this is a report of my summer internship that i had done in Ruby hall clinic(550 beds) Pune.Title of my project is "Feasiablity study of implementation of personal health records in Ruby hall clinic".
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Personal Health Records
1. FEASABLITY STUDY OF IMPLEMENTATION
OF PERSONAL HEALTH RECORDS IN RUBY
HALL CLINIC
I .T P
a
t
i
Dr. e
n
t
Dr.Satya Prakash Mishra PGDM
(Marketing+IT) HRD-09-6066
BIMHRD 2009-11
2. Content
Page no.
A.Acknowledgement 5
B.Executive summary 6
1.Ruby Hall Clinic 8
1.1. Introduction 8
1.2.Cardiac center 8
1.3.Orthopedic 10
1.4. Neurosurgery 10
1.5.Neurology 11
1.6.Nephrology 11
1.7.Obstetrics and Gynecology 12
1.8.Critical Care Unit 12
1.9.Cancer centre 13
1.10.Neuro-Trauma&Stroke 13
2.The Information Gap In Modern Healthcare 14
3.What is a Personal Health Record ? 15
3.1. What is new about the Personal Health Record? 15
3.2. Who will use the Personal Health Record? 16
3.3. WHY: the Personal Health Record 16
A. Making the Case for PHR 16
4.Vision for PHR 18
5.WHAT – Defining and Characterizing the Personal Health Record 19
5.1.Each person controls his or her own PHR 19
5.2.PHRs contain information from one’s entire lifetime and all health care providers. 19
5.3. PHRs are accessible from any place at any time. 20
5.4. PHRs are private and secure 20
5.5. PHRs are transparent 20
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3. 5.6. PHRs permit easy exchange of information 20
6.Minimum PHR data set 21
6.1.PHR v/s EMR 21
6.2.Implications for PHR developers 23
6.3.PHR/PHA offering in current market 25
7.Risks and Concerns about PHR 26
8.WHO – Users of Personal Health Records 28
8.1.Potential stakeholders include 28
9. Why personal health records? 30
9.1.Advantage of PHR 30
A. Improve the patient-clinician relationship 31
B. Increase patient safety 31
C. Improve the quality of care 31
D. Improve efficiency and convenience 32
E. Improve privacy safeguards 32
F. Save money 32
9.2.Sample of personal health record 33
10.Decision Support and the Personal Health Record 37
10.1.Foundations of decision Support 37
11.Function of PHR 41
11.1. Identification function 41
11.2. Medical history function 42
11.3. Other Relevant Information Functions 43
11.4. Systems functions 45
11.5. Planning Functions 50
11.6. Optional services 51
12.Personal health record policy areas 57
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4. 12.1. Key Obstacles 58
12.2. Content 59
12.3. Authorization 60
A. Editing professionally sourced information 64
B. Withholding professionally sourced information 64
C. Appending notes to professionally sourced information 65
D. Correcting professionally sourced 65
E. Sample Authorization to Use or Disclose Health Information 66
12.4 Privacy laws and regulations 69
A. Data Protection Law in India 69
12.5. Managing expectations and liability 73
12.6.Summary of e Risk Guidelines 75
13.Are consumer ready for PHR ? 76
14. Are clinician ready for PHR? 95
15.Creative advertisement. 106
16.Cost of implementing personal health records in ruby hall 123
17.Bibliography. 126
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5. A.Acknowledgement
It gives me great pleasure and satisfaction for the completion of this project. Every successful
piece of work has many invisible helping hands with their invaluable support and inspiration
.I am really grateful the people who have in what every capacities that I interacted with
them have helped me in completion of the project and gave me encouragement during the
project.
I give my sincere thanks to Mrs.(Dr.)Sujata Malik for giving me a opportunity to do my
summer internship project in Ruby Hall Clinic ,Pune and guiding me at every step of my
research.
I would like to thanks to Mrs.(Dr.)Smita Dixit for their kind support and guidance.
And also I would like to give my sincere thanks to all staffs of Ruby Hall Clinic who help me
in completing this project.
And last but not the least I would like to dedicate this project to my Mother Smt.Kiran
Subhash Chandra Mishra whom I owe my existence ,without her support and
encouragement.I would not be ,what I am today.Even the tiniest proton of my life belong to
her.
Dr.Satya Prakash Mishra
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6. A. Executive summary
Project title:
“FEASIBILITY STUDY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PERSONAL HEALTH RECORDS IN RUBY
HALL CLINIC”
Location:
Ruby Hall Clinic,Pune.
Duration of project:
The duration of project was 60 days from 1st May to 30th June 2010.
Project undertaken by :
Dr.Satya Prakash Mishra.(B.D.S.,PGDM 2nd Year.)
Project guide :
Mrs.(Dr.)Sujata Malik.
Mrs.(Dr.)Smita Dixit.
Project summary:
The goal of the project was to capture patients and doctors attitudes toward Personal
health records. Questionnaire was the tool for data collection . Patients liked the idea of
keeping their medical records online. On the positive side, Patients liked the fact that they
could e-mail their records to their doctor. They also liked that once personal health
information had been entered, it became part of their permanent record and therefore they
did not have to remember it later. They also believed that storing personal health
information would give their children access to a more complete family health history .They
also mentioned other benefits including the notion that online records are more credible to
other professionals and could be used for referrals and when changing doctors. The PHR-like
tools helped participants keep track of their medication history, which was especially
important for those with a chronic illness. Participants did not express widespread concern
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7. about privacy and security but did voice frustration with the time and hassle it took to
register and log into the system. Although the majority of respondents stated that they were
comfortable with hospital accessing their medical record after they had given explicit
permission. Respondents overwhelmingly stated that they would prefer to have their
hospital host the online medical record tool. Respondents also reported that online medical
records could help to improve their health care experiences. A strong majority believed that
having access to their online medical records would help to remember their doctors’
instructions after an office visit .They are also agree to pay some amount for this service.
They also believed that having their medical records online would give them a greater sense
of empowerment regarding their health.
Doctor’s survey was also done to understand how doctors would react to this concept.
Results revel that only 20% patients come with a organized set of medical records; 42 % are
coming with organized but with some records missing.49 % doctors believe that there may
be chances for some vital information may missed due to unorganized presentation of
medical records. 70 % doctors believe that Digital health records make patient more aware
about his health to a great extent. It also helps doctor to guide there patient in a better ways.
And also improves doctor’s efficiency. Digital health records reduce the chances of medical
errors made by doctors, nurses, and pharmacists. It can also improve the quality of
discussion between doctor and patient. It can also play a crucial role during emergency. 89 %
doctors would you like to implement digital health records system in ruby hall. Doctors
would also like to give prescription via e mail based on digital health records.
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8. 1. Ruby Hall Clinic
1.1. Introduction
Ruby Hall Clinic the largest hospital in the private sector in Pune, It boasts of 550 inpatient
beds including 130 for intensive care, with staff strength of 150 consultants, 500 panel
doctors and 1400 paramedical staffs.
When one trails the journey of 50 years of this institute one is amazed at the phenomenal
work done by Dr. K B Grant, the 90 year old patriarch in this achievement .Dr K B Grant, now
in his 90th year, was born in Tamil Nadu. He completed his graduation from Wadia College,
and then went on to do his MBBS and MD (Medicine) from Grant Medical College, Mumbai.
Ruby hall start under Dr .Grant with 3 bed and 1 consulting room in 1959.From 1959 to 1999
Ruby Hall Clinic expanded from 3 bed to 300 beds .In 1999 Ruby Hall Clinic grows from 10
ICU beds to 130 beds from 10 private rooms to 80 private rooms to keep pace with Pune’s
population explosion. In 2007 it add an ultramodern cancer unit.
Ruby Hall Clinic has put Pune on medical map of india .It had celebrated its golden jubilee on
28th November 2009. It is the first and only hospital in Pune to get NABH and NABL
accreditation.
Dr. Grant has received "Life Time Achievement Award’’ from many institutions and
Universities like Pune University, Symbiosis, and Bharati University. A couple of years back he
was awarded "PunyaBhushan" for his outstanding services to the people of Pune .
Dr.Grant entered the Limca Book of records for being the oldest physician in 2009. The
hospital was awarded “the best hospital to work” in a survey conducted by Economic Times
last year.
