 3
                                                                                                                                       E2416
                                                                                                                                        Ballinglanna North 6
                                                                                                                                        E3972



                                                                                                                                        Ballinglanna North 2
                                                                                                                                        E2415

                                                                                                                                        Ballinglanna North 1
                                                                                                                                        E2414
                                                                                                         Ballynacarriga 3
                                                                                                         E2412
                                                                                                          Ballynacarriga 2
                                                                                                          E2413
RMP Sheet No. CO27
                                                                                                           Ballynacarriga 1
    Key                                                                                                    E2411
        Post Medieval                                                                                               Gortore 1B
        Early Medieval                                                                                              E2410
                                                                                                                      Gortore 2
        Prehistoric Site
                                                                                                                      E3973
        Prehistoric Settlement Site
        Burnt Mound
        Non-archaeological
                                                                              0km                                              2km                                                                                RMP Sheet No. CO28
                      Townland Boundaries


Figure	3:	 The	route	of	the	N8	Fermoy	to	Mitchelstown	Bypass	overlain	on	the	RMP	map	CO010,	011,	019,	020,	027	and	
           028�	The	map	is	based	on	the	second	edition	Ordnance	Survey	maps�
6
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                     http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




Neolithic (c. 4000 to 2000 BC)
The Neolithic Period is characterised by the introduction of agriculture and the begin-
nings of the clearance of the woodlands. The population increased and became more
sedentary in nature. A substantial Neolithic settlement site has been recorded at Lough
Gur, Co. Limerick. Previously the nearest known Neolithic house was located in Pepper-
hill (CO016-226/01) c. 30 km to the northwest of the route. It was recorded during the
construction of the Bruff-Mallow gas pipeline (Gowen 1988, 44-51).
    The material culture includes the manufacture of pottery, flint and stone arrowheads,
scrapers, axes etc. The range of monuments types includes Megalithic tombs, single burial
graves and stone circles. Megalithic tombs can be sub-divided into court tombs, portal
tombs, passage tombs and wedge tombs. There are few wedge tombs or stone circles
known from north or east Cork. Two of the exceptions are wedge tombs located at Lab-
bacallee (CO027-086), which is one of the largest wedge tombs in the country, and at
Manning (CO027-091) both located c. 4 km west of the N8.
    Recent infrastructural work on the N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy and the Ballincollig
Bypass have added significantly to the number of Neolithic sites in the county. A Neo-
lithic house was excavated at Gortore (E2119), on the N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy road
and another Neolithic house was excavated at Barnagore (02E0384), along the route of
the Ballincollig Bypass. Both of these Cork examples produced essentially the same ra-
diocarbon results (cal BC 3940-3620 at Barnagore and cal BC 3928-3655 from Gortore)
and they represent the oldest known houses in the county. A single pit at Fermoy town-
land (05E0078), located c. 3 km to the south of Gortore, produced 12 sherds of a Middle
Neolithic Globular bowl, and another site at Curraghprevin (c.12 km south of Gortore)
produced Western Neolithic (Early Neolithic) pottery and a radiocarbon date of 3090-
2580 BC (Late Neolithic).
    Rectangular Neolithic houses were recorded on the route of the N8 FM at Gortore
1b (E2410), Ballinglanna North 3 (E2416) and Caherdrinny 3 (E2422). A large enclosure
containing several structures associated with Late Neolithic pottery was excavated at Bal-
lynacarriaga 3 (E2412). Activity dating to the Neolithic was also recorded at Ballynamona
1 (E2428), Ballynamona 2 (E2429), and Gortnahown 2 (E2426) and Gortore 2 (E3973).


Bronze Age (c. 2000 to 500BC)
The Bronze Age is characterised by the introduction of metallurgy and an increase in
settlement and burial sites. Copper ores were mined and copper, bronze and gold items
manufactured. The range of burial site types includes cist graves, pit and urn burials,
cremation cemeteries, barrows, ring-ditches and wedge tombs. Stone circles and stand-
ing stones also date to the Bronze Age. Both enclosed and unenclosed settlement sites are
known. The most prolific Bronze Age site type is the fulacht fiadh; over 2,000 examples
have been recorded in County Cork alone. These monuments survive as low mounds of
charcoal rich black silt, packed with heat-shattered stones, and generally situated close to
a water source. Fulachta fiadh are generally classified as ‘cooking places’, whereby stones


                                                                                                                   7
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                              archaEoloGical Excavation rEport




              were heated in a hearth and subsequently placed in a trough of water, the water continued
              to boil with the addition of hot stones and wrapped food was cooked within the hot wa-
              ter. The trough eventually filled with small stones, ash and charcoal that were removed,
              forming the basis of the familiar mound.
                   The Bronze Age cemetery site at Mitchelstowndown West, c. 16 km to the north of
              Mitchelstown, contains 53 small barrows. The Discovery Programme Report 1 (Daly and
              Grogan 1992, 44) selected four of this group for excavation.
                   Until recently, Bronze Age settlement sites were a rarity in North Cork. A Bronze Age
              occupation site was recorded underlying the medieval ringfort Lisleagh I (CO027-158)
              c. 2.5 km to the west of the N8 (Power et al. 2000, 210). A house site was excavated at
              Killydonoghoe on the route of the N8 Glanmire-Watergrasshill Bypass (Sherlock 2003).
              Three circular houses dating to the Middle Bronze Age were excavated at Mitchelstown
              (04E1072) on the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. A large Bronze Age settlement site con-
              sisting of three circular enclosures and three circular houses was excavated in 2003 at
              Ballybrowney (03E1058), on the route of the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy (Cotter 2005, 40).
                   Bronze Age round houses were recorded on the route of the N8 Fermoy – Mitchel-
              stown at Kilshanny 1 (E2432) and Ballynamona 2 (E2429). Burnt mounds/fulachta fiadh
              sites were recorded at Ballinglanna North 1 (E2414), Ballinglanna North 3 (E2416), Ball-
              inglanna North 6 (E3972), Ballynamona 2 (E2429), Caherdrinny 1 (E2420), Kilshanny
              3 (E2432) and Kildrum 1 (E3971). Two ring ditches and associated cists and pits burials
              were recorded at Ballynacarriga 3 (E2412). Portions of several encrusted urns and food
              vessels dating to the Early Bronze Age were recorded in association with the burials. A
              cremation burial and associated Early Bronze Age urn were also recorded at Glenatlucky
              (E2427).


              Iron Age (c. 500 BC to AD 500)
              Until the last decade there was little evidence of a significant Iron Age presence in the
              Cork region. Settlement sites are few and far between as well as being difficult to identify
              (Woodman, 2000) while the material culture of this period is limited. Linear earthworks,
              believed to have marked tribal boundaries, and hillforts are two of the most visible monu-
              ments of the period. Recent infrastructural work on the N22 Ballincollig Bypass, the N8
              Glanmire Watergrasshill Bypass and the M8 Rathcormac Fermoy has altered the picture
              considerably.
                   Three separate stretches of a linear boundary, the Claidh Dubh, have been recorded in
              County Cork. The longest stretch, c. 24 km in length extends from the Nagle Mountains,
              across the Blackwater valley and into the Ballyhoura Hills. Radiocarbon dating following
              excavation of a section of it revealed it dated to some time before AD100 (Doody 1995,
              23).
                   Two of the four hillfort sites in Cork are located in North Cork (Power et al. 2000,
              205). Caherdrinny (CO019:97/0103) is located at the western end of the Kilworth
              Mountains, c. 700 m to the west of the N8, Corrin (CO035:49/01) is located at the east-



8
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                    http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




ern end of the Nagle Mountains, overlooking a pass between the Blackwater and Bride
river valleys just south of Fermoy.
     Iron Age dates were returned from a roundhouse at Ballinaspig More 5 01E0546,
a possible bowl furnace at Curraheen 1 01E1209 and the fulacht fiadh at Curraheen 4
02E1297 on the N22 Ballincollig Bypass; the Iron Age structure at Muckridge 1 01E0429
on the N25 Youghal Bypass; iron working sites at Kilrussane 01E0701 and Trabstown
01E0501 on the N8 Glanmire Watergrasshill Bypass; the iron working site at Lisnagar De-
mesne 1 03E1510, the pit at Maulane East 1 03E1286, the pit at Scartbarry 3 03E1800, the
corn-drying kiln at Rath-healy 1 03E1139, the burnt mound at Fermoy Wood 04E1014
and the ring ditch at Ballybrowney Lower 3 05E0233 all on the M8 Rathcormac Fermoy.
     Activity dating to the Iron Age was recorded on the route of the N8 Fermoy – Mitch-
elstown at Ballinglanna North 3 E2416, Ballinglanna North 4 E2417, Ballynacarriaga
3 E2412, Gortnahown 1 E2423, Gortnahown 3 E2477 and Caherdrinny 3 E2422. The
sites, with the exception of a single fire pit at Ballinglanna North 4 E2417, did not date
exclusively to the Iron Age.



