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HEALTH HAZARDS OF
BIOMEDICAL WASTE &
ITS MANAGEMENT
PRESENTED BY :- DR.NAVIN KUMAR

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LET THE WASTE OF THE
“SICK” NOT CONTAMINATE
THE LIVES OF
“THE HEALTHY”.
K.park

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DEFINITION
CATEGORIES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH BIOMEDICAL WASTE
NEED FOR BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
STEP TO MANAGE HAZARDOUS WASTE
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
CONCLUSION
CONTENTS

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DEFINATION:
ANY WASTE WHICH IS
GENERATED DURING THE
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT OR
IMMUNIZATION OF HUMAN
BEINGS OR ANIMALS OR IN
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
PERTAINING THERE TO OR IN THE
PRODUCTION OR TESTING OF BIO
MEDICALS.

5. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
HOSPITAL
WASTE
INFECTIVE
SOLID LIQUID
NON-
INFECTIVE
SOLID
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LIQUID

6. HEALTHCARE WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
WHO
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Healthcare Waste
85% Non-
infectious
10% Infectious 5% Hazardous

7. CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITAL WASTE
Non-Hazardous Waste
Bio-
degradable
Non bio-
degradable
Potentially Infectious Waste
Dressings,
swabs,
laboratory
wastes,
instruments
used in
patient care..
Potentially Toxic Waste
Radioactive Chemical Pharmaceutical
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8. TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTES
WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste
Category No. 2 Animal Waste
Category No. 3
Microbiology & Biotechnology
Waste
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
Category No. 5
Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic
drugs
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste
Category No. 7 Solid Waste
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Category No.10 Chemical Waste

9.  Chemical
waste
 Waste with
high content of
heavy metals
 Pressurized
containers
 Radioactive
waste
• Lab reagents
• Film developer
• Expired disinfectants
• Expired solvents
• Batteries
• Broken thermometers
• Blood pressure guages etc
• Gas cylinders
• Gas catridges
• Aerosol cans
• Radiotherapy/lab research liquids
• Contaminated glass wares, packages,
absorbent papers
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10.  Sharp waste
 Pharmaceutical
waste
 Genotoxic waste
• Needles
• Infusion Sets
• Scalpels
• Knives Blades
• Broken Glass
• Expired Pharmaceuticals
• Contaminated Pharmaceuticals
• Banned Pharmaceuticals
• Waste Containing Cytotoxic
Drugs(often Used In Cancer
Therapy)
• Genotoxic Chemicals
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11. HISTORY OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
August 13, 1987, prompted expansive closures of
numerous New Jersey and New York beaches due to
a “30-mile garbage slick” composed primarily
of medical and household wastes because of illegal
disposal of the waste
private waste contractors to dump illegally to avoid
high fees.
Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988 (MWTA).
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13. NEED FOR BMW MANAGMENT
Nosocomial infections in patients from poor
infection control practices and poor waste
management.
Drugs which have been disposed of, being
repacked and sold off to unsuspecting buyers.
Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due
to waste, or due to defective incineration
emissions and ash.
Risk of infection outside hospital for waste
handlers and scavengers, other peoples.

14. CATEGORIES OF PERSONS
EXPOSED TO RISK OF INFECTION
Sanitation
workers
Medical &
Paramedical
staff
Patients
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15. ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION
By ingestion
(contaminated
unwashed hands,
contaminated food
stuffs, water etc)
Intact or non
intact skin,
mucous
membranes
Inhalation of
dust particles
containing
germs
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16. PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH BMW
ORGANISM DISEASES CAUSED RELATED WASTE ITEM
VIRUSES
HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis
A,C, Arboviruses,
Enteroviruses
AIDS, Infectious Hepatitis,
Infectious Hepatitis,
Dengue, Japanese
encephalitis, tick-borne
fevers, etc.
Infected needles, body
Fluids, Human excreta, soiled
linen, Blood, body fluids.
BACTERIA
Salmonella typhi,
Vibrio cholerae,
Clostridium Tetani,
Pseudomonas, Streptococcus
Typhoid, Cholera, Tetanus
Wound infections,
septicemia, rheumatic
fever, endocarditis, skin
and soft tissue infections
Human excreta and
body fluid in landfills and
hospital wards, Sharps such
as needles, surgical blades in
hospital waste.
PARASITES
Wucheraria Bancrofti,
Plasmodium
Cutaneous leishmaniasis,
Kala Azar, Malaria
Human excreta, blood and
body fluids in poorly
managed sewage system of
hospitals.