Ruby hall is a multi specialty hospital held in high esteem for the following specialty.
1.2. Cardiac center
Ruby hall boast of a state of art , sophisticated cardiac centre which provides comprehensive
cardiac care ,the latest on the cutting age of medical science in the field of diagnostic and
therapeutic cardiology. Apart from having a all sophisticated equipment and highly trained
staff to handle any acute medical or surgical emergency , the cardiac centre of Ruby Hall
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9. Clinic is India's first private hospital to designed, equipped and staffed solely for the
treatment of cardiac condition. It has already gained an all-India reputation for its expertise
in this area of medicine.
The Cardiac Centre also has the following facilities:
Echocardiography & Colour Doppler Studies
Cardiac Catheterization laboratory
Myocardial Perfusion studies (Nuclear Medicine)
Stress Test
24 Hour Ambulatory holter
Intensive Coronary care Unit
Angiography
Ruby Hall Clinic houses the most modern Philips Integris H 5000 systems. Two Cathlabs are
fully functional. Around 700 procedures are performed every month. This unit is manned by
highly skilled & qualified cardiologists round the clock. More than 75,000 Angiographies have
been done so far in the Clinic.
Coronary balloon Angioplasty & stent implantation
Angiography was started in 1998 with an average of 6 procedure performed daily .stents are
being used since October 1994. The department is also geared for arrhythmia studies
,electro physiological studies .RF ablation for cardiac arrhythmias, balloon valvuloplasties for
rheumatic mitral stenosis, congenital pulmonary and aortic stenosis ,congenital pulmonary
and aortic stenosis.The center also has facilities for rotablator angioplasty (diamond
burr),temporary and permanent pacemaker implementation.
Cardiac surgery
The cardiothoracic department is a full-flagged unit manned by a team of cardiothoracic
surgeons. The ultra modern operation theatres are equipped with the latest monitoring
equipment, blood gas analyzers, heart-lung machines, ventilators etc. A 19 bedded recovery
room complex is adjacent to the theatre. On an average 100 cardiac surgeries are done in a
month. Surgeries on congenital heart diseases include CABGs, MICAS & valve replacements .
Ruby Hall Clinic is fully equipped to carry out all cardiac surgical procedures, such as valve
replacements, repair of diseased rheumatic and congenital valves. The doctors of the
hospital have a vast experience in the use of valves and bioprosthetic valves. More than
20,000 CABG procedures have been performed at the hospital in the past 15 years. Since
1991 use of IMA and arterial conduits have become common in CABG operations in Ruby Hall
Clinic .
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10. 1.3. Orthopedic
The orthopedic Department, established in 1960 has been one of the best progressive
Centers in the region. Catering to Trauma, Spine Surgery, Plastic & Hand Surgery ,Micro
vascular Surgery, Pediatrics, arthroscopy & Joint Replacement.
Through careful patient selection, several joint replacement surgeries (hip, knee, shoulder &
elbow) with 100% success rate(over the past 7 years) have been done. Equally arthroscopic
knee& shoulder surgeries are fairly routine with good results. With the backup of a dedicated
Orthopedic Theatre, excellent, state-of-the-art instrumentation, laminar airflow, well-trained
theatre staff and resident Orthopedic Doctors, the results have been excellent over the past
10 years, with infection/complication rates rivaling the best centers abroad .It is no wonder
that complication from other centers in the region opinions at Ruby Hall’s orthopedics
Department.
1.4. Neurosurgery
The department of Neurosurgery has Neuro imaging and dedicated Neuro O.T. Neuro
imaging facility has C.T Scan, M.R.I ,Bone scan and DSA studes. It has started endovascular
intervention of Aneurysms and AVMs with GDC coils.
Dedicated neuro theatre has laminar air flow providing contamination free atmosphere
aiming zero infection rate for planned surgeries. It has dedicated Neuro staff , cavitron
surgical aspirator (CUSA),wild microscopic ,`C’arm, neuroendoscope with endoscopic disc
excision and with this micro drill system of Aseculp and Stryker which facilitate all
microneuro surgical procedure with comfort.
Recently it added neuro endoscope to our armamentarium with endoscopic disc excision and
with this minimal invasive brain surgery is now possible with low morbidity and mortality.
1.5. Neurology The department provides an array of specialized secondary and tertiary
neurological consultative service and has a high success rate. Headed by a most respected
senior consultant and the best of staff.
Consultations, diagnosis, operations and management of patients with suspected dementia,
Alzheimer's disease, amnesia, aphasia, language problems, head injury, visual impairment
epilepsy, brain tumor, cord and neuromuscular disorders. Evaluation and treatment of
Parkinson disease, tremor and dystonia.
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11. Fully supported with investigational facilities it was first country to have CT Scan and MRI
and the MRI studies include MR angiography ,diffusion and perfusion scan. Routine nerve
conduction, EMG, Evoked potential and EEG are available on a regular basis.
'The department is backed by a full fledged trauma intensive care unit for treatment of
strokes, head injuries, and comatose patients.
1.6. Critical Care Unit
One of India's largest intensive and Coronary Care Complex Today Ruby Hall Clinic has got
132 Intensive Care beds of which 56 beds are for Acute Coronary Care & Critical Care. What
is special about this critical care unit? Minimum bed space requirement by international
standards is about 120 sq. ft. per patient which is met with continuous supply of piped gases
like oxygen, air suction from the central reservoir assures least chances of failure and no time
wastage in manual labor of changing the gas cylinders. Very sophisticated 'monitors' have
been developed which not only watch but record the trends and warn the attending staff
about life threatening incidents in a patient. For patients with severe complex shocks, cardiac
output monitoring is performed bedside. Latest generation Hewlett Packard monitors have
also been installed for the same purpose along with the central monitoring facility. To give
best possible artificial respiratory support a large number of ventilators from Siemens have
been installed. When, due to generalized unstable condition, a patient may not be able to be
shifted to the kidney unit, facility for bedside hemodialysis is also available in the modern ICU
complex .
We offer one of the only BM-25 machines for CWH in critically ill patients with renal failure in
India. Ruby Hall ICU & CCU also specializes in shifting high risk patients within the
departments for the investigations and surgeries with accompanying equipment and
personnel. With such facilities, it is no wonder that this unit is a " tertiary referral centre" for
other ICUs and hospitals. For this purpose "emergency care ambulance" is available to shift
the unstable patients to and from other hospitals. This unit is also recognized for Certificate
Course in Critical Care Medicine by Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine and now for post
doctoral fellowship (DNB) in Critical Care Medicine.
1.7. Obstetrics and Gynecology
IVF - Endoscopy Centre
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12. The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, of Ruby Hall clinic is equipped with all
modem diagnostic facilities and can cater to all types of Obstetrics and Gynecological cases.
It also runs a regular prenatal course which has become very popular among young pregnant
women in Pune. It also offer regular screening of uterine & breast cancer which includes
mammography .IT is now expanded its service and takes pride in presenting IVF - Endoscopy
surgical Centre which has been design guideline of Sydney –IVF centre .The unique feature
of his centre is its world class technology to conduct advance lapro-hysteroscopic surgeries
.To conduct endoscopic and IVF training course , a special conference room with the relay
from endo OT and IVF is also designed.
1.8. Nephrology
Kidney transplant and Renal dialysis unit
Ruby hall clinic is one of best centre in the country for treatment of patient with renal
disease and end stage renal failure.It has an interegrated program for the management of
renal failure including haemodialysis,CAPD ,Aphearasis.the department of nephrology has
highly qualified,well trained and experienced nephrologists.the dialysis unit 9 modern
haemodialysis machine and a trained nursing staff who treat the patient round the
clock.appox. 25 patient receive dialysis per day and unit has done over 50,000 dialysis over
20 years.
The institution was the pioneer in renal transplantation,performing the first living related
renal transplant and also the first cadaver renal transplant in Pune.It received a certificate
for honor for performing the first cadaver transplant in the state of Maharastra outside
Mumbai.Till now more then 500 living related and cadever transplant have been performed.
