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PHP/MySQL tips and tricks
  Washington DC, USA, November 7th 2007
Agenda

  Tips and Tricks from PHP
     No need for anything else than standard distribution
     All for PHP 5
     ( but lots of it is also valid in PHP 4 )

     No petting the elePHPant until the end of the session
Who is speaking?

    Damien Séguy
       Nexen Services, Open Source hosting company
       PHP / MySQL expert services
       Redacteur en chef of www.nexen.net
       PHather of thousands plush Elephpants
    http://www.nexen.net/english.php
Nod when you know about it
PHP 5 : PHP 4 on diet?



PHP 4 : 77 extensions bundled   PHP 5 : 67 extensions bundled
PHP 4 : 2459 functions          PHP 5 : 2144 functions
PHP 4 : 3 classes               PHP 5 : 158 classes....
                                (watch for DateTime)
Random stuff

                               Array
<?php                          (
$a = range('d','a');               [0]   =>   c
shuffle($a);                       [1]   =>   d
                                   [2]   =>   b
print_r($a);                       [3]   =>   a
                               )
print str_shuffle('abcdef');   Array
// eabdcf                      (
                                   [0]   => 0
print_r(array_rand($a,3));         [1]   => 1
?>                                 [2]   => 3
                               )
Random stuff


  rand() and mt_rand()
  array_rand() : extract info from an array
    extract keys!

  shuffle() : shuffle an array before deal
  str_shuffle() : shuffle a string
Arrays combinaisons

       array_combine() : turn two arrays into one
         Inverse to array_keys() and array_values()
 <?php
 $a = array('green', 'red', 'yellow');
 $b = array('avocado', 'apple', 'banana');
 $c = array_combine($a, $b);
                     Array
 print_r($c);
                     (
 ?>
                         [green] => avocado
                         [red]    => apple
                         [yellow] => banana
                     )
array_combine() applied


<?php
$a = range('e','a');

$shuffled_a = array_combine(
    array_rand($a,5), 
    array_values($a));
// eabdcf

shuffle($a);
?>
Arrays as SQL


     sort       r    u


                r    u


      k     k   kr   uk

                ar
      a     a        ua
Slicing array in chunks : PHP
                                    Array
                                    (
                                        [0] => Array
                                            (
                                                [0] => 1
                                                [1] => 2
                                            )
<?php                                   [1] => Array
  $array = range(1,5);                      (
  print_r(array_chunk($array,2));               [0] => 3
                                                [1] => 4
?>                                          )

                                        [2] => Array
                                            (
                                                [0] => 5
                                            )

                                    )
Slicing array in chunks : SQL

mysql> SET @a := 1;
 
mysql> SELECT @a, GROUP_CONCAT(i) FROM integers
        GROUP BY ROUND((@a := @a + 1) / 4 , 0);
                                                +------+
+------+-----------------+                      |i     |
                                                +------+
| @a    | group_concat(i) |                     |    0|
                                                |    1|
+------+-----------------+                      |    2|
|     2 | 0,1,2,13        |                     |   13 |
                                                |    4|
|     6 | 4,15,6,7        |                     |   15 |
                                                |    6|
|    12 | 11,8,9          |                     |    7|
                                                |    8|
+------+-----------------+                      |    9|
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)                        |   11 |
                                                  +------+
JOIN is faster than LIMIT




mysql> SELECT cols FROM TABLE LIMIT 1000, 10;
JOIN is faster than LIMIT

mysql> CREATE TABLE `table_limit` (
  `row` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `id` int(11) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
  UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`) );

mysql> INSERT INTO table_limit
  SELECT 0, id FROM table ORDER BY col;

mysql> SELECT col FROM table_limit JOIN table
    ON bl_content.id = bl_content_nav.id AND
     table_limit.row
          BETWEEN @offset AND @offset + 10
JOIN is faster than LIMIT
Arrays sorted as SQL cols

                                        Array
                                        (
     array_multisort() : sort several       [0]   =>   2
     arrays at once                         [1]   =>   3
                                            [2]   =>   4
     Works like a ORDER BY
                                            [3]   =>   5
<?php                                   )
$ar1 = array(5,4,3,2);                  Array
$ar2 = array('a','b','c','d');          (
array_multisort($ar1, $ar2);                [0]   =>   d
array_multisort($ar1,                       [1]   =>   c
           SORT_ASC,SORT_STRING,            [2]   =>   b
           $ar2);                           [3]   =>   a
?>                                      )
GROUP BY PHP!