5     Site Location and Topography
The site was located at the base of Kilworth Mountains at a height of 130 M OD.
The The Kilworth Mountains were visible to the south, the hillfort at Caherdrinny
(CO019:97/0103) was located to the south-west and the broad Mitchelstown plain to
the north.



6     Excavation methodology
The excavation was carried out under E-Number E2423 and complied with the method
statement approved by the Department of Environment, Heritage, and Local Govern-
ment, in consultation with the National Museum of Ireland. The site was mechanically
stripped of topsoil under strict archaeological supervision. Stripping was done with a
tracked machine with a flat toothless bucket. Where appropriate mini-diggers were used,
and in the larger areas to be stripped multiple large tracked machines were used; all
stripping operations involved the use of multiple dumpers for topsoil mounding. Topsoil
stripping commenced in the areas of identified archaeology and continued outward until
the limit of the road take was reached or until the limit of the archaeological remains was
fully defined. A grid was set up in the excavation area(s) and all archaeological features
were sufficiently cleaned, recorded and excavated so as to enable an accurate and mean-
ingful record of the site to be preserved. The excavation, environmental sampling, site
photographs, site drawings, find care and retrieval, on-site recording and site archive was
as per the Procedures for Archaeological works as attached to the licence method state-
ments for excavation licences.




                                                                                                                  9
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                                     archaEoloGical Excavation rEport

                         180700                                                                 180720




                                                           10
                                                                                                                ±

                                                      48       52                               28
                                                               55
109344




                                                                                                                    109344
                                                      6


                                                                                           23
                                                                                   21
                            82                                                  19   17
                                                                                           25
                                                                                62                60
             80                                                           56
                                                                        57     41
                                                                                                  54
                                                                          42
                                                                                      64
                                                                O
                                                                )              47
                                                                                                58
                                                           130 m O.D.           66

                  88                                                                                     4
                            78




                                         74
                                                                        68
                                                                                      70




                                                                                           Area 1
109312




                                                                                                                    109312




                                                                                                Area 2



         0                               10 m
                         180700                                                                 180720

     Figure	4:	 Post-excavation	plan	of	Gortnahown	1	Area	1�


     10
Gortnahown 1 Area 1
        E2423
        North west facing section of pit C.82
                                                                                                                       Gortnahown 1-E2423




                                                                     C.81          Natural
                                                       C.93


                              C.97                                                                   ral
                                                                                                tu
                                                                                             Na

                                                              C.94

                                                C.95




                                                              C.96

                                                                            C.82




                                                                                   0                       50 cm




     Figure	5:	 Section	of	pit	C�82
                                                                                                                   http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




11
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                                         archaEoloGical Excavation rEport




              Plate	1:	 View	of	Gortnahown	1	Area	1,	from	south-west�




              Plate	2:	 Post-ex	view	of	pit	(C�54)	and	stake-hole	(C�58)	Area	1,	from	east




12
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                            http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/

                                       180622                                            180635




                                                                                                                            ±
109200




                                                                                                                                109200
                                                               O
                                                               )
                                                          130 m O.D.

                                                               27
                                                           25       77
                                                           68         64 65
                                                                            53    19
                                                             47 50
                                                         58
                                                                37 13
                                                                      21       55
                                                3    28                    17
                                                               6 16 60
                                                  Hearth
                                                                         11
                                                          8




                                                                                                     Area 1
109165




                                                                                                                                109165




                                                                                                        Area 2



         0                              10 m
                                       180622                                            180635
     Figure	6:	 Post-excavation	plan	of	Gortnahown	1	Area	2�


                                                                                                                              13
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                                   archaEoloGical Excavation rEport




                  The site was excavated from 14 May 2007 to 27 May 2007 and 3 September 2007 to
              10 September 2007. Only areas within the CPO were resolved. The site was split into two
              areas. Area 1 measured 1109 m2 and Area 2 measured 728 m2. Area 1 was located 140 m
              to the north-east of Area 2.



              7      Excavation results
              The full record of excavated contexts is recorded in the stratigraphic index (Appendix 1)
              and the stratigraphic matrix (Appendix 2). Detailed stratigraphic descriptions are found
              in the groups and sub-groups text (Appendix 3).


              Area 1
              At Area 1 thirty-one cut features were excavated (Figure 4, Plate 1). These included 17
              pits, seven post-holes, six stake-holes and one hearth.

              Cluster of pits, post-holes and stake-holes
              A cluster of features in the eastern extent of the site included five pits (C.41, C.62, C.25,
              C.60 and C.54), six post-holes (C.17, C.19, C.21, C.23, C.64 and C.66) and five stake-
              holes (C.42, C.47, C.56, C.57 and C.58). The collection of pits and post-holes in this part
              of Area 1 is the only part of the site where a discernible pattern in the archaeological
              remains was visible.

               Pit     Length     Width        Depth      Shape in plan   Associated stake-holes
               C.41    0.64 m     0.56 m       0.19 m     Irregular       C.47, C.56, C.57
               C.62 1.65 m        0.7 m        0.12 m     Irregular
               C.25 0.82 m        0.7 m        0.35 m     Oval
               C.60 1.02 m        0.56 m       0.07 m     Oval
               C.54 1.45 m        0.74 m       0.18 m     Irregular       C.58
              Table	1	Dimensions	of	pits	in	the	eastern	part	of	Area	1

                  The pits were spaced in a semi-oval pattern around a central pit C.62 enclosing an area
              of c. 10 m sq. An Early Bronze Age date of cal BC 1728-1533 (UB-12980) was returned
              from the pit C.62.
                  The pits were oval-shaped and irregular in plan. They all contained similar fills. Two
              of the pits (C.41 and C.58) were associated with stake-holes: a stake-hole (C.58) was lo-
              cated in the base of pit C.54 (Plate 2) and a total of three stake-holes (C.47, C.56 and C.57)
              were located in the base and one (C.42) on the edge of pit C.41 (Plate 3).
                  The six post-holes, that formed part of the group, seemed to be set in pairs. Post-holes
              (C.64 and C.66) were located 1.4 m to the south of the central pit C.62 and the other four
              (C.19, C.17, C.23 and C.21) were located 2.7 m to the north (Plate 4). Post-holes C.64
              and C.66 were located 1.4 m apart. While the other two pairs of posts were spaced c. 4
              m apart.




14
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                              http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




Plate	3:	 Post-ex	view	of	pit	(C�41)	Area	1,	from	south-east�




Plate	4:	 Post-excavation	view	of	pit	(C�25)	Area	1,	from	south-east�




                                                                                                                           15
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                                      archaEoloGical Excavation rEport




              Plate	5:	 Mid-excavation	view	of	hearth	(C�80)	Area	1,	from	north-west�


                                                                                  Plate	6:	 Post-excavation	 view	 of	
                                                                                            pit	 (C�82)	 Area	 1,	 from	
                                                                                            south-west�




16
180624                                                                      180632




                                                                                      25
                                                                                                 27                                                                               ±
                                                                                                                     77

                                                                                                                      64
                                                                                                                                                                                                   Gortnahown 1-E2423




                                                                                           68
                                                                                                                                              65
                                                                                                     47
                                                                                                50                                                                19
                                                                                                                                                        53




     109186
                                                                                                                                                                                      109186




                                                                                                                                                   17

                                                                                                      37                                                     55
                                                                                 58
                                                                                                                13

                                               3                                                                            21
                                                               Hearth
                                                                                                 6                                       60
                                                                                                           16
                                                                                28




                                                                            8




     109181
                                                                                                                                                                                      109181




                                                                                                                                                                       Area 1

                                                                                                                                    11




                                                                                                                                                                         Area 2



              0                                         5 m
                                               180624                                                                      180632

     Figure	7:	 Post-excavation	plan	of	structure	at	Gortnahown	1	Area	2�
                                                                                                                                                                                               http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




17
18
      Gortnahown 1
      NE facing section of C.27




                                                                  C.29


                                                                                       C.26


                                                                                              C.27




      Gortnahown 1
      Mid-ex section paln of C.27
                                                                                                                           iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237




                                           C.24                C.48


                           #           #
                                            #
                               #

                                                    C.25




     Gortnahown 1
     South facing section of C.75




                                                                                C.66
                                                                                C.72



                                   #                       C.75




                                                #          #             #


                                                                         C.65

                                                       #

                                                                                                     10 cm   0   50 cm




     Figure	8:	 Section	of	foundation	trenches	C�25,	C�65	and	C�27�	
                                                                                                                         archaEoloGical Excavation rEport
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                                 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




Plate	7:	 Post-excavation	view	of	pit	(C�88)	Area	1,	from	north�


   It is possible that these features together formed a small, flimsy structure and/or a
work space associated with the production of food or other general domestic activities.