1.9. Cancer centre
Ruby hall Clinic has setup high tech cancer centre to provide excellent cancer treatment for
its patients. Housed with state of art infrastructure ,the seven storied cancer centre promises
holistic cancer treatment. The facility includes Radiation therapy,Chemotherapy,6 operation
theatres, day care centre, and research centre along with the support services like
conference rooms, coffee shops and pharmacy.
The centre lays special emphasis on day care and domiciliary treatment which involve
minimum hospitalization .The centre offer beautifully designed surgical as well as
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13. chemotherapy Day care centre .The centre offer treatment by means of the latest
technology and the overall focus is towards healing and not just treatment .
The Radiation unit is the 1st in Asia to provide image guided radiotherapy (IGRT).The centre
also Intensity Modulated radiation therapy(IMRT).The cancer centre has introduced
distinctive module like the specialty OPDs and Mobile Screening units. Ruby hall clinic has
entered with 10 years collaboration with “Siemens” for all technological and product
developments being done. This agreement identifies Ruby hall Clinic as a “Siemens beta site
” and is the fifth site in the world and Asia’s only beta site.
1.10. Neuro-Trauma & Stroke Unit
The Neuro-Trauma unit is a dedicated 18 bedded unit .each bed is a special Trauma bed with
accompanying central oxygen supply, Air supply ,central suctioning and continuous
monitoring with specific intracranial monitoring facility for patient .each bed also has
advanced ventilatory monitoring facility .this dedicated unit is manned by a neurologist,
neurosurgeon ,and consultant intensivists round the clock, supported by highly trained
Nursing and Paramedic staff.
Ruby hall has also started a national institute of pre hospital care and trauma management in
collaboration with Rotary club of Birmingham. Main focus of this institute is
Pre hospital care management.
Trauma care.
Disaster management.
Community educations.
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14. 2.The Information Gap In Modern Healthcare
Information is the currency of modern health care. Knowing one’s family background, history
of diagnoses and procedures, test results and medications and diet and exercise habits is
essential to managing health, assessing problems, and preventing medical error. Today
medical information is scattered among the many health care providers people see
throughout their lives. It is stored in individual memories, on scraps of paper and in
spreadsheets on personal computers. Some doctors and hospitals keep computerized
medical records, but most personal health information is stored in thick paper files that line
office walls. These paper-based systems are often disorganized, illegible, prone to error,
difficult to transfer from provider to patient or specialist and they usually do not include
information contributed by patients. In the paper-based world of medical records, there is no
coordinated system, no standardized, private and secure way to integrate anyone’s health
information in one place. A visit to a new doctor means new forms to complete, new tests to
run and new conversations reviewing personal medical history -- conversations that depend
almost entirely on memory alone. People need effective tools to help them manage their
health and Health care.
The electronic personal health record (PHR) can help solve this problem for patients. PHR is a
single, person-centered system designed to track health and support health care activities
across one’s entire life experience. It is not limited to a single organization or a single
healthcare provider.
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15. 3.What is a Personal Health Record?
The Public health working group describes PHR as: an electronic application through which
individuals can access, manage and share their health information, and that of others for
whom they are authorized, in a private, secure, and confidential environment .The Personal
Health Record (PHR) is an Internet-based set of tools that allows people to access and
coordinate their lifelong health information and make appropriate parts of it available to
those who need it. PHRs offer an integrated and comprehensive view of health information,
including information people generate themselves such as symptoms and medication use,
information from doctors such as diagnoses and test results, and information from their
pharmacies and insurance companies. Individuals access their PHRs via the Internet, using
state-of-the-art security and privacy controls, at any time and from any location. Family
members, doctors or school nurses can see portions of a PHR when necessary and
emergency room staff can retrieve vital information from it in a crisis. People can use their
PHR as a communications hub: to send email to doctors, transfer information to specialists,
receive test results and access online self-help tools. PHR connects each of us to the
incredible potential of modern health care and gives us control over our own information.
3.1.What is new about the Personal Health Record?
The PHR is a single, person-centered system designed to track and support health activities
across one’s entire life experience; it is not limited to a single organization or a single
healthcare provider. The PHR differs from the electronic medical record (EMR) - a
computerized platform for managing detailed medical information collected during a
hospital stay or in a doctor’s office. EMRs usually contain a health history, doctors’ notes and
laboratory and radiology results and are generally owned by and limited to the information
collected by one doctor or hospital. The EMR rarely contains information provided by the
patient. Not all doctors use electronic medical records and many different systems exist, so
when people change doctors or move to a new city their personal health information does
not move with them. Health professionals are now adopting new data standards that will
make transfer of clinical data between doctors more common, but even connecting different
doctors’ medical record systems will not tie together all the important health information for
each patient. An EMR might indicate that a doctor wrote a prescription, but it would not
show whether the patient filled the prescription, took the medication or if the treatment
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16. worked. EMRs can supply information to PHRs, but the PHR will also capture information
from many EMRs and directly from patients.
3.2.Who will use the Personal Health Record?
The individual person is the primary user of the PHR. That person may allow access to all or
part of the PHR to anyone - a doctor, family member, employer, summer camp, or insurance
company. Other potential PHR users are “stakeholders” who - when the primary user of the
PHR gives his or her permission - can make valuable use of the information being kept in the
personal health record. In addition to the individual patient, doctors and hospitals may
benefit from having quick, inexpensive access to medical information. Employers and
insurers may be better able to evaluate and reward high-quality care by looking at aggregate
data. Researchers and advocacy organizations can assess patterns of disease and treatment
across the health care system. Public health officials may be able to detect disease
outbreaks. The government and society as a whole may see significant gains in efficiency as
more medical decisions are based on current and accurate information. All of these benefits
can result from individual users’ willingness to share selected health information with the
stakeholders mentioned above.
3.3.WHY: the Personal Health Record
A. Making the Case for PHR
Imagine going to a new doctor and the office requests information regarding insurance,
medical problems, medications, allergies and recent lab work. By accessing a PHR, one could
print a copy of the necessary information or even transfer a digital copy of the information
into the new doctor’s system. After the visit ,the doctor could send an update of new
medications and the results of any lab or diagnostic tests directly to the individual’s PHR and
alert him or her that new information was available for review.
When that individual goes to see a specialist, that same information could be made available,
in printed or digital format, for the specialist to access and review. Upon leaving the
specialist, any new problems, medications, lab or diagnostic tests from the specialist would
transfer directly to the patient’s PHR. If a new school asks for a child’s immunization records
prior to admission, a parent could access his or her child’s PHR and print a copy to send in.
Finally, in the case of an emergency, emergency room personnel could access an individual’s
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17. PHR to obtain pertinent medical information reducing the chance of a medical error,
increasing the speed and accuracy of the diagnosis and reducing the potential for
unnecessary or duplicative tests.
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18. 4.Vision for PHR :
PHR is an Internet-based set of tools that allows people to access and coordinate their
lifelong health information and make appropriate parts of it available to those who need it.
PHR offers an integrated and comprehensive view of health information, including
information people generate themselves such as symptoms and medication use, information
from doctors such as diagnoses and test results and information from their pharmacies and
insurance companies. Individuals access their PHRs via the Internet, using state-of-the-art
security and privacy controls, at any time and from any location. Individual PHR users decide
who can see their medical record. Family members, caregivers, doctors or school nurses can
see portions of a PHR when necessary and emergency room staff can retrieve vital
information from it in a crisis. People can use their PHR as a communications hub: to send e-
mail to doctors, transfer information to specialists, receive test results and access online self-
help tools. Individuals can manually enter information into their PHR and doctor’s offices,
hospitals, labs and pharmacies can auto-populate PHRs by way of interfaces such as
electronic transcription or secure messaging. PHR connects each of us to the incredible
potential of modern health care and gives us control over our own information.
PHR has the potential to save hundreds of hours in time and reduce the cost of health care.
By making health information available when it is needed, PHR could help decrease
duplicate testing, transfer records more efficiently, reduce adverse drug events and
improve preventive care and disease management. PHR is likely to yield considerable cost
savings Several studies have already shown that similar technology such as the Electronic
Health Record and Ambulatory Computer Physician Order Entry systems contributed to
lower costs and improved quality of care by having the necessary medical information
available when decisions needed to be made.
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19. 5. WHAT – Defining and Characterizing the
Personal Health Record
The PHR has several distinct attributes:
1. Each person controls his or her own PHR. Individuals decide which parts of their PHR
can be accessed, by whom and for how long.