      DISTINCT : array_unique()
      COUNT(*) and GROUP BY : array_count_values()
<?php
   $array = array(1, quot;heiquot;, quot;1quot;, quot;takkquot;, quot;heiquot;);
   print_r(array_count_values($array));
                                                Array
?>
                                                (
                                                      [1] => 2
      Hint : array_count_values() is always faster that
                                                      [hei] => 2
      array_unique()...                               [takk] => 1
                                                )
Hide those loops to me!


<?php
 while(list($key, $val) = each($array)) {
 print quot;$key => $valnquot;;
}

for($i = 0; $i<count($array); $i++) {
 print quot;$i => {$array[$i]}nquot;;
}
?>
Hide those loops to me!



<?php
$array = range(1,3);
foreach($array as $id => &$value) {
   $value++;               Array
}                          (
                               [0] =>         2
?>
                                       [1] => 3
                                       [2] => 4
                                   )

   Declare your objects as Iterators
Hidden loops




  array_map : apply a function to all elements
  array_walk_recursive : same as above, and multi-dimensional
  array_filter : extract all elements using a custom function
Fast dir scans



   scandir(‘/tmp’, true);
     Include name sorting

     Replace opendir, readdir, closedir and a loop!

   glob(‘*.html’);
   Simply move the loop out of sight
Fast dir scans

Array
(
    [0]   =>   sess_um8rgjj10f6qvuck91rf36srj7
    [1]   =>   sess_u58rgul68305uqfe48ic467276
    [2]   =>   mysql.sock
                           <?php
    [3]   =>   ..
                           print_r(scandir('/tmp/', 1));
    [4]   =>   .
                           print_r(glob('/tmp/sess_*'));
)
                           ?>
Array
(
    [0]   => /tmp/sess_um8rgjj10f6qvuck91rf36srj7
    [1]   => /tmp/sess_u58rgul68305uqfe48ic467276
)
URL


<?php
$url = 'http://login:pass@www.site.com/
         path/file.php?a=2+&b%5B%5D=
         %E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%81#ee';
$d = parse_url($url);
print_r($d);

parse_str($d[quot;queryquot;]);
var_dump($GLOBALS[quot;bquot;]);
?>
URL operations


  parse_url()
    Break down into details

    Do not make any check

  parse_str()
    Split a query string

    Separate and decode, as long as it can

    Fills up an array or $GLOBALS
URL

(
    [scheme] => http
    [host] => www.site.com
    [user] => login
    [pass] => pass
    [path] => /path/file.php
    [query] => a=2&b%5B%5D=%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%81
    [fragment] => ee
)
array(1) {
  [0]=>
  string(9) quot;     quot;
}
URL validations


   scheme : list your own
   host : checkdnsrr() to check
   path : realpath() + doc root (beware of mod_rewrite)
   query : parse_str()
     beware of the second argument!

     don’t handle &amp;
URL rebuilding

     http_build_query() : PHP 5 only
          rebuild your query

          takes into account encoding and arrays

     <?php
     print http_build_query(
           array_merge($_GET ,
           array(' de ' => '                 ')));
     ?>

     +de+=%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%81
URL testing

 <?php
    get_headers('http://localhost/logo.png');
 ?>

     Array
     (
         [0]   =>   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
         [1]   =>   Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2007 02:24:23 GMT
         [2]   =>   Server: Apache/1.3.33 (Darwin) PHP/5.2.1
         [3]   =>   X-Powered-By: eZ publish
         [4]   =>   Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Sep 2005 09:11:28 GMT
         [5]   =>   ETag: quot;f6f2a-dbb-433d0140quot;
         [6]   =>   Accept-Ranges: bytes
         [7]   =>   Content-Length: 3515
         [8]   =>   Connection: close
         [9]   =>   Content-Type: image/png
     )
PHP is dynamic