Peripheral hearth, pits and post-holes
In the south-western part of this area of excavation a hearth (C.80, Plate 5) was located
between two large pits (C.88 and C.82). The hearth (C.80) was a sub-triangular pit with
a flat base. It contained two fills (C.79 and C.89) of sandy clay with inclusions of pebbles
and a lot of charcoal (particularly in the upper fill). The two pits near this hearth were
irregular (C.82, Figure 5, Plate 6) and oval-shaped (C.88, Plate 7) in plan. The fills of the
pits (C.82 and C.88) were charcoal-rich; they were probably used for the deposition of
waste material from the hearth.

 Context    Length (m)      Width (m)         Depth (m)      Type
 C.80       0.88            0.85              0.14           Hearth
 C.82       1.9             1                 0.75           Pit
 C.88       2.1             1.85              0.64           Pit
Table	2	Dimensions	of	hearth	and	pits

    Two small post-holes (C.74 and C.78), which were similar in size to one another, were
located to the south-east of the two pits and hearth. Post C.78 was located 2 m east of the
pit C.88 and post C.74 was located 7 m to the south-east of the pit.




                                                                                                                              19
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                                         archaEoloGical Excavation rEport




              Plate	8:	 Aerial	view	of	Gortnahown	1	Area	2,	from	the	north-east�




              Plate	9:	 Closer	aerial	view	of	excavated	features	in	Gortnahown	1	Area	2,	from	the	north-east�


                  Two pits (C.68 and C.70) were located 11 m south of the eastern cluster. They were
              spaced 0.7 m apart. Pit C.4, small and rectangular in plan, was located 10 m to the north-
              east. An Iron Age date of cal BC 88 – cal AD 54 (UB-13174) was returned from pit C.4
                  Four pits (C.6, C.10, C.28 and C.48) and two stake-holes (C.52 and C.55) were re-
              corded in the northern section of the site. The two stake-holes were located to the im-



20
Gortnahown 1 Area 2
          E2423
                                                                                                                                                    Gortnahown 1-E2423




          South facing section of pit




                                                                                                                                 C.40




                                                                                             C.62
                                                                       C.41                                 Slump material




                               C.28                                                             Animal burrow


                                                                C.42


                                                                       C.43


                                                                              Possible
                                                 Bioturbation                 true base   Test Sondage
                                                                              of pit
                                        Animal
                                        Burrow




                                                                                                                             0          50 cm




     Figure	9:	 Section	of	pit	C�28
                                                                                                                                                http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




21
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                                  archaEoloGical Excavation rEport




              mediate east of pit C.48. Pit C.28 was the largest of the pits, it measured 2.95 m by 1.78
              m and 0.42 m in depth.


              Area 2
              The features in Area 2 are likely to represent the partial remains of a truncated Bronze
              Age house. A total of 23 cut features were recorded, these included six slot trenches (C.11,
              C.17, C.19, C.25, C.27 and C.65), five pits, (C.6, C.8, C.21, C.28 and C.37), eight stake-
              holes (C.50, C.53, C.55, C.58, C.60, C.64, C.68 and C.77) and four post-holes (C.3, C.13,
              C.16 and C.47) (Plates 8 and 9). A series of furrows, at closely spaced intervals, aligned
              north-south and east-west crossed the site (Figure 6). The features were clustered in the
              central section of the site on the edge of the area of excavation.

              The Round House
              The inner ring of the structure was defined on the eastern side by two slot trenches (C.11
              and C.25). The trench C.27 was located parallel to trench C.25 and may have functioned
              as a drip gully for the overhang of a roof. The other three slot trenches (C.17, C.19 and
              C.65) were located in the area of the entrance (Figure 8). Slot C.19 was located perpen-
              dicular to the shorter slot C.17. The curvilinear trench (C.65) was located in the area of
              the entrance partially parallel and perpendicular to the structure. It had a flat base and
              contained six sandy silt fills (C.66, C.67, C.72, C.73, C.74 and C.75). They included peb-
              bles, stones, charcoal, heat affected stones and flecks of burnt bone. The third C.17 was
              located in between C.19 and C.65.

               Context    Type             L x W x D (m)        Location
               C.6        Pit              0.7 x 0.43 x 0.43    Interior
               C.8        Pit              0.9 x 0.35 x 0.15    Interior
               C.11       Slot trench      3.64 x 0.8 x 0.18    Foundation
               C.17       Slot trench      1.69 x 0.61 x 0.14   Exterior
               C.19       Slot trench      2.7 x 0.5 x 0.2      Exterior
               C.21       Pit              1.25 x 0.85 x 0.36   Area of entrance
               C.25       Slot trench      2.9 x 0.4 x 0.2      Foundation
               C.27       Slot trench      3 x 0.37 x 0.2       Exterior
               C.28       Hearth           1.6 x 1.12 x 0.4     Interior
               C.37       Pit              1.54 x 0.84 x 0.22   Interior
               C.65       Slot trench      1.9 x 0.5 x 0.2      Exterior
              Table	3	Dimensions	of	pits	and	slot	trenches

                  Four post-holes (C.3, C.13, C.16 and C.47) and four pits (C.6, C.8, C.28 and C.37)
              were located within the interior of the structure and one pit (C21) in the area of the en-
              trance. The pit C.28 is likely to be a centrally located hearth. Most of the internal features
              were located between the hearth and the area of the entrance. The pits varied in size and
              shape. Two of the pits (C.6 and C.8) were small in size. Three of the pits, including the
              hearth (C.21 C.28 and C.37) were mid-sized. They ranged between 1.25 m and 1.6m in
              length, 0.84 m and 1.12m in width and 0.22 m and 0.4 m in depth. Five fills (C.41, C.42,



22
Gortnahown 1-E2423                                             http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/




C.43, C.44 and C.62) were recorded I the hearth-pit. They included pebbles, charcoal,
burnt clay and flecks of animal bone (Figure 9).
    Three stake-holes were located in the interior. Stake-hole C.50 cut the base of post-
hole C.47. Stake-hole C.58 was located on the north-western side of pit C.37 and stake-
hole C.68 was located on the southern side of slot trench C.25.
    Two of the post-holes (C.3 and C.47) may have been located on or inside the line of
the foundations. One of the post-holes (C.16) cut through the eastern side of pit (C.6).

 Context     Length (m)      Width (m)         Depth (m)
 C.3         0.51            0.44              0.35
 C.13        0.34            0.3               0.22
 C.16        0.38            0.29              0.17
 C.47        0.34            0.23              0.1
Table	4	Dimensions	of	post-holes	in	the	interior	of	the	structure

    Five stake-holes (C.53, C.55, C.60, C.64 and C.77) were associated with the slot
trenches. Two stake-holes (C.43 and C.55) cut the base of C.19, they were set on opposite
sides of the slot. Two stake-holes (C.64 and C.77) were located in linear C.27. Stake-hole
C.60 was located to the north of linear C.11. All the stake-holes were either circular or
sub-circular in plan and their dimensions ranged between 0.04 m and 0.12 m in length,
0.04 m and 0.1 m in width and 0.08 m and 0.29 m in depth.
    Small flecks of burnt bone were noted in the fills of eight of the pits, slot trenches and
post-holes (C.6, C.11, C21, C.27, C.28, C.37, C.47 and C.65). Animal bone was identi-
fied from the hearth and two of the slot trenches (C.11, C.25 and C.28). The fill (C.26)
of one of the foundation slot trenches (C.27) contained the remains of burnt human bone
fragments. The fragments represented a possible juvenile. A saddle quern (E2423:36:1) was
recovered from a fill of the slot C.11.
    The structure could have enclosed an area of 76.5 m and the internal circumference of
the house could have been 31.4 m (see Figure 7). If the entrance was located in the area
between the termini of trenches C.11 and C.25 it would have faced east and measured c.
2.6 m.