2.PHRs contain information from one’s entire lifetime and all health care providers.
3.PHRs are accessible from any place at any time.
4.PHRs are private and secure.
5.PHRs are “transparent.” Individuals can see who entered each piece of data, where it
was transferred from and who has viewed it
6.PHRs permit easy exchange of information with other health information Systems and
health professionals.
5.1.Each person controls his or her own PHR.
Simply put, individual PHR users decide which parts of their PHR can be accessed, by whom
and for how long. The person (patient or consumer) owns his or her PHR and can designate
others (family, caregivers, clinicians) to manage it for them. Individual users can enter their
own information and they may authorize others to add specific types of data into their PHRs.
Users or their designee(s) can expect that their PHR remains private, and they can expect
that systems that help them manage their PHR will use accepted security measures to
prevent any unauthorized access to their data.
5.2. PHRs contain information from one’s entire lifetime and all
health care providers.
PHR should be a portable record that aggregates and integrates information from multiple
health care professionals and systems and from the patient directly .Unlike many electronic
medical records that often only contain episodic and illness-related information, PHR
contains an ongoing, longitudinal and life-long record of information that bridges both
wellness and illness.
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20. 5.3. PHRs are accessible from any place at any time.
Individual users, their providers and other caregivers can access up-to-date health
information using the PHR at the point of care or any time they need it – with appropriate
permission. Economic or electronic barriers (such as Internet access in emergency rooms)
should not preclude the availability of PHR information.
5.4. PHRs are private and secure.
One can envision a highly restrictive model in which every access must be authorized in
advance, but only a small minority of consumers would find this beneficial. In some cases,
people may wish to grant full, unfettered access for providers with whom they have an
ongoing relationship. In addition, there should be a "break glass in case of fire" override
available for providers who care for patients in emergency situations (EMT, ER, etc.)The
confidentiality of these two more permissive modes can be enhanced by allowing consumers
to access an "audit trail" that lists who has accessed their record, when and from where. This
provides an added deterrent against inappropriate usage by individuals who have access
privileges.
5.5. PHRs are transparent
Individuals should be able to see who entered each piece of data, where it was transferred
from and who has it. Each piece of information that is added to the PHR should be
attributable to its source, with all reasonable measures used to verify both the data and its
supplier. This feature supports the premises that the individual has total control over his or
her PHR and that the PHR is private and secure.
5.6. PHRs permit easy exchange of information
In order for PHR to be comprehensive, exchange of information with other health
information systems and health professionals is essential. The user should be able to transfer
information between their PHR and other online records based within health plans,
pharmacies, doctor’s offices and hospital systems. Standards play an essential role in
facilitating the secure interaction between PHRs and other systems. A minimum data set
could establish the types of information that, where available within other electronic
systems, could be accessed by the PHR electronically. The minimum data set might include
personal and emergency contact information, physician and insurance information, health
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21. conditions, medications, allergies, immunization history, certain test results, surgical history,
health risks, lifestyle information and advance directives.
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22. 6.MINIMUM PHR DATA SET
As stated above, PHR should allow consumers to integrate their personal health information
from multiple sources, including different providers and health care systems, and to leverage
that information to better manage their own health and obtain improved quality and
consistency of care. In order to facilitate this process, data sources such as pharmacies,
doctors’ offices and hospitals, need to capture and store essential information about each
patient in a standard format, and be able to exchange that information easily with
appropriate permissions. The preliminary data set includes only the data necessary to
communicate an accurate health history to new or emergency care providers, as well as the
data necessary to help the individual user identify appropriate disease management or other
resources.
When the elements within the minimum data set are transferred from an existing record to
the PHR, deletions and/or edits should be reflected in an audit trail accompanying the data.
Similarly, each data element should be associated with a date and time of entry and the
identity of the person who entered it. In order to maintain authenticity, only the information
source should be able to directly edit the information that becomes part of the data set.
Additional mechanisms of user authentication and authorization must be in place for these
data to be shared.
6.1.PHR v/s EMR
Electronic medical records (EMR) are being used in a small but increasing minority of
physician practices. EMRs usually contain a health history, doctors’ notes and laboratory and
radiology results and are generally owned by and limited to the information collected by one
doctor or hospital. They are essentially electronic versions of the familiar binders of paper
notes and test results that are kept by doctors and hospitals, and often include integrated
clinical decision support and workflow enhancements. Through the use of information
technology, the EMR has made storing, retrieving, displaying and analyzing patient
information easier than in paper-based systems. The data in the EMR is primarily intended
for medical providers and it rarely contains information provided by patients. Patients have
the right to review the information in their medical records, and several institutions have
made data from the EMR available to patients through a “patient gateway,” however the
EMR is “owned” by the doctor or the institution that creates and maintains it.
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23. Not all doctors use EMRs and those who do are not necessarily using systems that can
exchange data with other EMRs or information systems, so when people change doctors
their personal health information rarely moves with them in an electronic form. Health
professionals and organizations are now adopting data standards that will make electronic
transfer of clinical data between doctors more common, but even connecting different
doctors’ EMRs will not tie together all the important health information for each patient.
An EMR might indicate that a doctor wrote a prescription, but it would not show whether
the patient filled the prescription, took the medication or if the treatment worked.
By contrast, the PHR facilitates easy access to and portability of one’s medical information. It
incorporates lists of allergies, medical problems, medications, doctors and key studies that
many patients already compile for themselves. It includes information from many
institutions and doctors, covers the patient’s entire lifespan, and is “owned” by the patient.
At the individual’s request, data such as immunization history or current medications can be
imported from and transmitted to interested parties (doctor, pharmacy) to assist in self
management and coordination of care. The PHR depends on EMR. EMRs supply information
to PHRs; the PHR captures information from many EMRs and directly from patients.
EMR PHR
Control of Provider or institution decides Person controls the data within
information what is in the EMR. the PHR and decides who can
stored in the record access which parts of it.
Access Any authorized clinical or support PHR can only be accessed with
staff in the doctor’s office or patient’s consent (with possible
institution as part of routine exceptions for emergencies).
medical practice may access the
EMR.
Origin of information Primarily from one practice or Cross-institutional.
in the record institution.
Person’s entries into Rare Common
the record
Users Professionals in the office or Used by the individual person for
institution. self-care and record keeping.
May be shared with medical
professionals for continuity of
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24. care.
Integration with Provider-centered medical Person-centered self-care
decision support tools management.
Source of information Important source of person’s data Important source of
for other systems for the PHR. person’s data for the EMR.
6.2. Implications for PHR developers:
The common data set is neither a minimum data set nor the maximum allowable data
set for PHRs. However, it should be the default set of fields that any PHR developer tries
to use first to drive any of its functions. This is an important distinction because we
do not view PHRs solely as repositories of retrospective health information. Some PHR
models are much broader, featuring an array of transactional services (e.g., e-
consultations or online prescription refills) or other health management software (e.g.
risk assessments, health expense tools). Other PHR models may specialize in a
narrower issue (e.g., diabetes). Any of these applications may require additional data
fields beyond those in the common data set. Conversely, they also may never need
some of the fields in the common data set. The common data set doesn‘t limit these
models; it is simply the starting point for identifying data storage and exchange fields.
Further, we recommend that rather than creating their own common data field
standard, PHR developers should first try working with existing standards emerging for
minimum data sets of clinically relevant patient information. Critical criteria for any such
common data set should be:
•Acceptance by the medical community and consumers.
•An HL7-compliant platform for secure data transfers.
•A clear upgrade path and incentives that lead to the universal population of common data
fields with standardized controlled clinical vocabularies.
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25. C D SET C D SET
PHR
C D SET C D SET
EHR 1 EHR 2
COMMON DATA SET
COMMON DATA SET
Each of the arrows marked —common data set“ could represent an independent
transaction, providing multiple means by which the patient‘s basic information can be
exchanged with proper authorization. Through standardization, the minimum available
fields are always the same, which lowers costs for vendors and IT Departments to
support interoperability. Each transaction is time-stamped and source-stamped.Vendors can
compete on such things as the intelligence they can apply or presentation features they bring
to the data, but all accommodate a basic level of information exchange.