    Variables variables
    <?php
      $x = 'y';
      $y = 'z';
      $z = 'a';

      echo $x;  // displays y
      echo $$x;  // displays z
      echo $$$x; // displays a
    ?>
PHP is crazy

    Crazy variables


    <?php
      $    = 'works';
      $êtrânçé = 'works';
      ${'Utter madness?'} = 'works';
      ${''} = 'works';
    ?>
Variables export

      var_export() : recreate PHP code for a variable

  <?php
                                              array (
                                                0 => 5,
  $array = array(5,4,3,2);
                                                1 => 4,
                                                2 => 3,
  file_put_contents('file.inc.php',
                                                3 => 2,
     '<?php $x = '.
                                              )
    var_export($array, true).
   '; ?>'
  );
  ?>
Fast file exports



   file_put_contents($file_name, $content);
     accept contexts and streams

     Complementary to file_get_contents()

   fputcsv() : create CSV style files
     complementary to fgetcsv()
Assertions


     Include tests during execution
     Assertion are an option (default is on) :
     Most clever way than removing than echo/var_dump
     Common practice in other languages
       Programmation by contract
Assertions

<?php
assert_options(ASSERT_CALLBACK,'assert_callback');
function assert_callback($script,$line, $message){
   echo 'There is something strange 
         in your script <b>', $script,'</b> : 
         line <b>', $line,'</b> :<br />'; exit;
  }

   assert('is_integer( $x );' );
  assert('($x >= 0) && ($x <= 10); 
           //* $x must be from 0 to 10' );
  echo quot;0 <= $x <= 10quot;;
?>
Debugging



  get_memory_usage()
    memory_limit is now on by default

    Better memory handling

  get_peak_memory_usage()
  sys_getloadavg() : no more need for exec(’uptime’);
Debugging


  get_included_files()
  get_defined_constants/functions/vars()
  get_declared_classes()
  get_debug_backtrace()
    function stack and their arguments

    file and line calling
Debugging

   array(2) {
   [0]=>
   array(4) {
       [quot;filequot;] => string(10) quot;/tmp/a.phpquot;
       [quot;linequot;] => int(10)
       [quot;functionquot;] => string(6) quot;a_testquot;
       [quot;argsquot;]=>
         array(1) { [0] => &string(6) quot;friendquot; }
   }
   [1]=>
   array(4) {
       [quot;filequot;] => string(10) quot;/tmp/b.phpquot;
       [quot;linequot;] => int(2)
       [quot;argsquot;] =>
         array(1) { [0] => string(10) quot;/tmp/a.phpquot; }
       [quot;functionquot;] => string(12) quot;include_oncequot;
     }
   }
Slides

  http://www.nexen.net/english.php
  damien.seguy@nexen.net
  http://www.nexenservices.com/
Everyone
  loves
  PHP

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PHP and MySQL Tips and tricks, DC 2007

