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Pregnancy and Diabetes Management
1. Pregnancy and Diabetes
Prof. M.C.Bansal
MBBS,MS,MICOG,FICOG
Professor OBGY
Ex-Principal & Controller
Jhalawar Medical College & Hospital
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Jaipur.
2. ‘My sugars are high and I must worry
Since, within my womb a child I carry
Must reduce the sugars before its too late
Or baby will end up being high birth weight’
3. Epidemiology
Prevalence is 3.8 to 21.1% in different parts of
country
Incidence of diabetes among Asian
women is rising & it is more frequently
being diagnosed at younger ages
Several women & their yet unborn
offsprings are at potential risk of an
adverse outcome
More in urban areas than rural areas
4. What are the metabolic changes in
normal pregnancy?
Pregnancy is associated with 2 important changes
1. Insulin resistance (permit foetus to draw on available
fuel stores preferentially )
2. Hormonal changes –Progesterone,
HCG,HPL,cortisol, estradiol,prolactin-
disturb glucose metabolism & result in Pregnancy: Insulin
•
Decreased FPG & Increased PPG resistant state
Increased insulin levels •If β cells fail to
β-cell hypertrophy & hyperplasia overcome this-
results in GDM
Decreased insulin sensitivity (IR)
Enhanced lipolysis
5.
6. WHO & NDDG Classification
Pregestational Gestational diabetes
diabetes impaired glucose
Type 1 tolerance of
Type 2 pregnancy
Undiagnosed pre-
existing diabetes
Undiagnosed pre-
existing IGT
7. When can Diabetes & Pregnancy
coexist?
DM & pregnancy coexist under 2
circumstances
1. Known diabetic (type 1 or type 2) may
become pregnant –Pregestational diabetes
Known
Diabetic
2. Diabetes-first makes its appearance in a
woman when she is pregnant-Gestational
diabetes (GDM)
Develops
Non diabetes for
Diabetic 1st time
8. What is GDM?
GDM= Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
The Third International Gestational Diabetes
Workshop defined GDM as -Carbohydrate
intolerance of variable severity with onset
or first recognition during pregnancy
If diabetic state regresses after delivery: diagnosis
is confirmed
If diabetic state does not regress : reclassified as
type 1 or type 2
9. Risk Factors for GDM
Strong family history
Women who have given birth to large baby
>4 Kg
History of recurrent pregnancy loss
Persistent glycosuria
Age > 25 Yrs
Past history of GDM
Obese or overweight or show excessive
weight gain during pregnancy
10. Risk Factors for GDM
History of pre-eclampsia
History of polyhydramnios
Chronic hypertension
History of still birth, congenital malformations
Recurrent or severe moniliasis or UTI
11.
12. Why all Indian women
should be screened for
glucose intolerance
during pregnancy ?
13. Screening is essential in all pregnant women
as the Indian women have 11 fold increased
risk of developing glucose intolerance during
pregnancy compared to Caucasian women
Dornhost A, Paterson CM, Nicholls JS, Wadsworth J, Chiu DC, Elkeles
RS, Johnston DG, Beard RW: High prevalence of GDM in women
from ethnic minority groups. Diabetic Med 1992: 9 (9): 820-2.
14. When to screen
Optimally performed at 24- 28 wks of
gestation
In high risk patients it is wiser to screen in
first antenatal visit
Early detection causes better fetal
outcome
In pregnant woman with normal GCT in
first trimester but if there is rapid maternal
wt gain or fetal macrosomia suspected,
then repeat test at 24-28 wks
15. Screening procedures
American Diabetes Association (ADA )
World Health Organization (WHO )
AmericanCollege of Obstetrician and
Gynecology ( ACOG )
16. • ADA recommends two step procedures for screening and
diagnosis of diabetes in selective population.
• An initial screening by measuring plasma glucose one hour after
50g oral glucose load (glucose challenge test [GCT]).
• A glucose threshold value equal to or > 140mg/dl identifies GDM
• Those found positive at the screening test are given 100g OGTT
17.
18. ADA CRITERIA FOR
DIAGNOSIS OF GDM
100 g OGTT
Fasting 95 mg/dl (5.3mmol/L)
1 – hr 180mg/dl (10mmol/L)
2 – hr 155mg/dl (8.6mmol/L)
3 – hr 140mg/dl (7.8mmol/L)
Two or more of the venous plasma concentrations must be met or
exceeded for a positive diagnosis.
Ref :O’Sullivan & Mahan → Carpenter & Couston;
ADA Position Statement on GDM 2006)
19. Drawback Of ADA criteria
Cut off values do not correlate with fetal
outcome
No of samples are drawn many ( Four )
Venous samples are needed
Two visits are necessary so patient may
not report back
20. WHO CRITERIA FOR
DIAGNOSIS OF GDM
2 hr pp after 75 Outside
In pregnancy
gm glucose pregnancy
>200 mg/dl DM DM
>140- 199 mg /dl GDM IGT
>120-139mg/dl GGI -
<120mg/dl Normal Normal
21. WHO CRITERIA FOR
DIAGNOSIS OF GDM
Drawback –
Criteria
not based on maternal and fetal
outcome but easy adoptability
Advantages –
Need not to be fasting
Both screening and diagnostic procedure
Least disturbance in woman’s routine
22. Glycosylated Haemoglobin
(A1c)
Normal A1c level in pregnancy is
5.3 – 6
Not reliable as they reflect too long
a time period.