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WASTE
IMPROPER
DISPOSAL
COLLECTED
BY ULB
SMALL SCRAP
DEALERS
(KAWARIWALLAH)
RAG PICKERS
LANDFILLS OR
DUMPING GROUNDS
WHOLESALE DEALER OR
LARGE SCRAP DEALER
RECYCLE FACTORY UNITS
CONSUMER

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19. BIOMEDICAL
WASTE
PLANNING ORGANZING IMPLEMENTING
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20. WASTE HIERARCHY PYRAMID
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21. BMW
Begin a system
Make it effective
Work for its success
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22. OBJECTIVE OF BMW MANAGEMENT
• TO MINIMIZE THE PRODUCTION/GENERATION OF
INFECTIVE WASTE.
• RECYCLE THE WASTE AFTER TREATING TO THE
EXTENT POSSIBLE.
• TREAT THE WASTE BY SAFE AND ENVIORNMENT
FRIENDLY/ACCEPTABLE METHODS.
• ADEQUATE CARE IN HANDLING TO PREVENT
HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS.
• SEFTY PRECAUTIONS DURING HANDLING THE
BMW.
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23. COLOUR CODING OF BAGS
CATEGORIES- 5,9
AND 10 (SOLID)
CATEGORIES- 3,6
AND 7
CATEGORIES-
1,2,3 AND 6
CATEGORIES- 4
AND 7
SEGREGATION
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24. COLOR
CODE
TYPE OF CONTAINER WASTE
CATEGORY
TREATMENT
OPTIONS
Yellow Plastic bags 1, 2, 3 and 6 Incineration/deep burial
Red Disinfected container/plastic
bag
3, 6 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro
Waving/Chemical
treatment
Blue/white
transparent
Plastic bags/puncture proof
container
4 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro
waving/chemical
treatment, Destruction &
shredding
Black Plastic bag 5, & 9, AND
10 (SOLID)
Disposal in secured land
fills
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30. INSPECTION & RE-SEGREGATION
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31. LABEL FOR BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE CONTAINERS/BAGS
Note : Label shall be non-washable and prominently visible.
HANDLE WITH CARE
BIOHAZARD CYTOTOXIC
BIOHAZARD SYMBOL CYTOTOXIC HAZARD SYMBOL

32. THERMAL PROCESSES
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33. MECHANICAL PROCESSES
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34. INCINERATION
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35. BIO MEDICAL WASTES DESTRUCTION BY
DOUBLE CHAMBERED INCINERATOR
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36. INCINERATOR ASH DISPOSAL
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37. AUTOCLAVE
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38. BIO MEDICAL PLASTIC WASTES DISINFECTION
BY SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
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39. SHARP STORAGE & DISPOSAL

40. LAND DISPOSAL FACILITY FOR CITIES & TOWNS
WITH POPULATION LESS THAN 5 LACS

41. BIO MEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
THIS RULE APPLIES TO THOSE WHO
GENERATE, COLLECT, RECEIVE, STORE,
DISPOSE, TREAT OR HANDLE BIO
MEDICAL WASTE IN ANY MANNER.
BIOMEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND
HANDLING) RULE 1998, PRESCRIBED BY
THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND
FORESTS, GOVT OF INDIA, CAME INTO
FORCE ON 20TH JULY 1998.
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42. • THUS BIO MEDICAL WASTE
SHOULD BE SEGREGATED INTO
CONTAINERS/BAGS AT THE POINT
OF GENERATION OF WASTE.
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43. UNDER ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT,1998
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE (Management & handling) RULES 1998
1st Amendment Rules vide S.O.201(E) Dated 06/03/2000
2ndAmendment Rules vide S.O.1069(E) Dated 17/09/2003
• THE AUTHORIZATION IS REQUIRED FOR
 Generation/Collection/Reception/Storage
 Transportation
 Treatment/Disposal
 or any other form of handling.8/23/2013 43

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ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
 The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1998
 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 2000
 The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1989
 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995
 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981

45. CONCLUSION
• Thus refuse disposal cannot be solved without
public education.
• Individual participation is required.
• Municipality and government should pay
importance to disposal of waste economically.
• Thus educating and motivating oneself first is
important and then preach others about it.
• Start disposing waste first from within your
home, then outside home, then neighborhood
,then your street, your area ,city and then the
nation and the world.
• Lets make this world a better place to live
in. 45