Agricultural furrows
A number of furrows were located in the area of the excavation (see figure 6). They were
aligned north-south and east-west and were on average 0.43 m wide and 0.08 m deep. The
furrows were most probably excavated by plough due to their regular shape and spacing.


Plant remains
The plant remains from Gortnahown 1 were examined by Penny Johnston (Appendix 5).
A total of nine samples were examined but no plant remains were present.




                                                                                                                          23
iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237                            archaEoloGical Excavation rEport




              Plate	10:	View	of	saddle	quern	E2423:36:1


              Burnt bone
              The burnt bone from this site was examined by Linda Lynch (Appendix 6). One sample
              (S.15) from slot trench C.27 in Area 2 contained human remains. It was possibly a token
              deposit of some of the bones from the cremated body of a juvenile. The condition of the
              bone remains suggests that the bones were exposed for some time before burial. A similar
              condition was noted in the human remains examined from Caherdrinny 2 E2421. How-
              ever, the condition of these remains may also have been the result of local taphonomic
              conditions.


              Animal bone
              The animal bone was examined by Margaret McCarthy (Appendix 7). There were four
              samples from Area 2 that contained small quantities of burnt bone. They were recovered
              from the fills of slot trenches C.11 and C.25 and the hearth C.28. Most of the burnt bone
              was possibly the residue from burning food waste.


              Stone find
              A complete saddle quern (E2426:36:1) was examined by Sara Camplese (Appendix 4). It
              was recovered from the slot trench C.11 in Area 2 (Plate 10).




24
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)
Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)

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Archaeological Report - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork (Ireland)

