INITIATING RESEARCH AT UNDER GRADUATE LEVEL: A PARADIGM SHIFT

INITIATING RESEARCH AT UG LEVEL: A PARADIGM SHIFT
Dr. Nagabhushan V. Charantimath
M . S c . , P h . D . , B . E d . , D C P L . , D E M , P R I M E ( U S A )
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Studies in Zoology,
V S K University, Ballari
9880121090,
nagabhushancm@vskub.ac.in
VIJAYANAGARA SRIKRISHNADEVARAYA UNIVERSITY, BALLARI
VV Sangha’s GBR FG College and PG Center, Huvinhadagali
IQAC NATIONAL LEVEL WEBINAR SERIES
DEPT. OF BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY

RESEARCH is a formal training of
fountain of knowledge for the sake of
knowledge

● Biology of non-chordates
● Chordates and comparative anatomy
● Economic zoology and Histology
● Physiology and Biochemistry
● Cell Biology and Developmental
biology
● Environmental biology and wildlife
zoology
● Genetics and Biotechnology
● Ethology and Evolution
15
● Viruses, Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
● Algae, Fungi and Lichens
● Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Paleobotany
and Gymnosperms.
● Histology, Anatomy, Embryology
● Ecology and Environmental biology
● Morphology, Taxonomy and
Economic botany.
● Cytogenetics
● Plant breeding, Plant tissue culture
● Plant physiology.
14

Ecosystem / habitat biodiversity
Refers to the variety by their
nature and number.
The interaction between
living and non-
living components in a
given geographical area.
ex ● Ocean
● Sea
● Pool
● River
● Brackish
water
● Backwater
● Reservoir
● lake
● Attol
● Pond
● Well
● Aquarium
● Stream
● Desert
● Steppe
● Savanna
● Plains
● Evergreen
● Rain
forests
● Coastal
plain
● Himalayan
range
● Garden
● So on
Species
Population
Community
Habitat
Ecosystem
Niche
Landscape
Biome
Biosphere

Species diversity
● Refers to the variety of species within the biosphere.
● The number of species in a UNIT AREA is species
richness.
● The increase in species richness in a large unit area
maintains proportionate representation of species called
Species Evenness.
● The difference in species richness and evenness causes
DIVERSITY.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genera
Species
Sub-species

Genetic diversity
● It is the variation at the level of individual genes.
● It helps individuals to adapt to the new environment.
● Variation helps Increase Survival, Reproduction in the Population.
● Genetic diversity arises ONLY DUE TO sexual reproduction which brings
recombination and variation forming speciation.
● Genetic variability contributes to the multiplicity of life forms
phenotypically.

Introducing THE RESEARCH at
Under Graduate level (NEP-2020)

Outlook
● Meaning
● Objectives
● Types
● Approaches
● Significance
● Research process
● Publication ethics

1. meaning
● Search for the knowledge
● A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a
specific topic.
● An art of scientific investigation.
● Movement from the KNOWN –UNKNOWN
● Defining and redefining problems (Clifford Woody)…

the progress ladder
● RESEARCH COMPRISES
○ Defining and redefining the problems,
○ Formulating hypothesis,
○ Suggested solutions,
○ Collecting data,
○ Organizing data,
○ Evaluating data,
○ Making deductions,
○ And reaching the conclusion.
○ AND testing the conclusions to determine whether it
fits in the hypothesis.

IN SHORT
IT IS THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH WITH THE
HELP OF
STUDY,
OBSERVATION,
COMPARISON &
EXPERIMENTATION.

2. objectives
● To gain familiarity with a phenomenon / achieve
new insights (EXPLORATORY)
● portray accuracy of characters / situation
(DESCRIPTIVE).
● to determine the frequency / association
(DIAGNOSTIC ),
● to test the hypothesis of causal relationship
between variables (HYPOTHESIS TESTING).

3. Types of research
● Descriptive vs. analytical:
survey
no control over the variables
use facts & analyze to make critical evaluation.
 Applied vs. fundamental:
finding solution for a problem
marketing research, evaluation research
generalization by theoritizing.
natural phenomenon,
behavioural studies,
finding info having broad application.