Final step toward standardized vocabularies is vital to achieve many of the long-term
efficiency and likely safety gains from automating the exchange of consistently codified
patient data across the healthcare system.
For example, in the above diagram, if all of the information exchanged were codified by
common Clinical vocabularies, the EHR and PHR applications could conceivably apply
intelligence to bundle the information in useful ways, such as bundling related data fields
to track progress in specific areas over time.
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26. By contrast, if all of the information were free text, then the end users of the applications –
either the patient or the clinician – would likely have to apply their own time and
intelligence to make sense of information, possibly by manually going through each data
transaction chronologically.
However, because of the widely varying technological sophistication and investment
resources among healthcare providers, this final step is likely to evolve at a slower
pace. Without some combination of incentives, standards or competitive pressures, it
may not evolve meaningfully at all.
Although we strongly support the movement toward standardization of clinical languages,
we don‘t want the first steps (i.e., common data fields and common secure data transfer
protocols) to be held up by the lagging final step (i.e., standardization of code sets and
vocabularies).
6.3. PHR/PHA offerings in the current market
(Source :American Health Information Management Association)
Product Name Format Cost
AboutMyHealth Internet Service Free
CapMedPHR Software Program Purchase
Caregiver All ance Web Services™ Internet Service Purchase
CheckUp Software Program Purchase
Compiling Your Family Health History Paper-based Purchase
Dr. I-Net Internet Service Free
DrGlobe.com Internet Service Purchase
EMRy STICK Software Program Purchase
Follow Me Internet Service Purchase
Full Circle Registry Internet Service Purchase
GlobalPatientRecord Internet Service Purchase
Google Health Internet Service Free
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27. Handymedical.com Internet Service Purchase
Health File Software Program Purchase
Health Minder Software Program Purchase
Health Profiler Software Program Purchase
Health Records Online Internet Service Purchase
Healthcare Passport Paper-based Purchase
HealtheTracks™ Paper-based/Internet Service Purchase
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28. 7.RISKS AND CONCERNS ABOUT PHR
Although PHR has many potential benefits, but there are also a number of impediments that
have hindered its widespread adoption.
1. Worldwide electronic access to one’s personal health information raises both privacy
and security concerns. Users may fear embarrassment or discrimination if an unauthorized
person sees their health information. The need for robust security will have to be balanced
with the need for PHR to be easily accessible; perfect security is incompatible with perfect
utility. For security, systems will be needed to authenticate users. Such systems may include
technology such as smart cards, hardware tokens or independent agencies that provide
digital signatures or certificates to confirm the identity of PHR users. To maintain privacy,
people need mechanisms that will allow them to specify what parts of their PHR will be
shared with specific providers and institutions.
2. At the same time, emergency room personnel need to be able to access a patient’s PHR
when necessary. PHR systems need to allow them to “break the glass” to view the
information stored in the PHR when the patient is too incapacitated to provide explicit
permission. Such access needs to be audited and reported to the patient or caregiver to
make sure it is appropriate.
3. Caregivers can be more effective in helping a loved one manage their care if they have
access to a PHR. This is especially important for children, the elderly and others who might
be unable to use computer technology or make health care decisions for themselves. PHR
systems should permit a patient to grant another person full access to their own PHR in
these situations.
4. The person-centered nature of PHR poses some issues for data integrity. The sources of
data in the PHR must be identified and the system must include mechanisms for correcting
errors or inconsistencies. Patients may inadvertently introduce inaccurate data directly, or
create inaccuracies by editing data that comes from elsewhere. Since the PHR may not be
complete, it should not be the only tool for transferring data from one doctor to another,
although it will certainly help streamline the process of data transfer. PHR data exchange
28 | P a g e
29. standards will need to include ways to identify incomplete or censored data so that
recipients will be aware of data limitations.
5. PHR may initially be available to more affluent patients and those affiliated with
advanced integrated health systems. Patients with lower incomes and lower levels of
literacy, bear a disproportionate burden of disease, but are less likely to have experience
with or access to the Internet. In addition, people with lower income and literacy levels are
less likely to have access to health care, a regular physician, and overall receive lower quality
health care. Finally, poor people and those less educated are less likely use the Internet to
search for health information online as compared to affluent. Taken as a whole it is possible
that those people who could most benefit from a PHR – i.e., those in the poorest health and
with the lowest access to a regular source of health care – may be the least likely to have
access to a PHR. Devoting resources to supporting the PHR could potentially divert resources
from the underserved only to produce marginal benefits for those who already enjoy good
care. Over time, however, experience with the Internet is becoming increasingly common in
all strata of society, and inequities in access to and the value of the PHR should become less
problematic.
6 .PHR would create new demands on providers even though there is no evidence that
indicates this is the case. It is also speculated that more informed people might expect their
doctors to assist in interpreting and acting on information that became available from
sources other than that physician.
7. The flow of information and the authority to view it raises unresolved questions related
to the policies and procedures for PHR use. Transfer of worrisome test results (such as HIV
status or pathology reports) directly to the patient may need to be put on hold until the
doctor can review them and help the patient interpret them. Psychiatric records may need to
be embargoed, as they can be burdensome and counter-therapeutic for the patient to read.
Doctors may have acquired and charted sensitive information – for example, provided in
confidence by family members – that should not be accessible to the person’s PHR.
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30. 8.WHO – Users of Personal Health Records
The individual person is the primary user of the PHR. That person may allow access to all or
part of the PHR to anyone - a doctor, family member, employer, summer camp or insurance
company - indefinitely or for a set period of time. Other potential PHR users are
“stakeholders” who, when the primary user of the PHR gives permission, can make valuable
use of the information kept in the PHR. In addition to the individual user, doctors and
hospitals may benefit from having quick, inexpensive access to medical information.
Employers and insurers may be better able to evaluate and reward high-quality care by
looking at aggregate de-identified data. Researchers and advocacy organizations can use it to
assess patterns of disease and treatment across the health care system. Public health
officials may be able to detect disease outbreaks. The government and society as a whole
may see significant gains in efficiency as more medical decisions are based on current and
accurate information. All of these benefits can result from individual users’ willingness to
share selected de-identified health information with the stakeholders mentioned above.
8.1.Potential stakeholders include:
1.Care Providers
• Primary care providers & Medical specialists
• Emergency department staff
• Hospital and clinic staffs
• Alternative care providers
• Employers
• Schools
• Home health care providers
• Nursing homes
• Pharmacists
• Medical equipment providers
• Disease management companies/care management programs
• EMT/paramedics
• Public health care providers
2.Administrators
• Payers
• Health Plan administrators
• Hospital administrators
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31. • Employers
3.Researchers and advocates
• Patient advocates
• Health services researchers
• Quality improvement/outcomes researchers
• Biomedical researchers
4.Public health professionals
• Community health agencies
• State, county and federal health agencies
5.Vendors & application developers
6.Employers and employer coalitions
7.Government Agencies
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32. 9. Why personal health records?
Every one of us is touched by the health system from before birth until death. During
our lives, we experience both predictable and unpredictable needs for healthcare
assistance. Every time we encounter the healthcare system, information about our
background, medical history, health status, and insurance is immediately required.
In all those files of paper and streams of data, no one has a bigger stake in the
information from a particular clinical encounter than the patient who needed it. And, in
nearly all circumstances, no one in the that system can know more about the person‘s life
than patient. For example, the doctor might see in your chart that you were prescribed
a medication. But without asking you, the doctor doesn‘t know whether you actually
took the medication, how well it worked, what other remedies you‘re taking, or whether
you had side effects And every medical encounter produces its own trail of documentation.
Important information is also kept by insurance companies, pharmacy benefit managers,
retail pharmacies, hospitals, labs, physical and occupational therapists, alternative medicine
facilities, and so on. Historically, these many actors in our health care have not found it
worthwhile to manage information collaboratively or to routinely share it with their
patients. As a result, health professionals have no way of accessing all of the
important information about our health, and we have no way of compiling and
managing the information about ourselves. And even motivated patients have no
reasonable and efficient way to share information about themselves with their
healthcare providers.