  • 1. Eachtra Journal Issue 10 [ISSN 2009-2237] Archaeological Excavation Report E2423 - Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork Prehistoric activity, including a Bronze age structure
  • 2.
  • 3. EACHTRA Archaeological Projects Archaeological Excavation Report Prehistoric activity, including a Bronze age structure at Gortnahown 1 Co Cork May 2011 Client: Cork County Council and National Roads Authority Project: N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown E No: E2423 Excavation Director: Julianna O'Donoghue Written by: Julianna O'Donoghue
  • 4.
  • 5. Archaeological Excavation Report Gortnahown 1 Co Cork Excavation Director Julianna O'Donoghue Written By Julianna O'Donoghue EACHTRA Archaeological Projects CORK GALWAY The Forge, Innishannon, Co. Cork Unit 10, Kilkerrin Park, Liosbain Industrial Estate, Galway tel: 021 4701616 | web: www.eachtra.ie | email: info@eachtra.ie tel: 091 763673 | web: www.eachtra.ie | email: galway@eachtra.ie
  • 6. © Eachtra Archaeological Projects 2011 The Forge, Innishannon, Co Cork Printed in Ireland
  • 7. Table of Contents Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii Acknowledgements�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iv 1 Scope of the project �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 2 Route location��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 3 Receiving environment ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 4 Archaeological and historical background ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 5 Site Location and Topography �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 6 Excavation methodology ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9 7 Excavation results ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 14 Area1��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 Area2��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 Plantremains����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 � Burntbone���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 Animalbone����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 Stonefind�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 � RadiocarbonDating��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 8 Discussion �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 9 References ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 Appendix 1 Stratigraphic Matrix ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31 Appendix 2 Site matrix �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 Appendix 3 Groups and subgroups ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 � Appendix 4 Finds Register ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 55 Appendix 5 Plant Remains Report ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������56 Appendix 6 Osteoarchaeological Report �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 � Appendix 7 Animal Bone Report ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63 i
  • 8. List of Figures Figure 1: The route of the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown Bypass overlain on the Ordnance Survey Discovery Series map� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 Figure 2: The route of the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown Bypass overlain on the first edition Ord- nance Survey map CO010, 011, 019, 020, 027 and 028� ����������������������������������������������������������������� 3 Figure 3: The route of the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown Bypass overlain on the RMP map CO010, 011, 019, 020, 027 and 028� The map is based on the second edition Ordnance Survey maps� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Figure 4: Post-excavation plan of Gortnahown 1 Area 1� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������10 � Figure 5: Section of pit C�82 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 � Figure 6: Post-excavation plan of Gortnahown 1 Area 2� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Figure 7: Post-excavation plan of structure at Gortnahown 1 Area 2� ���������������������������������������������������� 17 Figure 8: Section of foundation trenches C�25, C�65 and C�27� ����������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Figure 9: Section of pit C�28������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Figure 10: Topographical map showing the location of Gortnahown 1 E2423, Gortnahown 2 E2426 and Gortnahown 3 E2477� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 List of Plates Plate 1: View of Gortnahown 1 Area 1, from south-west� ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Plate 2: Post-ex view of pit (C�54) and stake-hole (C�58) Area 1, from east ����������������������������������������� 12 Plate 3: Post-ex view of pit (C�41) Area 1, from south-east� ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 Plate 4: Post-excavation view of pit (C�25) Area 1, from south-east� ����������������������������������������������������� 15 Plate 5: Mid-excavation view of hearth (C�80) Area 1, from north-west� ��������������������������������������������� 16 Plate 6: Post-excavation view of pit (C�82) Area 1, from south-west� ���������������������������������������������������� 16 Plate 7: Post-excavation view of pit (C�88) Area 1, from north� ��������������������������������������������������������������� 19 Plate 8: Aerial view of Gortnahown 1 Area 2, from the north-east� ������������������������������������������������������20 Plate 9: Closer aerial view of excavated features in Gortnahown 1 Area 2, from the north-east���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20 Plate 10: View of saddle quern E2423:36:1 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 List of Tables Table 1 Dimensions of pits in the eastern part of Area 1 �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Table 2 Dimensions of hearth and pits ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 19 Table 3 Dimensions of pits and slot trenches �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 Table 4 Dimensions of post-holes in the interior of the structure ���������������������������������������������������������23 Table 5 Radiocarbon dates �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Table 6 Bronze Age houses on the N8 Fermoy Mitchelstown ���������������������������������������������������������������28 ii
  • 9. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ Summary The excavation of the site at Gortnahown 1 comprised two separate areas of excavation. A group of over 30 pits, post-holes and stake-holes were excavated in Area 1. An Early Bronze Age and an Iron Age date were returned from pits in Area 1. At Area 2 there were 26 cut features, these included six slot trenches, five pits, eight stake-holes and four post- holes, which represented the truncated remains of a Bronze Age house. A saddle quern, a small quantity of charred animal bone and a token deposit of the cremated remains of a juvenile were recovered from the Bronze Age house. Road project name N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown Site name Gortnahown 1 Ministerial Order no. A040 E no. E2423 Site director Julianna O’Donoghue Townland Gortnahown Parish Glanworth Barony Condons Clangibbon OS Map Sheet No. CO019 National Grid Reference 180714 109340 iii
  • 10. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport Acknowledgements The senior archaeologist was John Tierney and the post-excavation managers were Penny Johnston and Jacinta Kiely. Administration of the project was by Choryna Kiely and Fiona Greene. Illustrations are by Ben Blakeman and Maurizio Toscano. Photographs are by John Sunderland, Hawkeye and Eachtra Archaeological Projects. Specialist analysis was carried out by Mary Dillon, Penny Johnston, Linda Lynch, Margaret McCarthy and the 14 Chrono Centre at Queen’s University Belfast. The project was funded by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2007-2013 and was commissioned by Cork County Council on behalf of the National Roads Authority. The project archaeolo- gist was Ken Hanley. iv
  • 11. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ 1 Scope of the project The archaeological works associated with the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown was carried out on behalf of Cork County Council, National Road Design Office, Richmond, Glanmire, Co. Cork. The project was funded by the Irish Government under the National Devel- opment Plan 2007-2013. The total archaeological cost was administered by the National Roads Authority through Cork County Council as part of the Authority’s commitment to protecting our cultural heritage. The purpose of the archaeological services project was to conduct archaeological site investigations within the lands made available, to assess the nature and extent of any potential new sites uncovered and to preserve by record those sites of agreed archaeological significance, as approved by the Department of Environ- ment, Heritage and Local Government in consultation with the National Museum of Ireland. Phase 1 of the project (archaeological testing of the route) was carried out in October 2005 under licence 05E1150 issued by Department of the Environment Heritage and Lo- cal Government (DoEHLG). The principal aim of this phase of the project was to test for any previously unknown sites by a programme of centreline and offset testing and to test sites of archaeological potential identified in the EIS and geophysical surveying. Five Cul- tural Heritage Sites were tested under individual excavation licences 05E1122-05E1126. Phase 2 of the project (resolution) involved the resolution of all archaeological sites identified within the proposed road corridor prior to commencement of the construction of the road. This phase of the project was carried out from September 2006 to September 2007 and excavations were conducted under the management of a Senior Archaeologist. A total of 28 sites were excavated during this phase of works under separate licences issued by DoEHLG. A post-excavation assessment and strategy document was prepared in Phase 3 of the project to present a management strategy for dealing with post-excavation work arising from archaeological works along the route of the new N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown. It included a proposal for post-excavation and archiving work and a budget for the works. The document detailed the location of the route, the receiving environment, the archaeo- logical and historical background, the scope of the project and the circumstances and scope of fieldwork. The document presented a scheme-wide summary of the archaeologi- cal findings, a research framework within which the findings were dealt with and a pub- lication plan and dissemination strategy for the end results. 2 Route location The route of the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown road is located in the rich pastureland of North Cork (Figures 1 and 2). The project involves the construction of c. 16 km of the N8 from Gortore north of Fermoy to Carrigane north-east of Mitchelstown. The N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown road passes through the townlands of Gortore, Ballynacarriga, Glen- wood, Ballinglanna North, Ballinrush, Caherdrinny, Gortnahown, Ballybeg, Turbeagh, 1