● Quantitative vs. qualitative
aims at quantitative characteristics (motif/desires),
questionnaire based, temporal and spacial data.
psychology based and behavior based research.
 Conceptual vs. emperical:
abstract / theory, to develop new concept, to interpret
existing data
relies on experience / observation /practical evidence
oriented, data based, helps for testing hypothesis

Other types
○ one time research: single time period.
○ longitudinal research: carried for several time
period.
○ field-setting research:
○ laboratory research / simulation research:
○ clinical / diagnostic research: case studies.
○ opearation research: decision / conclusion-
oriented:

4. approaches
● Quantitative approaches:
○ generation of data for analysis
○ inferential
○ experimental
○ simulation approach.
○ Qualitative approaches:
■ subjective assessment, opinion / behaviour.
■ involves insights and impressions of a
researcher.

5. significance
“All PROGRESS is born of inquiry. DOUBT is often
better than over-confidence, for it leads to
INQUIRY and it leads to INVENTION”
● inculcates scientific & inductive thinking.
● Promotes the devt of logical habits of thinking and
organization.
● Basis for all policies.
○ 3 phases of operation:
○ INVESTIGATION, DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS.

Paper and pen
An idea based on previous knowledge
An insight
A flash in memory
Thinking slightly out of the box
Go scientific...

HOW TO DO AND WHAT TO DO ?
Do talk to your teacher
Do talk with subject experts
Read some research articles using key words
in the search engines.
Download and file
Read the abstract / methodology / results
and then frame the hypothesis.

A typical research paper
Title,
Author, address
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusion
References

A few techniques / instruments

fluorescence resonance
energy transfer
● Techniques such as PCR, FRET and RNAi have led to quantum leaps in experimental sophistication.
RNAi
PCR

PUBLICATION ETHICS
Dr. Nagabhushan C M
Assistant Professor,
Dept.of Zoology,
Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University,
Ballari, Karnataka, India

Ethical standards for publication exists to ensure
high-quality scientific publications, public trust in
scientific findings, and that people receive credit for
their work, ideas and solutions.
WHAT

The topic of research ethics is important
FOR conducting research
AND publishing it.
for maintaining scientific integrity and
credibility.
The onus to implement fair practices lies with
researchers, universities/institutions and publishers.
WHAT

insights on popular topics such as
how to assign authorship,
how to avoid image manipulation and
plagiarism, how to manage research data
effectively, or how to identify conflicts of interests
INCLUDES

“ A SET of generally defined as a set of principles that
distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.”
Varies across countries / disciplines / institutions etc.
One of the main ETHICAL CODE (in medical practice) is
HIPPOCRATIC OATH,
NUREMBERG CODE
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI.
ETHICS

ADHERANCE to it imparts CREDIBILITY and
SCIENTIFIC repute in the SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.
Maintains SCIENTIFIC INTEGRITY
Safeguards aim of conducting the RESEARCH
Promotes KNOWLEDGE and respects TRUTH.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT ?

These values PROMOTE TRUST
GenerateS RESPECT
Provides objectivity in a collaborative working atmosphere by avoiding
CONFLICTS related to AUTHORSHIP, COPYRIGHT etc.
These codes HELP MAINTAIN SAFETY
Makes researcher ACCOUNTABLE for the QUALITY
OUTCOME of research.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT ?

Best practices/ standard setting initiatives and
guidelines laid by different entities

Many ORGANISATIONS played instrumental role
in DEVELOPMENT and ADOPTION of the
ETHICAL GUIDELINES across UNIVERSITIES /
FUNDING AGENCIES / PUBLISHERS /
INSTITUTIONS etc.
Some universities can set up an independent
administrative committee / entity called ETHICAL
COMMITTEE (Institutional Review Board)
EC is responsible for protecting the rights involved
in the clinical research. Review the Protocol,
ensure the compliance with ethical codes etc.
The codes and policymakers

International ethical codes
1- 8
And
1-13

• Code of ethics from International sociological association.
1

• Universal declaration on bioethics and human rights
(UNESCO),
2

• International ethical guidelines for biomedical research
3

• involving human subjects from the council of international
organization of medical sciences (CIOMS),
4

• Declaration of Helsinki from
World Medical Association
(WMA)
5
• Well being of the human subject
should take precedence over the
interests of science and society.
• Consent should be in writing.
• Use caution if participant is in
dependent relationship with
researcher.
• Participants benefit from research.
• And much more.

• Nuremberg code,
(To protect human subjects)
6
1.Voluntary consent
2. Experimental results for the good of society.
3. Only after animal experimentation
4. Experiment to be conducted avoiding
physical / mental suffering.
5. Stop experiment if believed to cause death
/disability.
6. Risks should not exceed benefits.
7. Adequate facility to protect subject.
8. Experiment to be conducted by qualified
scientists.
9. Subjects to be able to end their participation
any time.
10. Prepared to terminate the experiment when
injury/ disability/death is likely to occur.

