Anatomy & physiology

1. BASICS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY

2. ANATOMY
• What is anatomy?
Anatomy is defined as the study of Structure refers
to the shapes, sizes, and characteristics of the
components of the human body.
• The word anatomy comes from 2 words:
Ana which means “up or apart”
Tomos which means “to cut”
ANATOMY

3. TYPES OF ANATOMY
We can divide our study of structure into 2 parts:
• Study of organ seen by the naked eye (Gross Anatomy).
• Study of stuff seen ONLY with the microscope (Microanatomy).
– We can divide microanatomy into:
» Histology – study of tissues
» Cytology – study of individual cells.
TYPES OF ANATOMY

4. PHYSIOLOGY
• Physiology is defined as the study
of function – so human physiology
attempts to explain how and why
humans function.
• Physiology is where we figure out
how organs works.
• How do muscles contract?
• How do we run?
• How does our heart beat?

5. Cells Tissues Organs Systems
Organization of the Body

6. 1.Nucleolus 2.Nucleus 3.Ribosome Vesicle 4.Rough endoplasmicreticulum 5.Golgi
apparatus (or "Golgi body“) 6.Cytoskeleton 7.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
8.Mitochondrion 9.Vacuole 10.Cytosol 11.Lysosome 12.Centriole

7. Organelle Main function
Nucleus DNA maintenance, RNA transcription
Mitochondria Energy production
Golgi apparatus Sorting and modification of proteins
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Translation and folding of new proteins (rough
endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth
endoplasmic reticulum)
Lysosome
Breakdown of large molecules (e.g., Proteins +
polysaccharides)
Ribosome Translation of RNA into proteins
Nucleolus Ribosome production
MAJOR ORGANELLES

8. A tissue is an ensemble of cells
Four main types of tissue
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
Tissue

10. The epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover organ surfaces
such as the surface of the skin, the airways etc
Functions
1. Protection
2. Secretion
3. Absorption
4. Transport
5. Distension
6. Receptors
Epithelial Tissue

11. Functions
• Binding & support
• Protection
• Transport
• Insulation
e.g. Bone, Cartilage, Blood
Connective Tissue

12. Tissue responsible
for movement of
body
a. Striated skeletal :
voluntary muscle
b. Non-striated;
involuntary or
smooth muscle
c. Cardiac muscle
Function
Contraction & relaxation
Muscle Tissue

13. Types of Nervous tissue
1. Neurons
2. Glial cells
1. Oligodendrocyte
2. Schwann cell
Functions of the Nervous tissue
1. NEURONS
1. Message transmission
2. GLIAL CELLS
1. Provides support &
nutrition
Nervous Tissue

14. A collection of different tissues which function in a coordinated way to
enable the performing of a specific body function
Organs

15. A collection of various organs which ultimately perform a
specific vital body function or process.
Systems

16. 1. Skeletal
2. Muscular
3. Nervous
4. Endocrine
5. Circulatory (CVS &
lymphatic)
6. Urinary
7. Respiratory
8. Digestive
9. Reproductive
10. Integumentary System
11. Lymphatic
Nine major systems compose the human body

18. Cardiovascular system
3 types of
blood vessels:
• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries

19. Circulatory
system
Cardiovascular
Blood
Heart
Blood vessels
Lymphatic
Lymph
Lymph Nodes
Lymph vessels

20. CVS
1. To transport oxygen and
nutrition to the entire body
2. To serve as a medium for
the transport of various
other things
LYMPHATIC
1. removal of interstitial fluid
from tissues
2. it absorbs and transports
fatty acids and fats to the
circulatory system
3. it transports immune cells
to and from the lymph
nodes
4. The lymph transports
antigen-presenting cells
(APCs).