  • 12. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport N Derry Donegal Antrim Tyrone Leitrim Fermanagh Armagh Down Sligo Cavan Garryleagh 1 Carrigane 1 Louth Mayo Roscommon Longford E2433 E2434 Meath Westmeath Dublin Gal ay w Offaly Kildare Clare Laois Wicklow Kildrum 1 Carlow E3971 Tippeary r Kilkenny Limerick Wexford Kilshanny 3 Kerry N8 Waterford E2432 Cork Kilshanny 2 E2431 Ballynamona 2 Kilshanny 1 E2429 E2430 Ballynamona 1 Glenatluckly 1 E2428 E2427 Gortnahown 2 E2426 Gortnahown 1 Gortnahown 1 Gortnahown 3 E2423 E2423 E2477 Gortnahown 4 E3832 Caherdrinny 3 E2422 Caherdrinny 2 E2421 Caherdrinny 1 E2420 Ballinrush 1 E2419 Ballinglanna North 5 E2418 Ballinglanna North 4 E2417 Ballinglanna North 3 E2416 Ballinglanna North 6 E3972 Ballinglanna North 2 E2415 Ballinglanna North 1 E2414 Ballynacarriga 3 E2412 Ballynacarriga 2 E2413 Ballynacarriga 1 Key E2411 Post Medieval Gortore 1B Early Medieval E2410 Gortore 2 Prehistoric Site E3973 Prehistoric Settlement Site Burnt Mound Non-archaeological 0km 2km Townland Boundaries Figure 1: The route of the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown Bypass overlain on the Ordnance Survey Discovery Series map� 2
  • 13. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ N Derry Donegal Antrim Tyrone Leitrim Fermanagh Armagh Down Sligo Cavan Garryleagh 1 Carrigane 1 Louth Mayo Roscommon Longford E2433 E2434 Meath Westmeath Dublin Gal ay w Offaly Kildare Clare Laois Wicklow Kildrum 1 Carlow E3971 Tippeary r Kilkenny Limerick Wexford Kilshanny 3 Kerry N8 Waterford E2432 Cork Kilshanny 2 E2431 Ballynamona 2 Kilshanny 1 E2429 E2430 Ballynamona 1 Glenatluckly 1 E2428 E2427 Gortnahown 2 E2426 Gortnahown 1 Gortnahown 1 Gortnahown 3 E2423 E2423 E2477 Gortnahown 4 E3832 Caherdrinny 3 E2422 Caherdrinny 2 E2421 Caherdrinny 1 E2420 Ballinrush 1 E2419 Ballinglanna North 5 E2418 Ballinglanna North 4 E2417 Ballinglanna North 3 E2416 Ballinglanna North 6 E3972 Ballinglanna North 2 E2415 Ballinglanna North 1 E2414 Ballynacarriga 3 E2412 Ballynacarriga 2 E2413 Ballynacarriga 1 Key E2411 Post Medieval Gortore 1B Early Medieval E2410 Gortore 2 Prehistoric Site E3973 Prehistoric Settlement Site Burnt Mound Non-archaeological 0km 2km Townland Boundaries Figure 2: The route of the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown Bypass overlain on the first edition Ordnance Survey map CO010, 011, 019, 020, 027 and 028� 3
  • 14. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport Glenatlucky, Ballynamona, Kilshanny, Corracunna, Kildrum, Garryleagh, and Carrig- ane. The townlands are located in the parishes of Kilcrumper, Glanworth and Brigown and Barony of Condons Clangibbon, with the exception of Gortore, and Glenwood, which are located in the Barony of Fermoy. The route begins at the northern end of the Fermoy Bypass at Gortore, c. 2km north of Fermoy, and continues northwards across the River Funshion, and to the west of the Glencorra Stream, a tributary of the Funshion, for 4 km. At Caherdrinny, it crosses over the western extremities of the Kilworth Mountains. From there it descends north-east- wards onto the broad plain that extends east and north-eastwards from Mitchelstown. It crosses the existing N8 at Gortnahown and passes to the east of Mitchelstown, crossing the R665 Mitchelstown-Ballyporeen road and links up with the N8 Cashel Mitchelstown Road at Carrigane south of Kilbeheny and 2 km west of where the borders of the Cork, Limerick and Tipperary counties meet. 3 Receiving environment The topography of East Cork and Waterford consists of east/west valleys separated by in- tervening ridges. The ridges consist of sandstones and mudstones of the Devonian Period (Old Red Sandstone) laid down 355-410 million years ago and the valleys of Carbonifer- ous limestones laid down 290-355 million years ago. The sediments covering many of the rocks are mainly of glacial origin deposited by glacial ice or meltwater (Sleeman et al. 1995, 1). The landscape of the area is dominated by the Galtee Mountains to the north, the Ballyhoura Mountains to the north-west, the Kilworth Mountains to the east and the Nagles to the south. The landscape is drained by the Blackwater River, the Funshion River (which flows into the Blackwater River c. 2 km north-east of Fermoy), and the Glencorra Stream, a tributary of the Funshion River. The largest population centres in the area, Fermoy and Mitchelstown, have developed on the banks of the River Blackwater and Gradoge (a tributary of the Funshion), respectively. The route begins at Gortore, c. 2 km north of Fermoy, at an elevation of c. 40 m OD. At Caherdrinny, it rises to its maximum elevation of c. 180 m OD as it crosses over the western extremities of the Kilworth Mountains, before descending onto the broad plain that that extends east and north-eastwards from Mitchelstown, at an elevation of 100-120 m OD. The soils on the southern portion of the route are characterised by acid brown earths derived from mixed sandstone and limestone glacial till. These soils occur generally in the valleys of Cork and Waterford (Gardiner and Radford 1980, 61), and have a wide use range, being suitable for tillage and grass production. The soils on the western limits of Kilworth Mountains are characterised by brown podzolics derived from sandstone. The soils on the northern portion of the route are characterised by brown podzolics derived from sandstone and shale glacial till. They have a wide range of potential uses and are well 4
  • 15. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ suited to arable and pastoral farming (ibid., 67). Land use along the route was almost en- tirely grassland devoted to intensive dairying and cattle-rearing, with only an occasional tillage field. 4 Archaeological and historical background Archaeological sites of numerous periods were discovered along the route of the new road (Figure 2). The periods are referred to as follows: Mesolithic (c. 8000 to 4000 BC), Neolithic (c. 4000 to 2000 BC), Chalcolithic (Beaker) (c. 2500-2000 BC), Bronze Age (c. 2000 to 500 BC), and Iron Age (c. 500 BC to AD 500), early medieval period (c. AD 500 to 1100), medieval period (c. AD 1100 to 1650), post-medieval period (c. AD 1650 to the present). A number of Giant Irish Deer (Megaloceros giganteus) skulls, large antlers, antler frag- ments and various long-bones were retrieved from the clay sediments, c. 1.5 m below the peat stratum at Ballyoran Bog (04E1014) on the route of the N8 Rathcormac Fermoy. A radiocarbon date of cal BC 11201-10962 was returned for the Giant Irish Deer. Gi- ant Irish Deer are extinct but are known to have inhabited Ireland during two separate periods in the Pleistocene (from 37,000-32,000 BP and 11,750-10,950 BP), with examples from lake deposits beneath peat bogs frequently dating to the period between 11,750 BP and 10,950 BP (Woodman et al. 1997). The Ballyoran Bog examples were found in this typical location of lacustrine (lake ) sediments beneath peat and they therefore pre-date the beginnings of bog formation and the first human settlement of the area. Mesolithic (c. 8000 to 4000 BC) The earliest known human settlement in Ireland dates from the Mesolithic period (c. 8000 BC - 4000 BC). In Munster, the majority of the evidence (flint scatters) for Meso- lithic occupation has ‘come from the Blackwater valley in Co. Cork’ (Woodman 1989, 116). Flint scatters were recorded in the townlands of Kilcummer Lower (CO034-060) on the northern bank of the Blackwater c. 13 km to the south-west of the route and in Ballynamona (CO018-099) and Wallstown (CO018-100) on the northern and southern sides of the Awbeg river respectively c. 20 km to the west of the route (Power et al. 2000, 2). Mesolithic sites and find spots were recorded on other road schemes in Co. Cork, these included; Rath-healy 3 03E1678 and Curraghprevin 3 03E1138 (N8 Rathcormac Fermoy Bypass), Ballynacarriaga 1 01E0567 (N25 Youghal Bypass), Ballinaspig More 5 01E0546 (N22 Ballincollig Bypass) and Carrigrohane 3 02E0431 (N22 BG). Mesolithic activity was recorded on the route of the N8 Fermoy-Mitchelstown at Gortore E2410 and at Caherdrinny 3 E2422 and Mesolithic stone tools were recovered from Ballinglanna North 1 E2414, Ballinglanna North 3 E2416 and Ballinglanna North 6 E3972. 5
  • 16. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport N Derry Donegal Antrim Tyrone Leitrim Fermanagh Armagh Down Sligo Cavan Garryleagh 1 Carrigane 1 Louth Mayo Roscommon Longford E2433 E2434 Meath Westmeath Dublin Gal ay w Offaly Kildare Clare Laois Wicklow Kildrum 1 Carlow RMP Sheet No. CO10 E3971 Tippeary r Kilkenny RMP Sheet No. CO11 Limerick Wexford Kilshanny 3 Kerry N8 Waterford E2432 Cork Kilshanny 2 E2431 Ballynamona 2 Kilshanny 1 E2429 E2430 Ballynamona 1 Glenatluckly 1 E2428 E2427 Gortnahown 2 E2426 Gortnahown 1 Gortnahown 1 Gortnahown 3 E2423 E2423 E2477 Gortnahown 4 E3832 Caherdrinny 3 E2422 Caherdrinny 2 E2421 MP Sheet No. CO19 Caherdrinny 1 RMP Sheet No. CO20 E2420 Ballinrush 1 E2419 Ballinglanna North 5 E2418 Ballinglanna North 4 E2417 Ballinglanna North 3 E2416 Ballinglanna North 6 E3972 Ballinglanna North 2 E2415 Ballinglanna North 1 E2414 Ballynacarriga 3 E2412 Ballynacarriga 2 E2413 RMP Sheet No. CO27 Ballynacarriga 1 Key E2411 Post Medieval Gortore 1B Early Medieval E2410 Gortore 2 Prehistoric Site E3973 Prehistoric Settlement Site Burnt Mound Non-archaeological 0km 2km RMP Sheet No. CO28 Townland Boundaries Figure 3: The route of the N8 Fermoy to Mitchelstown Bypass overlain on the RMP map CO010, 011, 019, 020, 027 and 028� The map is based on the second edition Ordnance Survey maps� 6