Institute of Medicine‘s finding that the healthcare system is broken and that an
investment in information technology is necessary to help fix it. In our fragmented and
pluralistic delivery system, the electronic personal health record is an essential tool for
integrating the delivery of healthcare and putting each patient at the center of their
care. It can support the shift from episodic and acute care toward continuous healing
relationships with physicians and healthcare professionals. It represents a transition
from a patient record that is physician-centered, retrospective and incomplete to one
that is patient-centered, prospective, interactive and complete. PHRs are early in
development. A great deal of study is needed to measure the impact, potential
benefits and potential risks of PHRs.
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33. 9.1.Advantage of PHR :
A.Empower patients and their families
PHRs give people a better way to -
Verify the accuracy of the information in their medical records at care providers‘
offices.
Gain a deeper understanding of the health issues and decisions they face.
Share in the decision-making process and assume a greater responsibility in their
care.
Monitor important data about themselves on a regular basis, such as blood
pressure readings, symptoms, medical visits,glucose levels and other periodic
information, particularly in managing chronic conditions.
Provide a convenient way to involve friends and family as needed in the care
situation.
Remember to schedule appropriate preventive services.
B.Improve the patient-clinician relationship
Patients with PHRs can
Improve their communication with clinicians.
Engage in continuous relationships with physicians and healthcare teams.
Clinicians can:
Better document their communication with patients, potentially reducing their
exposure to medical malpractice liability.
Increase the ratio of —quality time“ with patients, spending less of the visit on
administrative and information-hunting functions.
C.Increase patient safety
Information from patient-controlled PHRs can:
Alert doctors and patients to avoid potential drug interactions, contraindications,
side effects and allergies.
Alert doctors to missed procedures and lapses in adherence to treatment regimens.
Alert doctors to test results that are misfiled or misplaced.
D.Improve the quality of care
Information from PHRs can help:
Doctors have a more complete history of the patient to make more accurate
diagnoses.
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34. Patients improve their continuity of care with consistent, up-to-date information
provided to all clinicians – across time ,between institutions, among multiple
physicians and caregivers.
Patients increase their understanding of and engagement with physician
recommendations and disease management plans.
Caregivers keep track of the health information of ailing loved ones.
E.Improve efficiency and convenience
PHR has the potential to help:
Patients avoid bureaucracy in tracking down their information.
Doctors reduce duplicative tests that otherwise would be ordered for lack of up-to-
date information.
Patients and clinicians take advantage of asynchronous, secure communications tools
rather than play inefficient — “telephone tag ’’.
F.Improve privacy safeguards
Patients can authorize specific providers to have access to their PHR, allowing for
greater selectivity of information sharing. Information gated by proper user
authentication can be more secure than paper files.
G.Save money
Health systems that have implemented early versions of PHRs expect to
Reduce the number of unnecessary, duplicative tests.
Increase the efficiency of making and responding to requests for information from
various providers.
Improve the outcomes of care for people with chronic conditions, who have the
greatest need for PHRs.
Reduce the costs of medical malpractice.
Save professional, administrative and patient time.
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35. 9.2Sample of personal health record:
Personal detail
• Name : Kiran mishra
• Sex : Female
• Age : 54 Yrs
• Address : 6,bandichod marg, Dhar (M.P.),454001
• Mob no. : 93000382054.
• Person to contact in emergency: Dr.Satya Prakash Mishra(son) (9595938865)
• Insurance agent : Hierendra Jain (9425066773)
• Family physician : Dr.P.K.Jain (9827285209)
• Blood group : B (+ve)
• Allergic to : Develop rashes on contact with metal other then gold.
• Family history:
Father was suffering from diabetes and arthritis . Dies at age of 75
mother dies due to brain hemorrhage at age of 35.
Past medical history:
Minor surgery for ulcer at neck 3 yrs back
Suffering from excessive sweating for 1 yrs (3ys back)
Multiple recurrent boil @ axilla , neck, trunk.
Mild hypothyroidism
Present health condition:
Having hypertension on medication from last 3 yrs.
Current medication :Tab.Telma am -1 OD (from last 6 month)
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36. Blood pressure
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Nor
mal
2.4.0 10.4. 18.1 25.0 13.0 17.0 23.0 08.0 10.0
value
8 08 2.08 5.09 8.09 8.09 3.09 3.10 4.10
(mm
HG)
Systole 120 150 140 130 160 136 150 160 160 140
Diastole 80 100 100 90 94 80 80 98 100 90
Systole Diastole
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37. Blood Sugar
160 140 140
140 123
120 110 108
100 86 93 80 75
80
60
40
20
0
Fasting blood Post meal Random
sugar blood sugar Blood sugar
13.11.08 86 108 80
02.06.09 93 123 75
Normal value 110 140 140
13.11.08 02.06.09 Normal value
Lipid profile
250
200
150
100
50
0 13.11.08
seru
HDL LDL VLDL Trigly HDL 02.06.09
m
chole chole chole cerid :chole Normal
chole
strol strol strol es strol
strol
13.11.08 223.5 43 149 30.9 154.5 5.1
02.06.09 149 48 82 14.9 71 3.1
Normal 160 55 185 30 150 5
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38. Haemogram
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Total
Haemo Neutro Lymph Monoc Eosino Basoph
WBC
globin phill ocyte ytes phill ill
(10^3)
13.11.08 11.3 10.3 62 30 4 4 0
02.06.09 10.4 7.6 48 45 2 5 0
Normal 14 7 75 40 10 6 1
13.11.08 02.06.09 Normal
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39. 10.Decision Support and the Personal Health
Record
10.1.Foundations of decision Support
The idea that computers might help clinicians make decisions – render diagnoses, craft
treatment plans, give advice – was among the first exciting uses, or potential uses, for
computers in health care. It seemed a small step from the imperative to use information
technology for storing patient information to seizing the opportunity presented when
intelligent machines could be used to analyze that information.
It turned out that a larger step, or many of them, would be needed if users – now including
patients, in principle – were to realize the opportunity of computer-assisted diagnosis or any
other kind of decision support. Clinical decision support systems or expert systems (for their
attempts to emulate human experts) were and for the most part remain inferior to their
human counterparts. But competing forces are at work.
One force is that human inferential capacity, including the ability to incorporate background
knowledge, is difficult to trump. The countervailing force consists in the quotidian limit on
human objectivity, memory and recall; there is just too much to remember without bias,
preference or the vagaries of cognitive function. Computers are objective and can summon
vast amounts of information. Humans try to be objective but can rely on inferential
strategies fueled by observations, knowledge about how people behave and understanding
of links between and among seemingly unconnected facts.
Personal health records (can) incorporate varying degrees or levels of decision support. Most
such applications have long been in use in other contexts and are quite basic and hence
uncontroversial:
Reminder systems: A personal health record can include a feature that reminds a user to
take her medicine at noon, or schedule an appointment for next week, or take insulin when
monitored blood glucose reaches a certain level.
Alarm systems: Closely related to reminder systems, a personal health record can send a
signal, make a phone call, send an email or, well, sound an alarm .If any tracked data falls
outside an accepted range. Critical care units in hospitals have alarms sounding all the time.
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40. “Consider this” systems: More complex, but still pretty simple, are computer applications
that can offer a number of suggestions in response to information received or to queries. A
system might communicate that a patient should consider altering his diet, check whether a
medication dose has been missed or see a doctor or nurse.
Human Decisions, Computer Output
True decision support systems, or clinical expert systems, can do much more than any of
these rudimentary applications. They rely on large databases and employ complex inference
engines in attempts to render diagnoses or commend various therapies. The literature on
ethical issues related to use of clinical decision support systems is well developed and makes
clear that an intelligent machine should be regarded as a tool and not a replacement for
competent human judgment.
Such a stance is cautious and sound. It also elicits a number of questions about appropriate
use: What if a clinical expert system is shown to be better than a human – are we then
obligated to use it? Answer – maybe, perhaps probably. What if a system is generally pretty
good – may a doctor or nurse use one as a decision aid? Answer – probably. May a clinician
accept without question the output of a really good system? Answer – probably not; maybe
never. And, for our purposes, perhaps the most interesting and difficult question of all:
Ought patients use clinical decision support systems – embedded in applications as part of a
personal health record – and rely on their advice or recommendations? With what
constraints? Relatedly, Who is responsible if something goes wrong?