21. Components of blood

22. 1. Rheumatic fever (Rheumatic Heart Disease)
2. Hypertensive diseases
3. Ischemic heart diseases
4. Pulmonary heart disease and diseases of pulmonary
circulation
5. Other forms of heart disease
1. Pericardium
2. Endo-cardium (including heart valves)
3. Myocardium / cardiomyopathy
6. Cerebro-vascular diseases
7. Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
8. Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

23. NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Central nervous system
• Peripheral nervous system
– Somatic Nervous System
– Autonomic nervous system

24. Central Nervous System
• Brain
• Spinal cord

25. Peripheral Nervous System
• All the nerves emerging
from the spinal cord and
supplying the entire body

26. Peripheral
Nervous System
Sensory Nerves Motor Nerves
Carry information
From Brain to the
Target organ.
Carry information
from entire body to
The spinal cord.

27. Autonomic Nervous System
• Controls those
functions in the body
which happen
automatically.

28. Nervous System
Dendrites collect impulses
Axons transmit impulses.
Neurotransmitters
 Excitatory - Adrenaline
 Inhibitory - GABA
 Both - Acetylcholine

29. Meningitis
• It is the inflammation of the three meningeal layers -
duramater, piamater & arachnoid mater.
Bacteria responsible for causing meningitis are:
1. Staphylococcus aureus
2. N. meningitidis
3. Listeria monocytogens
4. H. influenzae

30. Respiration is the exchange of gases between the
atmosphere, blood & cells.

31. • Respiration is the act of breathing.
• Inspiration - taking in oxygen (air) (Inhalation)
• Expiration - Giving out CO2 (Exhalation)
• Anatomical Division :
I. Upper Respiratory Tract
• a. Nose & nasal cavity
• b. Pharynx (Throat)
• c. Larynx (Voice box)
• d. Sinuses
• e. Middle Ear Cavity
II. Lower Respiratory Tract
• a. Trachea
• b. Bronchus (Bronchi)
• c. Bronchioles
• d. Terminal bronchioles
• e. Alveolus (Alveoli) or air sacs
Respiratory System

32. Respiratory
System
Upper
Respiratory
System
Nose
Pharynx &
Associated
structures (tonsils
& sinuses) Larynx.
Lower
Respiratory
System
Trachea,
Bronchi, alveoli &
Lungs.

33. Human Respiratory System Functions
1. Respiration
 Inhalation
 Exhalation
2. Coughing
3. Vocalization

34. Nose (Nasal Cavity)
• Externally made of elastic
cartilage supported by nasal
bone.
• Two openings called as external
Nares.
• Double Nasal cavity separated by
nasal septum.
• 4 Sinuses open into nasal cavity.
Functions of Nose-
1. Warming, moistening and
filtering the incoming Air.
2. Sending olfactory (smell)
sensation.
3. Providing resonance to voice.

35. 4 sinuses part of respiratory system

36. Pharynx (Throat)
Connects Nasal Cavity (and oral cavity) to the larynx and
oesophagus. Common passage for Air and food.
It can be divided into three parts
• Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity)
• Oropharynx (behind oral cavity)
• Laryngopharynx (at level of larynx)
• Middle ear cavity is connected to
the nasopharynx by internal tube
called Eustachian tube.
Functions of Pharynx
1. Swallowing of food (Deglutition).
2. Transport of food into oesophagus and Air into the larynx.

37. Larynx
• Receives air from pharynx
• Protected in front by thyroid
cartilage
• Consists a pair of vocal cords
which produce sound by
vibrating.
• Top cover of larynx is called
epiglottis.
Functions :
1. Transfer of Air between pharynx
and trachea.
2. Production of sound
3. Differentiate between air and
food passages.

38. Trachea (Windpipe)
• Flexible tube running from Larynx
in the neck to the lungs in thorax.
• Made of ‘C’ shaped cartilage and
muscle.
• Divides in the thorax into two main
bronchi.
Functions :
1. Warms the incoming air.
2. Cleans the air by help of cilia
3.Moistens the air

39. URTI
• Sinusitis (inflammation of
sinus)
• Pharyngitis (inflammation of
pharynx)
• Tonsillitis (inflammation of
tonsils)
• Otitis Media (inflammation of
middle ear)
• communicates with middle
ear)
• Laryngitis (inflammation of
Larynx)
LRTI
• Bronchitis
• Broncheictasis (widening of
bronchi)
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary Tuberculosis
• Bronchiolitis (inflammation of
bronchioles)
• Empyema (pus in pleural
cavity)
• Emphysema (alveoli are
enlarged and damaged)
Respiratory Infections