  • 1. PHP/MySQL tips and tricks Washington DC, USA, November 7th 2007
  • 2. Agenda Tips and Tricks from PHP No need for anything else than standard distribution All for PHP 5 ( but lots of it is also valid in PHP 4 ) No petting the elePHPant until the end of the session
  • 3. Who is speaking? Damien Séguy Nexen Services, Open Source hosting company PHP / MySQL expert services Redacteur en chef of www.nexen.net PHather of thousands plush Elephpants http://www.nexen.net/english.php
  • 4. Nod when you know about it
  • 5. PHP 5 : PHP 4 on diet? PHP 4 : 77 extensions bundled PHP 5 : 67 extensions bundled PHP 4 : 2459 functions PHP 5 : 2144 functions PHP 4 : 3 classes PHP 5 : 158 classes.... (watch for DateTime)
  • 6. Random stuff Array <?php ( $a = range('d','a'); [0] => c shuffle($a); [1] => d [2] => b print_r($a); [3] => a ) print str_shuffle('abcdef'); Array // eabdcf ( [0] => 0 print_r(array_rand($a,3)); [1] => 1 ?> [2] => 3 )
  • 7. Random stuff rand() and mt_rand() array_rand() : extract info from an array extract keys! shuffle() : shuffle an array before deal str_shuffle() : shuffle a string
  • 8. Arrays combinaisons array_combine() : turn two arrays into one Inverse to array_keys() and array_values() <?php $a = array('green', 'red', 'yellow'); $b = array('avocado', 'apple', 'banana'); $c = array_combine($a, $b); Array print_r($c); ( ?> [green] => avocado [red] => apple [yellow] => banana )
  • 9. array_combine() applied <?php $a = range('e','a'); $shuffled_a = array_combine( array_rand($a,5),  array_values($a)); // eabdcf shuffle($a); ?>
  • 10. Arrays as SQL sort r u r u k k kr uk ar a a ua
  • 11. Slicing array in chunks : PHP Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => 2 ) <?php [1] => Array   $array = range(1,5); (   print_r(array_chunk($array,2)); [0] => 3 [1] => 4 ?> ) [2] => Array ( [0] => 5 ) )
  • 12. Slicing array in chunks : SQL mysql> SET @a := 1;   mysql> SELECT @a, GROUP_CONCAT(i) FROM integers GROUP BY ROUND((@a := @a + 1) / 4 , 0);   +------+ +------+-----------------+ |i | +------+ | @a | group_concat(i) | | 0| | 1| +------+-----------------+ | 2| | 2 | 0,1,2,13 | | 13 | | 4| | 6 | 4,15,6,7 | | 15 | | 6| | 12 | 11,8,9 | | 7| | 8| +------+-----------------+ | 9| 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) | 11 | +------+
  • 13. JOIN is faster than LIMIT mysql> SELECT cols FROM TABLE LIMIT 1000, 10;
  • 14. JOIN is faster than LIMIT mysql> CREATE TABLE `table_limit` ( `row` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `id` int(11) unsigned DEFAULT NULL, UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`) ); mysql> INSERT INTO table_limit SELECT 0, id FROM table ORDER BY col; mysql> SELECT col FROM table_limit JOIN table ON bl_content.id = bl_content_nav.id AND table_limit.row BETWEEN @offset AND @offset + 10
  • 15. JOIN is faster than LIMIT
  • 16. Arrays sorted as SQL cols Array ( array_multisort() : sort several [0] => 2 arrays at once [1] => 3 [2] => 4 Works like a ORDER BY [3] => 5 <?php ) $ar1 = array(5,4,3,2); Array $ar2 = array('a','b','c','d'); ( array_multisort($ar1, $ar2); [0] => d array_multisort($ar1, [1] => c SORT_ASC,SORT_STRING, [2] => b $ar2); [3] => a ?> )
  • 17. GROUP BY PHP! DISTINCT : array_unique() COUNT(*) and GROUP BY : array_count_values() <?php $array = array(1, quot;heiquot;, quot;1quot;, quot;takkquot;, quot;heiquot;); print_r(array_count_values($array)); Array ?> ( [1] => 2 Hint : array_count_values() is always faster that [hei] => 2 array_unique()... [takk] => 1 )
  • 18. Hide those loops to me! <?php  while(list($key, $val) = each($array)) {  print quot;$key => $valnquot;; } for($i = 0; $i<count($array); $i++) {  print quot;$i => {$array[$i]}nquot;; } ?>
  • 19. Hide those loops to me! <?php $array = range(1,3); foreach($array as $id => &$value) {    $value++; Array } ( [0] => 2 ?> [1] => 3 [2] => 4 ) Declare your objects as Iterators
  • 20. Hidden loops array_map : apply a function to all elements array_walk_recursive : same as above, and multi-dimensional array_filter : extract all elements using a custom function
  • 21. Fast dir scans scandir(‘/tmp’, true); Include name sorting Replace opendir, readdir, closedir and a loop! glob(‘*.html’); Simply move the loop out of sight
