This document summarizes Spain's colonization and expansion into Alta California through the establishment of missions and presidios in the late 17th and 18th centuries. It discusses early Spanish explorations along the coast, the founding of Mission Loreto in 1697, the establishment of additional Jesuit missions in Baja California, and the uprising of native peoples in 1734. It then covers the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767, the appointment of Governor Portolá and Father Junipero Serra to lead the colonization of Alta California beginning in 1769, and Spain's goals under King Charles III to secure the Pacific coast and transition California to civil society.

1. CALIFORNIA MISSIONS: INTRIGUE & EXPANSIONISM Douglas Patzkowski Montebello U. S. D.

2. Early Spanish Explorations 1535: Hernando Cortés 1539: Francisco de Ulloa 1542: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 1595: Sebastián Rodríguez Cermeño 1602-1603: Sebastián Vizcaíno Map of the Expedition of Hernando Cortés in 1535, charted by Domingo del Castillo

3. First Attempt at Forming a Mission Spanish Admiral Isidro de AtondoyAntillón built two settlements in California from 1683 to 1685. He with-drew due to lack of supplies. Kino was the cartographer. Eusebio Kino, SJ Kino’s Map of California, Pub. Ed. 1702

4. The Pious Fund of the Californias In 1697, the Spanish Crown granted the Jesuits a charter to establish missions in Baja California. . Kino, Ugarte and Salvatierra set up the Pious Fund with donations that were invested in land in New Spain. This endowment was used to fund the mission programs in both Baja and Alta California. José María Salvatierra, SJ Juan de Ugarte, SJ

5. Loreto: Founded in 1697 Salvatierra established a beachhead that grew into Mission Loreto. The Jesuits hired and commanded their own soldiers and purchased ships to bring supplies from the mainland using the Pious Fund for expenses.

6. Jesuit Missions of Baja California The Padre Procurador de lasCaliforniashad independent control of the Pious Fund. The Padre Procuradorand the California missions were not under the jurisdiction of either the Viceroy or the Bishop of Guadalajara.

7. Jesuit Economic Autonomy The California missions were never self-sufficient. The Pious Fund and supplies from the Sonora missions provided support. Officers and soldiers were paid with goods, not cash. External business interests were prohibited, including ranching, mining and searching for pearls offshore. Painting of Mission Santiago Apóstel by Ignacio Tirsch, SJ, in the early 1760s.

8. The Uprising of 1734 Population decline due to disease and limitations on cultural expression caused resentment. The missionaries were caught off guard. . The Manila galleon was attacked and it tookthe news to Acapulco.

9. The Uprising Crushed in 1736 The Viceroy intervened on behalf of commercial interests due to the attack on the galleon. Manuel Bernal de Huidobro, Governor of Sinaloa, crossed the Gulf with a military force to put down the rebellion. Bernal de Huidobro established a new presidio in the south under viceregal control. Drawing by Ignacio Tisch, SJ, in the early 1760s.

10. Economic Change Trade with the rest of New Spain opened Baja California to new settlers. Santa Ana was developed by Manuel de Ocio in 1740 as a pearling and mining town, the first pueblo in Baja California. Ruins of a silver smelter near Santa Ana Pearl oyster, Ptera sterna

11. Seven Years' War (1756-1763)French & Indian Wars Spain allied itself with France and joined the Seven Years' War in 1762. The British Navy captured Havana and Manila. France ceded Louisiana to Spain before the War ended. In 1763, Great Britain returned Havana and Manila to Spain in return for Florida. Carlos III King of Spain 1759-1788 Painted by Francisco de Goya

12. Reform in New Spain José de Gálvez, Visitador General of New Spain, 1765-1772. Invested with more power than the Viceroy, Gálvez reformed New Spain’s bureaucracy and tax code. He oversaw the expulsion of the Jesuit Order. Gálvez expanded New Spain to include Alta California.

13. Reform in Spain Leads to Riots The Marquis of Esquilache undertook economic and social reforms on behalf of King Carlos III. Free trade of wheat and other staples led to speculation and steep inflation. From 1762 to 1766, the price of bread nearly doubled. In March, 1766, riots broke out in Madrid. Esquilache was dismissed and went into exile. El motín de Esquilache(The Esquilache Riot), painted by Francisco de Goya, 1766.

14. The Expulsion of the Jesuits The ministers of Carlos III blamed the Jesuits for the Esquilache Riots. The King ordered the arrest of all Jesuits and the expulsion of the Society of Jesus from Spain and its Empire on June 25, 1767. All the property and wealth of the Society of Jesus was forfeited to the Crown.

15. El Puerto de San Blas In 1768, Gálvez built the Port of San Blas to supply ships for the expansion into California. San Blas wasplanned asanavy base and trading port for the Northern Pacific Coast. Gálvezusedreports of Russian expansionism to justify building the new port and investing in new colonies in Alta California. The San Carlos, which sailed from San Blas to La Paz and then onward to San Diego in 1769.

16. Gaspar de Portolá Galvez chose Captain Portolá to be the first Governor of California. He carried out the order to arrest the Jesuits and send them to Mexico City. Portolá supervised the transfer of the Jesuit missions to the Franciscan Order. He commanded the military in the advance toward Alta California.

17. Junípero Serra Serra had established five Franciscan missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro. He volunteered to work in Baja California, but was soon commissioned to travel to Alta California with Portolá to establish new missions. Junípero Serra, OFM Façade of Mission San Miguel Concá in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro

18. Francisco Palóu’s Map of the Californias, 1787

19. Presidio of Monterey1793 Drawing

20. Strategic Settlements: San Diego & Monterey Portolá founded the San Diego Presidio in 1769, then marched to Monterey, where he established the second Presidio en 1770. Serra founded San Diego Mission in 1769, then San Carlos Borromeo near Monterey Bay in 1770. Gálvez’s orders to fortify the two ports were strictly followed, with missionsneareach presidio. Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo

21. 1774: Increased Spanish Expansion into Alta California Juan Bautista de Anza led a land expedition from Tubac in Sonora through Alta California as far as San Francisco. Juan Pérez sailed the Santiago, built in San Blas, from Monterey as far north as Alaska, claiming the land for Spain. The de Anza Expedition

22. The Pueblos Felipe de Neve founded the pueblos of San José in 1777 and Los Angeles in 1781. Neve wanted to shift land ownership and agricultural production from the Franciscan missions to the soldiers and settlers. Felipe de Neve, Governor of California, 1777-1782 Avila Adobe in El Pueblo de Los Angeles

23. Spain’s Goals under Carlos III: Secure the Pacific Coast of North America. Build civil society in order to increase the tax base. Use the mission system as a short-term program to pacify and acculturate the native inhabitants.