  • 17. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ Neolithic (c. 4000 to 2000 BC) The Neolithic Period is characterised by the introduction of agriculture and the begin- nings of the clearance of the woodlands. The population increased and became more sedentary in nature. A substantial Neolithic settlement site has been recorded at Lough Gur, Co. Limerick. Previously the nearest known Neolithic house was located in Pepper- hill (CO016-226/01) c. 30 km to the northwest of the route. It was recorded during the construction of the Bruff-Mallow gas pipeline (Gowen 1988, 44-51). The material culture includes the manufacture of pottery, flint and stone arrowheads, scrapers, axes etc. The range of monuments types includes Megalithic tombs, single burial graves and stone circles. Megalithic tombs can be sub-divided into court tombs, portal tombs, passage tombs and wedge tombs. There are few wedge tombs or stone circles known from north or east Cork. Two of the exceptions are wedge tombs located at Lab- bacallee (CO027-086), which is one of the largest wedge tombs in the country, and at Manning (CO027-091) both located c. 4 km west of the N8. Recent infrastructural work on the N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy and the Ballincollig Bypass have added significantly to the number of Neolithic sites in the county. A Neo- lithic house was excavated at Gortore (E2119), on the N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy road and another Neolithic house was excavated at Barnagore (02E0384), along the route of the Ballincollig Bypass. Both of these Cork examples produced essentially the same ra- diocarbon results (cal BC 3940-3620 at Barnagore and cal BC 3928-3655 from Gortore) and they represent the oldest known houses in the county. A single pit at Fermoy town- land (05E0078), located c. 3 km to the south of Gortore, produced 12 sherds of a Middle Neolithic Globular bowl, and another site at Curraghprevin (c.12 km south of Gortore) produced Western Neolithic (Early Neolithic) pottery and a radiocarbon date of 3090- 2580 BC (Late Neolithic). Rectangular Neolithic houses were recorded on the route of the N8 FM at Gortore 1b (E2410), Ballinglanna North 3 (E2416) and Caherdrinny 3 (E2422). A large enclosure containing several structures associated with Late Neolithic pottery was excavated at Bal- lynacarriaga 3 (E2412). Activity dating to the Neolithic was also recorded at Ballynamona 1 (E2428), Ballynamona 2 (E2429), and Gortnahown 2 (E2426) and Gortore 2 (E3973). Bronze Age (c. 2000 to 500BC) The Bronze Age is characterised by the introduction of metallurgy and an increase in settlement and burial sites. Copper ores were mined and copper, bronze and gold items manufactured. The range of burial site types includes cist graves, pit and urn burials, cremation cemeteries, barrows, ring-ditches and wedge tombs. Stone circles and stand- ing stones also date to the Bronze Age. Both enclosed and unenclosed settlement sites are known. The most prolific Bronze Age site type is the fulacht fiadh; over 2,000 examples have been recorded in County Cork alone. These monuments survive as low mounds of charcoal rich black silt, packed with heat-shattered stones, and generally situated close to a water source. Fulachta fiadh are generally classified as ‘cooking places’, whereby stones 7
  • 18. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport were heated in a hearth and subsequently placed in a trough of water, the water continued to boil with the addition of hot stones and wrapped food was cooked within the hot wa- ter. The trough eventually filled with small stones, ash and charcoal that were removed, forming the basis of the familiar mound. The Bronze Age cemetery site at Mitchelstowndown West, c. 16 km to the north of Mitchelstown, contains 53 small barrows. The Discovery Programme Report 1 (Daly and Grogan 1992, 44) selected four of this group for excavation. Until recently, Bronze Age settlement sites were a rarity in North Cork. A Bronze Age occupation site was recorded underlying the medieval ringfort Lisleagh I (CO027-158) c. 2.5 km to the west of the N8 (Power et al. 2000, 210). A house site was excavated at Killydonoghoe on the route of the N8 Glanmire-Watergrasshill Bypass (Sherlock 2003). Three circular houses dating to the Middle Bronze Age were excavated at Mitchelstown (04E1072) on the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. A large Bronze Age settlement site con- sisting of three circular enclosures and three circular houses was excavated in 2003 at Ballybrowney (03E1058), on the route of the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy (Cotter 2005, 40). Bronze Age round houses were recorded on the route of the N8 Fermoy – Mitchel- stown at Kilshanny 1 (E2432) and Ballynamona 2 (E2429). Burnt mounds/fulachta fiadh sites were recorded at Ballinglanna North 1 (E2414), Ballinglanna North 3 (E2416), Ball- inglanna North 6 (E3972), Ballynamona 2 (E2429), Caherdrinny 1 (E2420), Kilshanny 3 (E2432) and Kildrum 1 (E3971). Two ring ditches and associated cists and pits burials were recorded at Ballynacarriga 3 (E2412). Portions of several encrusted urns and food vessels dating to the Early Bronze Age were recorded in association with the burials. A cremation burial and associated Early Bronze Age urn were also recorded at Glenatlucky (E2427). Iron Age (c. 500 BC to AD 500) Until the last decade there was little evidence of a significant Iron Age presence in the Cork region. Settlement sites are few and far between as well as being difficult to identify (Woodman, 2000) while the material culture of this period is limited. Linear earthworks, believed to have marked tribal boundaries, and hillforts are two of the most visible monu- ments of the period. Recent infrastructural work on the N22 Ballincollig Bypass, the N8 Glanmire Watergrasshill Bypass and the M8 Rathcormac Fermoy has altered the picture considerably. Three separate stretches of a linear boundary, the Claidh Dubh, have been recorded in County Cork. The longest stretch, c. 24 km in length extends from the Nagle Mountains, across the Blackwater valley and into the Ballyhoura Hills. Radiocarbon dating following excavation of a section of it revealed it dated to some time before AD100 (Doody 1995, 23). Two of the four hillfort sites in Cork are located in North Cork (Power et al. 2000, 205). Caherdrinny (CO019:97/0103) is located at the western end of the Kilworth Mountains, c. 700 m to the west of the N8, Corrin (CO035:49/01) is located at the east- 8
  • 19. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ ern end of the Nagle Mountains, overlooking a pass between the Blackwater and Bride river valleys just south of Fermoy. Iron Age dates were returned from a roundhouse at Ballinaspig More 5 01E0546, a possible bowl furnace at Curraheen 1 01E1209 and the fulacht fiadh at Curraheen 4 02E1297 on the N22 Ballincollig Bypass; the Iron Age structure at Muckridge 1 01E0429 on the N25 Youghal Bypass; iron working sites at Kilrussane 01E0701 and Trabstown 01E0501 on the N8 Glanmire Watergrasshill Bypass; the iron working site at Lisnagar De- mesne 1 03E1510, the pit at Maulane East 1 03E1286, the pit at Scartbarry 3 03E1800, the corn-drying kiln at Rath-healy 1 03E1139, the burnt mound at Fermoy Wood 04E1014 and the ring ditch at Ballybrowney Lower 3 05E0233 all on the M8 Rathcormac Fermoy. Activity dating to the Iron Age was recorded on the route of the N8 Fermoy – Mitch- elstown at Ballinglanna North 3 E2416, Ballinglanna North 4 E2417, Ballynacarriaga 3 E2412, Gortnahown 1 E2423, Gortnahown 3 E2477 and Caherdrinny 3 E2422. The sites, with the exception of a single fire pit at Ballinglanna North 4 E2417, did not date exclusively to the Iron Age. 5 Site Location and Topography The site was located at the base of Kilworth Mountains at a height of 130 M OD. The The Kilworth Mountains were visible to the south, the hillfort at Caherdrinny (CO019:97/0103) was located to the south-west and the broad Mitchelstown plain to the north. 6 Excavation methodology The excavation was carried out under E-Number E2423 and complied with the method statement approved by the Department of Environment, Heritage, and Local Govern- ment, in consultation with the National Museum of Ireland. The site was mechanically stripped of topsoil under strict archaeological supervision. Stripping was done with a tracked machine with a flat toothless bucket. Where appropriate mini-diggers were used, and in the larger areas to be stripped multiple large tracked machines were used; all stripping operations involved the use of multiple dumpers for topsoil mounding. Topsoil stripping commenced in the areas of identified archaeology and continued outward until the limit of the road take was reached or until the limit of the archaeological remains was fully defined. A grid was set up in the excavation area(s) and all archaeological features were sufficiently cleaned, recorded and excavated so as to enable an accurate and mean- ingful record of the site to be preserved. The excavation, environmental sampling, site photographs, site drawings, find care and retrieval, on-site recording and site archive was as per the Procedures for Archaeological works as attached to the licence method state- ments for excavation licences. 9
  • 20. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport 180700 180720 10 ± 48 52 28 55 109344 109344 6 23 21 82 19 17 25 62 60 80 56 57 41 54 42 64 O ) 47 58 130 m O.D. 66 88 4 78 74 68 70 Area 1 109312 109312 Area 2 0 10 m 180700 180720 Figure 4: Post-excavation plan of Gortnahown 1 Area 1� 10
  • 21. Gortnahown 1 Area 1 E2423 North west facing section of pit C.82 Gortnahown 1-E2423 C.81 Natural C.93 C.97 ral tu Na C.94 C.95 C.96 C.82 0 50 cm Figure 5: Section of pit C�82 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ 11
  • 22. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport Plate 1: View of Gortnahown 1 Area 1, from south-west� Plate 2: Post-ex view of pit (C�54) and stake-hole (C�58) Area 1, from east 12
  • 23. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ 180622 180635 ± 109200 109200 O ) 130 m O.D. 27 25 77 68 64 65 53 19 47 50 58 37 13 21 55 3 28 17 6 16 60 Hearth 11 8 Area 1 109165 109165 Area 2 0 10 m 180622 180635 Figure 6: Post-excavation plan of Gortnahown 1 Area 2� 13
  • 24. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport The site was excavated from 14 May 2007 to 27 May 2007 and 3 September 2007 to 10 September 2007. Only areas within the CPO were resolved. The site was split into two areas. Area 1 measured 1109 m2 and Area 2 measured 728 m2. Area 1 was located 140 m to the north-east of Area 2. 7 Excavation results The full record of excavated contexts is recorded in the stratigraphic index (Appendix 1) and the stratigraphic matrix (Appendix 2). Detailed stratigraphic descriptions are found in the groups and sub-groups text (Appendix 3). Area 1 At Area 1 thirty-one cut features were excavated (Figure 4, Plate 1). These included 17 pits, seven post-holes, six stake-holes and one hearth. Cluster of pits, post-holes and stake-holes A cluster of features in the eastern extent of the site included five pits (C.41, C.62, C.25, C.60 and C.54), six post-holes (C.17, C.19, C.21, C.23, C.64 and C.66) and five stake- holes (C.42, C.47, C.56, C.57 and C.58). The collection of pits and post-holes in this part of Area 1 is the only part of the site where a discernible pattern in the archaeological remains was visible. Pit Length Width Depth Shape in plan Associated stake-holes C.41 0.64 m 0.56 m 0.19 m Irregular C.47, C.56, C.57 C.62 1.65 m 0.7 m 0.12 m Irregular C.25 0.82 m 0.7 m 0.35 m Oval C.60 1.02 m 0.56 m 0.07 m Oval C.54 1.45 m 0.74 m 0.18 m Irregular C.58 Table 1 Dimensions of pits in the eastern part of Area 1 The pits were spaced in a semi-oval pattern around a central pit C.62 enclosing an area of c. 10 m sq. An Early Bronze Age date of cal BC 1728-1533 (UB-12980) was returned from the pit C.62. The pits were oval-shaped and irregular in plan. They all contained similar fills. Two of the pits (C.41 and C.58) were associated with stake-holes: a stake-hole (C.58) was lo- cated in the base of pit C.54 (Plate 2) and a total of three stake-holes (C.47, C.56 and C.57) were located in the base and one (C.42) on the edge of pit C.41 (Plate 3). The six post-holes, that formed part of the group, seemed to be set in pairs. Post-holes (C.64 and C.66) were located 1.4 m to the south of the central pit C.62 and the other four (C.19, C.17, C.23 and C.21) were located 2.7 m to the north (Plate 4). Post-holes C.64 and C.66 were located 1.4 m apart. While the other two pairs of posts were spaced c. 4 m apart. 14