• Chemical professional code of conduct from ACS,
7

• Council for harmonization of technical requirements for
pharmaceutical for human use,
8

INTEGRITY: to fulfil your promises and obligations.
Sincerity in actions and thoughts.
International ethical codes (Shamoo and Resnik)
1

HONESTY: communication and reporting research results
honestly, avoid falsification, fabrication and mis-
interpretation.
2

OBJECTIVITY: avoid bias in expt./ study design, data
analysis, peer review, personal decisions, financial interests,
data interpretation.
3

COMPETENCE: strive to improve expertise.
4

CAREFULNESS: maintain record of research activities in
detail.
5

OPENNESS: share your data, tools, results, ideas etc.
6

LEGALITY: Abide to the Govt and Organizational laws /
policies.
6

CONFIDENTIALITY: such as patents, military secracy,
trades, papers submitted.
7

NON-DISCRIMINATION: avoid discrimination against
colleagues/ students/ sex/ ethnicity/ race/ religion etc.
8

RESPECT IP : avoid plagiarism. Acknowledge and credit
the original author. Follow obligations (iff).
9

RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION: avoid duplication.
10

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: advocate and advance public
interests through research.
11

ANIMAL CARE: respect, avoid bad study design .
12

HUMAN SUBJECTS: respect, confidential, dignity in
clinical research.
13

COMMONLY USED CODES:
Nuremberg code
declaration of Helsinki
CIOMS
US common rules
ICH GCP
Belmount Report
CONDUCT EXPT. AND PUBLISH RESEARCH
PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS

CONDUCT EXPT. AND
PUBLISH RESEARCH
PROTECTION OF HUMAN
SUBJECTS
Involves 2 types of clinical studies:
1: intervention studies /clinical trials
2: observational studies.

Studies on animal models have provided insights into the development
of new vaccines and drugs.
Study warrants attention
EC /IACUC ensures appropriate procedures / protocols.
Kilkinney et al, laid extensive guidelines to improve animal research .
Replacement, Reduction and Refinement to be followed and implemented.
NIH’s Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) provides extensive
resources on policies and guidelines on the use of animals in research.
CONDUCT EXPT. AND PUBLISH RESEARCH
CARE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS

CONDUCT EXPT. AND
PUBLISH RESEARCH

PUBLISHING RESEARCH ETHICS
Guidelines by COPE
DONOT submit the same paper to Different Journals
MAINTAIN TRANSPARENCY during submission and peer
review process on previously published work.
Check with the publisher about TRANSLATING AND
PUBLISHING the work again.
DISCLOSE already published and / or translated versions of the
submitted manuscript.
AVOID DIVIDING into multiple publications.

PUBLISHING RESEARCH ETHICS
Guidelines by COPE
DONOT
DATA AGGREGATION
DATA DISAGGREGATION
DATA SEGMENTATION
REANALYSIS
DIFFERENT CONCLUSIONS.

Maintenance of transparency in research and publication by AUTHORS and
PUBLISHERS can avoid COI.
WHAT CONSTITUTES COI ?
when a researcher works in 2 companies,
when a peer reviewer is a relative
when there is an pressurized influence .
COI CAN ARISE BECAUSE OF :
financial relationships
personal relationships
intellectual beliefs
academic competition
HANDLING CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

HOW TO AVOID COI
disclose all your interests to the stakeholders.
monitor research for results and transparency,
remove the person in question during data interpretation.
MAKE SURE TO FOLLOW THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES:
disclose the FUNDS received during manuscript submission.
disclose the SOURCES of funding agencies /Govt /sponsors etc.
disclose if planned / pending / issued patents relevant to work.
disclose the relationships / influences perceived during the study.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

1. Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari
2. Enago academy
3. : https://www.enago.com/academy/
4. Sunday guard indian live.com
5. linkedIn.com
6. drnagabhushanvc@slideshare.net
Acknowledgement and references

Dr. Nagabhushan Charantimath
M . S c . , P h . D . , B . E d . , D C P L . , D E M , P R I M E ( U S A)
Assistant Professor,
Dept.of Zoology,
Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari, Karnataka, India
THANK YOU

INITIATING RESEARCH AT UNDER GRADUATE LEVEL: A PARADIGM SHIFT

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INITIATING RESEARCH AT UNDER GRADUATE LEVEL: A PARADIGM SHIFT