Behind all these questions is a lattice of tradition and presumption about what constitutes
medical practice and advice. Humans and only humans practice medicine and nursing,
meaning that only trained and licensed health professionals may diagnose and treat human
maladies. Morality requires adequate training, continuing education and the judicious
exercise of clinical decision making in the practice of nursing or medicine. Morality also
requires that clinicians use the tools necessary to do a good job. It follows from this that
there is a duty to reserve for humans those tasks for which they are trained and licensed,
and to use tools appropriate to those tasks.
Unlike a hammer or a scalpel, though, computers extend not our hands, but our brains.
Making a diagnosis and giving medical or nursing advice is as simple as a mother’s warning
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41. and as complex as an internist’s suite of differential diagnoses. So, when does computer
output constitute the practice of medicine?
Personal Health Tools
As patients acquire a greater role in their own care, including the assumption of increased
responsibility for controlling health information, personal health records and other patient-
driven resources need to be assessed in terms that help make clear when a use is
appropriate and when it is not. There is no bright line between (ethically) acceptable use and
unacceptable use.
There are, however, a number of rough-and-ready rules, or at least guidelines, that can help
in this process. We can plot these on three axes: education, scope and consequences.
Education: Adequate education or training in the proper use of a personal health record with
decision support functions is essential. Patients and providers must be familiar with a
device’s intended uses and known limitations. They must understand and appreciate these
functions and limitations. They need to be encouraged to question each other and
appropriate authorities if there is something they do not understand. Any sense that a device
is not functioning properly or that its output is counterintuitive or faulty should trigger a
query.
Scope: We earlier itemized a number of simple “decision support” systems, rendered here in
quote marks because the decisions are, well, pretty simple. The question whether more
complex decision support ought to be included as part of a PHR should be answered as a
function on the breadth of the kinds of decisions that might be made. “Take your medicine at
noon” is simple; “change the dose” is not. As the scope of decision support embedded in
PHRs grows broader, additional education is required. It might even be there are kinds of
decisions or recommendations no automatic system should give.
Consequences: One of the measures of any technology’s suitability is the risk of various bad
outcomes. The riskier the technology, the more we should either reduce that risk (by
increasing education or limiting scope) or eliminate it – by forbidding its use. One of the ways
to reduce the risk of any decision support system is not to take it seriously. In the hands of a
human expert – a physician or nurse – we can counsel (or require) the clinician to default to
professional judgment. In a PHR, the risks of certain decisions might be so great as to require
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42. they not be given. This is, of course, going to depend on the consequences of not having the
advice or decision in the first place
What this amounts to is a demand for more research and experience in the development and
use of decision support features for personal health records. Indeed, while the literature on
ethics and decision support systems is extensive, it is so far silent on the role of PHRs.
Whether any consequence can be mitigated by increased education or throttled scope is an
empirical question, and we have ample reason to believe the best way to reduce uncertainty
in the use of health .tools is by learning more about how they work, how they are used and
how to ensure they do more good than harm.
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43. 11.FUNCTION OF PHR
11.1 IDENTIFICATION FUNCTION
ID Function Description Related Related
function data
in HL7 category in
EHR CCR
1. Manage Capture and maintain demographic that is S.1.4.1 Patient
demographic reportable and where appropriate, D.C.1.1.2 Identifying
Information trackable over time. Includes but not Information
limited to date of birth, gender, ethnicity.
2. Manage contact Capture contact information including DC.1.1.2 Patient
Information addresses, phone numbers, email address Identifying
of the unique user. Capture contact Information
including addresses, phone numbers, email
address of the unique information user's
emergency contact(s). Capture
contact information including addresses,
phone numbers, email address of the
unique user's next of kin.
3. Medical insurance Provide the group number and other S.3.3.2 Patient
relevant information to confirm eligibility S.3.3.3 Insurance
Information-of medical care coverage, as /Financial
well as the carrier's contact number, information
preauthorization requirements
4. Medical care Store contact information for the PHR S.1.3
provider(s) user's health care providers
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44. 11.2 Medical history function
5. Health summary Provide a one-screen, Printable, bulleted D.C.1.1.5
summary list of all of the information
essential function areas that is sortable
both chronologically and by category. A
key feature of an personal health record is
its ability to present, summarize, filter, and
facilitate searching through the large
amount of data. Much of this data or date
range specific and should be presented
chronologically. The summary is designed
to make it easier for a patients and care
provider to get a snap shots of clinically
relevant information about the person.
6. Family history Capture the presence and/or absence of a S.3.5.1 Patient
history of major diseases among the PHR Health
user's close blood relatives. status :
Family
history
7. Manage problem Store a problem list that includes chronic DC.1.1.3. Patient
list. Status: conditions, diagnoses, or symptoms 1 Health
(diseases and and functional status, both past and Status:
conditions, present. Provide ability to manage Diagnosis/
symptoms) problem lists over time, allowing Problems/
documentation of history information and Conditions
tracking the changing character of the
problem and its priority. Provide fields to
store all pertinent dates, including date of
onset, diagnosis, changes and resolution.
8. Manage Store medication lists (including DC.1.1.3. Patient
medication prescription and over-the-counter , 2 Health
list vitamins and supplements Medications Status:
and alternative therapies). Store all Current
pertinent dates, including medication start, medications
modification, and end dates as well as the
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45. dose, form, frequency, do-not- substitute
status and prescribing provider.
Medication lists are not limited to
medication orders recorded by providers,
but may include patient-reported
therapies (preferably from a menu of
medications that are codified according to
standardized vocabularies.
9. Manage allergy Store known allergens and substances that DC.1.1.3. Patient
and have produced adverse reactions in a 3 Health
reactions lists list that is managed over time. All pertinent Status:
dates, including patient-reported events, Adverse
are stored and the description of the Reactions/A
allergy and reaction is modifiable over lerts
time. The entire allergy history, including
reaction, for any allergen is viewable.
10. Manage lab and Store results of the most common clinical DC.1.4.5 Patient
test results screening, diagnostic and home- Health
monitoring tests in a way that can be easily Status:
viewed over time. Flow sheets, graphs, or Laboratory
other tools allow patients and care Results
providers to view or uncover trends
in test data over time.
11. Manage Store data on immunizations in a way that DC.1.14 Patient
immunizations list can be easily viewed over time. Health
Status:
Immunizati
ons
12 Manage clinical Store data on clinical visits and outpatient S.3.1 Care
encounter list and inpatient procedures, including date, Documenta
facility, attending physician, diagnoses and tion:
procedures. When feasible, store
physician notes and hospital discharge Encounters
summaries.
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46. 11.3 Other Relevant Information Functions
ID Function Description Related Related
function data
in HL7 category in
EHR CCR
13 Manage list of Enable the user to add information in free DC.1.1.7.
other Therapeutic text about other modalities of treatment 2
modalities(counse used, both past and present.
ling, occupational
therapy
,alternative, etc)
14 Patient diaries Enable the patient to self-report DC.1.1.7.
symptoms or concerns (e.g., pain, anxiety, 2
Sleeplessness ,seizures) in a
chronologically sort-able diary.
15 Spiritual affiliation Enable the user to add information in free DC.2.1.4
/ considerations about religious/spiritual beliefs that
he or she wants care providers to know.
16 Case management Store information about case management DC.1.2.2
programs in which the patient is enrolled.
17 Other concerns Enable the user to add information in free DC.1.1.7.
text about any other information he or she 2
wants clinicians or allied health
professionals to know.
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47. 11.4 Systems functions
ID Function Description Related Related
function data
in HL7 category
EHR in CCR
1 Manage patient- Enable patients and consumers to self- DC.1.1.7.
sourced health report health data. Display health data – 2
data both patient sourced and professionally
sourced – in the user interface with
consumer-friendly terminology
.
2 Map patient data The data entered by patients should map DC.1.1
to standardized to controlled, standardized code sets or
codes nomenclature.
3 Use consumer- Display health data – both patient sourced
friendly and professionally sourced – in the user
terminology interface with consumer-friendly
Terminology.
4 Display Enable the consumer a view of DC1.1.7
professionally professionally sourced data (e.g.,
sourced health information from health care providers,
data pharmacies and pharmacy benefit
managers, medical or home monitoring
devices and insurance companies).