40. Urinary System is made up of
1. Two Kidneys
2. Two Ureters
3. One Urinary Bladder
4. One Urethra
Urinary System

41. Removal of waste products from the body in the form of urine
1. Urinary system eliminates waste material from the
blood, (Ammonia, Creatinine and Bilirubin) combine it
with water to form Urine.
2. Promote red blood cell production. (Hormone
Erythropoietin)
3. Regulates blood pressure, blood volume and blood
ph.(Renin –Angiotensin - Aldosteron) (Homeostasis)
4. Takes part in the synthesis of vitamin D.
5. Maintains the ionic composition of blood, by regulating
the quantities of sodium, calcium, potassium and
chloride ions.
Functions of Urinary system

42. 1. Glomarular Filtration
2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion

43. Renal System Infections
Organ Infection
Kidney Nephritis
Ureter Ureteritis
Urinary bladder Cystitis
Urethra Urethritis

44. 1. The Mouth or Buccal Cavity
1. Set Of 32 Teeth,
2. A Tongue
3. Salivary Glands
• All these parts help in the chewing and
breakdown of the food particles
2. The Esophagus
• transportation of food and liquid from the
mouth to the stomach
3. The Stomach and the Pancreas
• Gastric juices and enzymes are released in
the stomach which aid in the further digestion
of the food
• The pancreas secrete LIPASE & AMYLASE;
they digest carbohydrate & Fats respectively
Digestive System

45. 1. The liver and the gallbladder
1. The liver produces bile which breaks
down fat in to smaller particles for the
easy digestion (emulsification)
2. The small intestine
1. All the nutrients from the food are
absorbed
2. The waste is passed on to the large
intestine
3. The large intestine
1. Expels the waste out of the body
Digestive System

46. Oral cavity
• Functions of mouth
cavity
– Ingestion of food / water
– Chewing / mastication
– Taste
– Digestion & mixing with
saliva
– Protection

47. Pharynx
Passageway for air / food
Named divisions :
• nasopharynx - air
• oropharynx - air / food
• laryngopharynx - air /
food
Function of Pharynx :-
• Swallowing or
Deglutition and Airways
are closed during the act
of swallowing

48. OesophagusPassageway for food to stomach - connects
pharynx to stomach
Anatomical features :
• collapsible muscular tube
• approx 23 cm in length
• descends down posterior thoracic wall
behind trachea.
• It passes through the oesophageal
hiatus of diaphragm into the
abdomen.
• Sphincters (not anatomically distinct ie
physiolotgical due to increased resting
muscle tone)
• upper- at diaphragm (where it passes
thro’ diaphragm)
• lower- gastroesophageal sphincter at
cardiac orifice (between oesophagus &
stomach).
Function of Oesophagus :- Pushing food bolus towards stomach by movement called
peristalsis.

49. Stomach
‘J’ shaped sac after the
oesophagus just below the
diaphragm.
Parts of stomach :-
1) Fundus
2) Body
3) Antrum
4) Pylorus
Curvatures of stomach :-
1) lesser curvature
2) Greater curvature

50. Glands of the stomach wall
1)Parietal cell (oxyntic cell)
- secretes hydrogen ion
2) Chief cell
- secretes pepsinogen
3) G- cell
- secretes gastrin
4) Mucus neck cell-secretes
mucus

51. Functions of the stomach
1) Mixing the food to form ‘chyme’ with help of
muscular movements.
2) Digestion of food.
- HCI + Pepsinogen ---- Pepsin ---- Digestion of
Proteins
- Gastric lipase --- Digestion of fat.
- Salivary / gastric amylase -- Digestion of
Carbohydrates.

52. Small Intestine
• Main area of digestion &
absorption
• From pyloric sphincter to
ileocaecal valve
• 2.5 cm x 5.5m in length but
varies considerably
Three parts :
• Duodenum - digest and
absorption
• Jejunum - mostly absorption
• Ileum - mostly absorption

53. Functions of small intestine
1) Digestion
2) Absorption –
– Carbohydrates - as monosaccharides glucose,
galactose or fructose.
– Proteins - as aminoacids mainly or as peptides.
– Lipids - as fatty acids and monoglycerides with
help of Bile.