  • 25. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ Plate 3: Post-ex view of pit (C�41) Area 1, from south-east� Plate 4: Post-excavation view of pit (C�25) Area 1, from south-east� 15
  • 26. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport Plate 5: Mid-excavation view of hearth (C�80) Area 1, from north-west� Plate 6: Post-excavation view of pit (C�82) Area 1, from south-west� 16
  • 27. 180624 180632 25 27 ± 77 64 Gortnahown 1-E2423 68 65 47 50 19 53 109186 109186 17 37 55 58 13 3 21 Hearth 6 60 16 28 8 109181 109181 Area 1 11 Area 2 0 5 m 180624 180632 Figure 7: Post-excavation plan of structure at Gortnahown 1 Area 2� http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ 17
  • 28. 18 Gortnahown 1 NE facing section of C.27 C.29 C.26 C.27 Gortnahown 1 Mid-ex section paln of C.27 iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 C.24 C.48 # # # # C.25 Gortnahown 1 South facing section of C.75 C.66 C.72 # C.75 # # # C.65 # 10 cm 0 50 cm Figure 8: Section of foundation trenches C�25, C�65 and C�27� archaEoloGical Excavation rEport
  • 29. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ Plate 7: Post-excavation view of pit (C�88) Area 1, from north� It is possible that these features together formed a small, flimsy structure and/or a work space associated with the production of food or other general domestic activities. Peripheral hearth, pits and post-holes In the south-western part of this area of excavation a hearth (C.80, Plate 5) was located between two large pits (C.88 and C.82). The hearth (C.80) was a sub-triangular pit with a flat base. It contained two fills (C.79 and C.89) of sandy clay with inclusions of pebbles and a lot of charcoal (particularly in the upper fill). The two pits near this hearth were irregular (C.82, Figure 5, Plate 6) and oval-shaped (C.88, Plate 7) in plan. The fills of the pits (C.82 and C.88) were charcoal-rich; they were probably used for the deposition of waste material from the hearth. Context Length (m) Width (m) Depth (m) Type C.80 0.88 0.85 0.14 Hearth C.82 1.9 1 0.75 Pit C.88 2.1 1.85 0.64 Pit Table 2 Dimensions of hearth and pits Two small post-holes (C.74 and C.78), which were similar in size to one another, were located to the south-east of the two pits and hearth. Post C.78 was located 2 m east of the pit C.88 and post C.74 was located 7 m to the south-east of the pit. 19
  • 30. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport Plate 8: Aerial view of Gortnahown 1 Area 2, from the north-east� Plate 9: Closer aerial view of excavated features in Gortnahown 1 Area 2, from the north-east� Two pits (C.68 and C.70) were located 11 m south of the eastern cluster. They were spaced 0.7 m apart. Pit C.4, small and rectangular in plan, was located 10 m to the north- east. An Iron Age date of cal BC 88 – cal AD 54 (UB-13174) was returned from pit C.4 Four pits (C.6, C.10, C.28 and C.48) and two stake-holes (C.52 and C.55) were re- corded in the northern section of the site. The two stake-holes were located to the im- 20
  • 31. Gortnahown 1 Area 2 E2423 Gortnahown 1-E2423 South facing section of pit C.40 C.62 C.41 Slump material C.28 Animal burrow C.42 C.43 Possible Bioturbation true base Test Sondage of pit Animal Burrow 0 50 cm Figure 9: Section of pit C�28 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ 21
  • 32. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport mediate east of pit C.48. Pit C.28 was the largest of the pits, it measured 2.95 m by 1.78 m and 0.42 m in depth. Area 2 The features in Area 2 are likely to represent the partial remains of a truncated Bronze Age house. A total of 23 cut features were recorded, these included six slot trenches (C.11, C.17, C.19, C.25, C.27 and C.65), five pits, (C.6, C.8, C.21, C.28 and C.37), eight stake- holes (C.50, C.53, C.55, C.58, C.60, C.64, C.68 and C.77) and four post-holes (C.3, C.13, C.16 and C.47) (Plates 8 and 9). A series of furrows, at closely spaced intervals, aligned north-south and east-west crossed the site (Figure 6). The features were clustered in the central section of the site on the edge of the area of excavation. The Round House The inner ring of the structure was defined on the eastern side by two slot trenches (C.11 and C.25). The trench C.27 was located parallel to trench C.25 and may have functioned as a drip gully for the overhang of a roof. The other three slot trenches (C.17, C.19 and C.65) were located in the area of the entrance (Figure 8). Slot C.19 was located perpen- dicular to the shorter slot C.17. The curvilinear trench (C.65) was located in the area of the entrance partially parallel and perpendicular to the structure. It had a flat base and contained six sandy silt fills (C.66, C.67, C.72, C.73, C.74 and C.75). They included peb- bles, stones, charcoal, heat affected stones and flecks of burnt bone. The third C.17 was located in between C.19 and C.65. Context Type L x W x D (m) Location C.6 Pit 0.7 x 0.43 x 0.43 Interior C.8 Pit 0.9 x 0.35 x 0.15 Interior C.11 Slot trench 3.64 x 0.8 x 0.18 Foundation C.17 Slot trench 1.69 x 0.61 x 0.14 Exterior C.19 Slot trench 2.7 x 0.5 x 0.2 Exterior C.21 Pit 1.25 x 0.85 x 0.36 Area of entrance C.25 Slot trench 2.9 x 0.4 x 0.2 Foundation C.27 Slot trench 3 x 0.37 x 0.2 Exterior C.28 Hearth 1.6 x 1.12 x 0.4 Interior C.37 Pit 1.54 x 0.84 x 0.22 Interior C.65 Slot trench 1.9 x 0.5 x 0.2 Exterior Table 3 Dimensions of pits and slot trenches Four post-holes (C.3, C.13, C.16 and C.47) and four pits (C.6, C.8, C.28 and C.37) were located within the interior of the structure and one pit (C21) in the area of the en- trance. The pit C.28 is likely to be a centrally located hearth. Most of the internal features were located between the hearth and the area of the entrance. The pits varied in size and shape. Two of the pits (C.6 and C.8) were small in size. Three of the pits, including the hearth (C.21 C.28 and C.37) were mid-sized. They ranged between 1.25 m and 1.6m in length, 0.84 m and 1.12m in width and 0.22 m and 0.4 m in depth. Five fills (C.41, C.42, 22
  • 33. Gortnahown 1-E2423 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e2423-gortnahown1-co-cork/ C.43, C.44 and C.62) were recorded I the hearth-pit. They included pebbles, charcoal, burnt clay and flecks of animal bone (Figure 9). Three stake-holes were located in the interior. Stake-hole C.50 cut the base of post- hole C.47. Stake-hole C.58 was located on the north-western side of pit C.37 and stake- hole C.68 was located on the southern side of slot trench C.25. Two of the post-holes (C.3 and C.47) may have been located on or inside the line of the foundations. One of the post-holes (C.16) cut through the eastern side of pit (C.6). Context Length (m) Width (m) Depth (m) C.3 0.51 0.44 0.35 C.13 0.34 0.3 0.22 C.16 0.38 0.29 0.17 C.47 0.34 0.23 0.1 Table 4 Dimensions of post-holes in the interior of the structure Five stake-holes (C.53, C.55, C.60, C.64 and C.77) were associated with the slot trenches. Two stake-holes (C.43 and C.55) cut the base of C.19, they were set on opposite sides of the slot. Two stake-holes (C.64 and C.77) were located in linear C.27. Stake-hole C.60 was located to the north of linear C.11. All the stake-holes were either circular or sub-circular in plan and their dimensions ranged between 0.04 m and 0.12 m in length, 0.04 m and 0.1 m in width and 0.08 m and 0.29 m in depth. Small flecks of burnt bone were noted in the fills of eight of the pits, slot trenches and post-holes (C.6, C.11, C21, C.27, C.28, C.37, C.47 and C.65). Animal bone was identi- fied from the hearth and two of the slot trenches (C.11, C.25 and C.28). The fill (C.26) of one of the foundation slot trenches (C.27) contained the remains of burnt human bone fragments. The fragments represented a possible juvenile. A saddle quern (E2423:36:1) was recovered from a fill of the slot C.11. The structure could have enclosed an area of 76.5 m and the internal circumference of the house could have been 31.4 m (see Figure 7). If the entrance was located in the area between the termini of trenches C.11 and C.25 it would have faced east and measured c. 2.6 m. Agricultural furrows A number of furrows were located in the area of the excavation (see figure 6). They were aligned north-south and east-west and were on average 0.43 m wide and 0.08 m deep. The furrows were most probably excavated by plough due to their regular shape and spacing. Plant remains The plant remains from Gortnahown 1 were examined by Penny Johnston (Appendix 5). A total of nine samples were examined but no plant remains were present. 23
  • 34. iSSUE 10: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEoloGical Excavation rEport Plate 10: View of saddle quern E2423:36:1 Burnt bone The burnt bone from this site was examined by Linda Lynch (Appendix 6). One sample (S.15) from slot trench C.27 in Area 2 contained human remains. It was possibly a token deposit of some of the bones from the cremated body of a juvenile. The condition of the bone remains suggests that the bones were exposed for some time before burial. A similar condition was noted in the human remains examined from Caherdrinny 2 E2421. How- ever, the condition of these remains may also have been the result of local taphonomic conditions. Animal bone The animal bone was examined by Margaret McCarthy (Appendix 7). There were four samples from Area 2 that contained small quantities of burnt bone. They were recovered from the fills of slot trenches C.11 and C.25 and the hearth C.28. Most of the burnt bone was possibly the residue from burning food waste. Stone find A complete saddle quern (E2426:36:1) was examined by Sara Camplese (Appendix 4). It was recovered from the slot trench C.11 in Area 2 (Plate 10). 24