5 Utilize Store health information according to
standardized consistent terminologies, data correctness DC.1.1
code sets and and interoperability by complying with I.4.1
nomenclature standards for health care transactions
,vocabularies and code sets. Examples:
that PHR applications need to support are
a consistent set of terminologies such as:
LOINC, SNOMED, ICD-10, RxNorm, and
messaging standards such as HL7 and
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48. NCPDP.
Enable version control to ensure
maintenance of utilized standards. Version
control allows for multiple sets/versions of
the same terminology to exist and be
distinctly recognized over time.
Terminology versioning supports
retrospective analysis and research, as well
as interoperability with systems that
comply with different releases of the s
standard.
6 Data interchange Support the ability to send data from PHR I.5.1
standards to external institutionally owned electronic
medical record systems, in standard HL-7
data interchange formats, and operate
seamlessly with complementary systems
(EHRs and entities authorized to interact
with EHRs and PHRs) by adherence to key
interoperability standards. Interoperable
PHR applications require infrastructure
components that adhere to standards for
connectivity, information structures, and
semantics ("interoperability standards").
Ensure common-field compatibility with
emerging standards for minimum datasets
for clinical information transfer (e.g.,
Continuity of Care Record).
7 Secure data Exchange of PHR information requires I.1.5
exchange appropriate security and privacy I.1.6
considerations, including data obfuscation
and both destination and source
authentication when necessary. For
example, it might be necessary to encrypt
data sent to remote destinations. This
function requires that there is an overall
coordination regarding what information is
exchanged and how the exchange will
occur, between PHR and entities with
which it engages in electronic data
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49. interchange. The policies applied at
different locations must be consistent or
compatible with each other in order to
ensure that the information is protected
when it crosses entity boundaries within
the PHR or external to the PHR. Route
electronically-exchanged PHR data only
to/from known, registered, and
authenticated destinations/sources
(according to applicable healthcare-
specific rules and relevant standards).
8 Audit trail Ensure that all data entries in the PHR are
transparently time-, date- and source- I.2.2
stamped. Provide audit trail capabilities for I.1.4
resource access and usage indicating the
author, the modification (where
pertinent), and the date/time at which a
record was created, modified, viewed,
extracted, or deleted. Audit trails extend
to information exchange. Audit
functionality includes the ability to
generate audit reports and to interactively
view change history of PHR data.
9 Append notes Enable users of the PHR to append
comments to data entries. For example,
the PHR user would not be able to alter
the data from a professional source, but
should be able to append his or her own
comments to it. The PHR should be
transparent to the patient as to whether
or not the PHR offers any notification
capability to the physician of any patient-
appended comments.
In the absence of any such notification
mechanism, the PHR should make clear
that any such appended comments will
not be seen by any physicians through the
PHR.
If there is such a notification system, then
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50. the patient must designate which clinician
should see the comment. All transactions
must be tracked in an audit trail, including
a —status“ as to whether the designated
physician has viewed the comment, and
included in the patient‘s record in the
clinician-controlled EHR.
10 Unique Store key identifying information and link D.C.1.1.1
identification it to a unique user record. The user I.1.1
and identity is authenticated in each session of
authentication of the PHR. Both users and application are
Users subject to authentication. The PHR must
provide mechanisms for users and
applications to be authenticated. Will
users have to be authenticated when they
attempt to use the application, the
applications must authenticate themselves
before accessing or contributing
information to PHR.
11 Terms and Capture user opt-in agreement to the DC.1.5.1
conditions terms and conditions of the PHR service I.1.2
opt-in and explicit authorizations to other people
authorizations or entities to view and/or contribute data
to the PHR.
12 Secure access To enforce security, adhere to the rules I.1.3
established to control access and protect
the privacy of PHR information. Security
measures assist in preventing
unauthorized use of data and protect
against loss, tampering and destruction.
Verify and enforce access control to PHR
information and functions for end-users,
applications, sites, etc., to prevent
unauthorized use of a resource, including
the prevention or use of a resource in an
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51. unauthorized manner.
13 Privacy policy and Capture user opt-in consent to a fully I .1.8
enforcement transparent privacy policy. Privacy rule
enforcement decreases unauthorized
access and promotes the level of HER
confidentiality. Although not all PHR
providers are believed to be covered
entities under HIPAA, all PHRs products
should be built to conform with HIPAA.
Capture user consent to any use of data,
including aggregate data.
14 Caregiver proxy Provide the ability for a user to set up a
access separate login for with "read" and/or
"write" access authorization.
15 Reliability Ensure that the system is available 24/7
with 99.9 percent reliability and response
time adequate to integrate into clinical
workflows.
16 Durability of data Retain and ensure availability all health
record information according to I.2.1
organizational standards ,legal
requirements and in accordance with the
terms and conditions.
17 Printer-friendly Each page of the PHR will have a printer-
format friendly format.
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52. 11.5 Planning Functions
ID Function Description Related Related
function data
in HL7 category in
EHR CCR
18 Manage advance Capture the user's advanced directive as DC.1.5.2 Advance
directive form well as the date and circumstances under Directives
which the directives are provided, and the
location of any paper records of advanced
directives as appropriate.
19 Goals, next steps Enable the user or anyone the user has DC.1.1.7. Care Plan
or disease authorized to add in free text information 2 Recommen
management about personal health goals, next steps or dation
Plan. a specific disease management plan.
11.6 Optional services
ID Function Description Related Related
data data
Functions category
in HL7 in CCR
EHR
1 Patient education Provide reliable patient education DC.2.2.1.
self-care content information to answer a health question, 6
consensus follow up from a clinical visit, identify DC.2.7.2
guidelines treatment options, or other health S.3.7.2
information needs. The information may
be linked directly from entries in the and
health record, or may be accessed through
other means such as an index or
key word searching. Receive, validate and
routinely integrate updates of patient
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53. education material from trusted sources to
ensure timeliness and accuracy.
2 Clinician-directed Enable those authorized by the PHR user DC.3.2.4
links to identify and create electronic links to S.3.7.2
to patient any educational or support resources for
educations self- patients, families, and caregivers that are
care content and most pertinent for a given health concern,
consensus condition, or diagnosis which are
guidelines appropriate for the patient. The provider
and or patient is presented with a library
of educational materials and where
appropriate, given the opportunity to
document patient/caregiver
comprehension. The materials can be
printed or electronically communicated to
the patient.
3 Secure patient - Enable encrypted, password-protected DC.3.2.3
provider electronic communication between
messaging patients and clinicians. The message
exchanges should be archived in the PHR
and easily integrated into the patient's
EHR by the clinician.
4 Doctor's notes Clinical documents and notes may be DC.1.1.6
and created in a narrative form and made
other narrative available through the patient's PHR. The
information from documents may also be structured
clinicians documents that result in the capture of
coded data.
5 Standardized Provide a standardized primary care office
primary visit intake questionnaire that patients fill
primary care visit out through their PHR accounts and send
questionnaires electronically into the doctor's office
before their. Another care visit intake
example would be to allow patients to
view and add notes, symptoms, reasons
for visit, etc., to a Continuity of Care
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54. Record as part of a transfer process from
one clinician to another.
6 Standardized Provide a standardized intake
specialists visit questionnaire for high-volume specialties
intake that require a predictable set of
questionnaires information from all patients. (Examples
could be glucose readings for people with
diabetes or blood pressure readings for
people with hypertension. Request that
patients fill out the questionnaire through
their PHR accounts and send electronically
into the doctor's office before a specialist
visit.
7 Appointment Enable the patient to request an S.1.6
scheduling and appointment with current health care
reminders providers from a menu of possible times
and dates. Create a secure mechanism to
electronically notify the patient about the
status of the request.
8 Guidelines-based Identify appropriate screening DC.2.5.1
reminders tests/exams, and other preventive services DC.2.5.2
in support of routine preventive S.3.7.3
and wellness patient care standards. Upon
each session, the patient is presented with
due or overdue activities based on
protocols for preventive care and wellness.
Examples include but are not limited to,
routine immunizations (adult and well
baby care), age and sex appropriate
screening exams (such as PAP
smears). External means of delivering
notification are optimal, such as sending
an email to patients notifying them that
they have a secure message waiting in the
PHR, which they can access by logging in.
Receive and validate formatted inbound
communications to facilitate updating of
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