54. Large Intestine
Function :
• re-absorption of water & ions
• formation and elimination of faeces
• Bacterial digestion
Large intestine structure:
• 1.5 m length
Subdivisions of the large intestine :
• caecum
• appendix - narrow, worm shaped, 5-7 cm in length with mesentery,
contains lymhoid tissue, subject to infection and inflammation
• ascending colon
• transverse colon
• descending colon
• sigmoid colon (S Shaped)
• rectum (proctum)

55. Liver
Location :
• right upper quadrant of abdomen
• directly inferior to diaphragm
(moves with respiration)
Lobes :
1. right (biggest) 2. left (smaller)
Histology :
• regular arrangement of blood vessels and
liver cells (hepatocytes) form hepatic lobules
• Functions of liver :
– Secretion of bile
– Metabolism of Carboydrates, Fats, proteins.
– Metabolism of Drugs and hormones
– Storage of glycogen.
– Storage of vitamins, A, D, E, K, B12.
– Phygocytosis by kupfer cells.

56. 1. Known as the master gland
2. Controls the function of other glands
Located just below the
adam's apple.
Hormones play vital roles
in regulating metabolism
Situated in the abdominal
region
Controls digestion and
blood sugar regulation
Located on the upper side of the kidneys
Essential for digestion and sexual maturity
Help the body to manage stress and
homeostasis
1. Does the work of inducing the master
gland
Regulate the amount of
calcium in the blood
male gonads ---testes
Female gonads – ovaries
Production of hormones and cells that are
vital to reproduction

57. Endocrine System
Gland
Hormone Produced
Pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin); Corticotropin (ACTH); Human
growth hormone; Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating
hormone; Oxytocin; Prolactin; Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid gland Thyroid hormone; Calcitonin
Pancreas Glucagon; Insulin
Adrenal glands
Aldosterone; Cortisol; Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA); Epinephrine
and norepinephrine
Hypothalamus Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH); Somatostatin; Dopamine
Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone
Pineal gland Melatonin
Ovaries Estrogen; Progesterone
Testes Testosterone

58. The adult human skeleton consists
of 206 bones
28 Skull Bones
01 Hyoid Bone Of The Neck
26 Vertebrae
24 Ribs,
01 Sternum Or Breastbone,
04 Shoulder Girdle
02 In Arms
04 In Forearms
54 In The Hands
02 Hip Bones
02 In Thighs
06 In The Legs
52 In The Feet

60. The Skeletal Muscles:
1. These are the voluntary type of
muscles
2. This means that they can be controlled
by you.
The Smooth Muscles:
1. These are the involuntary muscles
2. These muscles are not under your control
The Cardiac Muscle:
1. The heart is made up of the
cardiac muscle. (myocardium)
2. Automaticity (Pace-Maker)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

61. 1. Skin:
layers of skin
1. Epidermis : outermost layer
2. Dermis : Inner layer
• contains blood vessels, hair follicles and various glands
3. Subcutaneous layer
1. Hair
2. Nails
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

62. 1. Protection:
1. physical barrier against microorganisms
2. Homeostasis
1. Regulats internal environment of the body to maintain stable conditions
3. Sensory Organ
1. Touch, pressure, pain and changes in temperature.
4. Excretion:
1. Perspiration
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Functions

63. Broad Ligament
Ovary
Round Ligament
Uterus
Vagina
Cervix

65. Male Reproductive system
• Sperm Formation
• Production of Testosterone
Female Reproductive system
• Ovum formation
• Process of fertilization
• Implantation
• Gestation
• Production of Estrogen &
Progesterone
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
Fertilization and Reproduction

66. Normal Process Of Fertilization
1. Inter course
2. Ejaculation of semen inside vagina.
3. Some unhealthy sperm may die inside the vagina due to acidic Ph.
4. Remaining try to pass through the cervix towards the fallopian
tubes.
5. Some of the sperms may die during this process.
6. Remaining sperms then have to swim towards the ovum that is
present inside the fallopian tube