  • 22. Fast dir scans Array ( [0] => sess_um8rgjj10f6qvuck91rf36srj7 [1] => sess_u58rgul68305uqfe48ic467276 [2] => mysql.sock <?php [3] => .. print_r(scandir('/tmp/', 1)); [4] => . print_r(glob('/tmp/sess_*')); ) ?> Array ( [0] => /tmp/sess_um8rgjj10f6qvuck91rf36srj7 [1] => /tmp/sess_u58rgul68305uqfe48ic467276 )
  • 23. URL <?php $url = 'http://login:pass@www.site.com/ path/file.php?a=2+&b%5B%5D= %E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%81#ee'; $d = parse_url($url); print_r($d); parse_str($d[quot;queryquot;]); var_dump($GLOBALS[quot;bquot;]); ?>
  • 24. URL operations parse_url() Break down into details Do not make any check parse_str() Split a query string Separate and decode, as long as it can Fills up an array or $GLOBALS
  • 25. URL ( [scheme] => http [host] => www.site.com [user] => login [pass] => pass [path] => /path/file.php [query] => a=2&b%5B%5D=%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%81 [fragment] => ee ) array(1) { [0]=> string(9) quot; quot; }
  • 26. URL validations scheme : list your own host : checkdnsrr() to check path : realpath() + doc root (beware of mod_rewrite) query : parse_str() beware of the second argument! don’t handle &amp;
  • 27. URL rebuilding http_build_query() : PHP 5 only rebuild your query takes into account encoding and arrays <?php print http_build_query( array_merge($_GET , array(' de ' => ' '))); ?> +de+=%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%81
  • 28. URL testing <?php get_headers('http://localhost/logo.png'); ?> Array ( [0] => HTTP/1.1 200 OK [1] => Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2007 02:24:23 GMT [2] => Server: Apache/1.3.33 (Darwin) PHP/5.2.1 [3] => X-Powered-By: eZ publish [4] => Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Sep 2005 09:11:28 GMT [5] => ETag: quot;f6f2a-dbb-433d0140quot; [6] => Accept-Ranges: bytes [7] => Content-Length: 3515 [8] => Connection: close [9] => Content-Type: image/png )
  • 29. PHP is dynamic Variables variables <?php $x = 'y'; $y = 'z'; $z = 'a'; echo $x;  // displays y echo $$x;  // displays z echo $$$x; // displays a ?>
  • 30. PHP is crazy Crazy variables <?php $  = 'works'; $êtrânçé = 'works'; ${'Utter madness?'} = 'works'; ${''} = 'works'; ?>
  • 31. Variables export var_export() : recreate PHP code for a variable <?php array ( 0 => 5, $array = array(5,4,3,2); 1 => 4, 2 => 3, file_put_contents('file.inc.php', 3 => 2, '<?php $x = '. ) var_export($array, true). '; ?>' ); ?>
  • 32. Fast file exports file_put_contents($file_name, $content); accept contexts and streams Complementary to file_get_contents() fputcsv() : create CSV style files complementary to fgetcsv()
  • 33. Assertions Include tests during execution Assertion are an option (default is on) : Most clever way than removing than echo/var_dump Common practice in other languages Programmation by contract
  • 34. Assertions <?php assert_options(ASSERT_CALLBACK,'assert_callback'); function assert_callback($script,$line, $message){    echo 'There is something strange  in your script <b>', $script,'</b> :  line <b>', $line,'</b> :<br />'; exit; } assert('is_integer( $x );' );   assert('($x >= 0) && ($x <= 10);  //* $x must be from 0 to 10' );   echo quot;0 <= $x <= 10quot;; ?>
  • 35. Debugging get_memory_usage() memory_limit is now on by default Better memory handling get_peak_memory_usage() sys_getloadavg() : no more need for exec(’uptime’);
  • 36. Debugging get_included_files() get_defined_constants/functions/vars() get_declared_classes() get_debug_backtrace() function stack and their arguments file and line calling
  • 37. Debugging array(2) { [0]=> array(4) { [quot;filequot;] => string(10) quot;/tmp/a.phpquot; [quot;linequot;] => int(10) [quot;functionquot;] => string(6) quot;a_testquot; [quot;argsquot;]=> array(1) { [0] => &string(6) quot;friendquot; } } [1]=> array(4) { [quot;filequot;] => string(10) quot;/tmp/b.phpquot; [quot;linequot;] => int(2) [quot;argsquot;] => array(1) { [0] => string(10) quot;/tmp/a.phpquot; } [quot;functionquot;] => string(12) quot;include_oncequot; } }
  • 38. Slides http://www.nexen.net/english.php damien.seguy@nexen.net http://www.nexenservices.com/