May serve as a prognostic value
23. Glycosylated Haemoglobin
(A1c)
May be useful to find out whether
the woman is a pre GDM or GDM
Useful in monitoring the control
during pregnancy but not for day to
day management
24. Measuring other parameters
BP monitoring – if >130/80 alpha
methyldopa should be started
Retinal examination
Microalbuminuria to be looked for
Thyroid functions
25. Clinical parameters to be monitored
Pre-pregnancy weight
Weight gain during ANC
Edema
Pallor
Thyroid enlargement
Uterine height more than period of gestation
26. MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS
Effects
of diabetes on mother
Risk of recurrent abortions –in first
trimester
Infections
Postpartum bleeding
High Caesarean section rate
Risk of pre-eclampsia
27. GDM
~ 35% DEVELOP DIABETES
By 10 YEARS
GDM AFTER
PARTURITION
28. Effects of pregnancy on diabetes
Moreinsulin is necessary to achieve
metabolic control
Progression of diabetic neuropathy
Worsening of diabetic nephropathy
Increase cardiomyopathy and myocardial
infarctions
29. Effect of Maternal Fuels on Fetal & Offspring’s
Development
Mother Fetus Neonate Child
Hypoglycemia
& other
complications
P
Insulin l macrosomia Obesity
a
c IGT
e
n
Plasma t Insulin
Glucose a
Amino acids
“Mixed Diabetes
lipids
Nutrients”
30. Fetal Complications
Congenital malformations –
Mainlyin type I –due to metabolic
derangements present at the time of
conception, during blastogenesis and
organogenesis
Hyperglycemia – macrosomia
Hypocalcemia
Intermittent
hypoglycemia- risk of IUGR
Hyperviscosity syndrome
31. Fetal Complications
Hyaline membrane disease
Apnea and bradycardia
Unexplainedfetal demise – during last 4-
8 weeks of gestation
32. Common congenital malformations
Cardiovascular System – TGV,
VSD,Coarctation of aorta, PDA, ASD,
Single ventricle
Central Nervous System – spina bifida,
anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, neural
tube defects
Skeletal – cleft lip and palate, caudal
regression syndrome
34. Neonatal complications
Respiratory distress
Hypoglycemia
Hypocalcemia
Hyperbilirubinemia
Hyperviscosity Syndrome
Cardiac hypertrophy
Perinatal Deaths
Long term effects on cognitive
developments
35.
36. Management of pregnancy in a
woman with diabetes
Women with DM (pregestational DM)
planned in advance
good control-established before conception- avoid
risks of hyperglycaemia / glucotoxicityand
ketoacidosis during embryogenesis / organogenesis
If it occurs accidentally or unaware of DM
risks are explained
Pregestational
•planned pregnancy
•tight control at conception
37. Management of GDM
Patienteducation
Medical nutrition therapy (MNT)
Physical activity
Self monitoring blood glucose
Self administration of Insulin
38. Medical Nutrition Therapy
Adequate calories/nutrition to meet the
need of pregnancy
Wt gain expected in pregnancy – 300-400
gm/wk total 10-12 kg
Avoid excess wt gain and post prandial
hypoglycemia
39. Calorie allotment and wt gain
Current wt
Recommended daily Recommended
( %of ideal calorie intake Kcal/kg total wt gain in kg
body wt )
< 80-90 36-40 12.5-18
100-120 30 11.5-16
120-150 24 7-11.5
>150 12-18 At least 6
40. Calorie counting
Breakfast – split in two equal halves and
eat at 2 hr interval – to avoid undue peak
in plasma glucose level
Dawn phenomenon – peaking of plasma
glucose is high with breakfast than with
lunch or dinner, in GDM mother first phase
of insulin is deficient so it is divided in two
halves
41. FETAL MONITORING
Risk based on glycemic
Procedure control, vascular disease
Low risk high risk
Dating ultrasound 8 - 12 weeks 8 - 12 weeks
Prenatal genetic diagnosis As needed As needed
Targeted perinatal ultrasound:
18 - 22 weeks 18 - 22 weeks
fetal echocardiography
Fetal kick counts 28 weeks 28 weeks
28 and 37
Ultrasound for fetal growth Monthly
weeks1
Antepartum FHR monitoring, 36 weeks,
27 weeks, 1 - 3/week
modified BPP weekly
Amniocentesis for lung maturity - 35 - 38 weeks
Induction of labor 40 weeks2 35 - 38 weeks
42. Fetal Ultrasound
Indirectly indicates glycemic control
Ultrasound scan for fetal growth and
liquor volume every two weeks from 26th
week
Fetal abdominal circumference provides a
baseline for further serial measurements
which can indicate growth acceleration
or restriction.
44. Insulin Therapy
MNT for 2 weeks, if even then fasting
Plasma glucose >90 mg/dl and post meal
glucose >120 mg/dl – Begin Insulin
Premix Insulin 30/70 of any brand
4 units BBF- increase every 4 th day by 2
units till 10 units
If FPG >90 mg/dl give 6 units BBF and 4
units BD
45. Insulin Therapy
If post breakfast glucose is high begin with
premix 50/50
If 2 hr Plasma glucose >200 mg/dl at
diagnosis start 8 units of premixed insulin
BBF and titrate it on follow up.
46. Insulin Therapy
If GDM only has post prandial hyperglycemia
with normal FBG then start with rapid and
regular insulin 2- 3 times a day with each meal.
Human insulin does not cross placenta.
Usually women with GDM do not require
>20 units of insulin/day in comparison to
type I or II who may require higher doses
47. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Trialand work reveals beneficial role of
glibenclamide and metformin
No consensus evolved
ACOG do not recommend use of OHA in
pregnancy
48. Significance of control of
maternal glucose levels
Increase maternal carbohydrate intolerance –
increase adverse fetal and maternal outcome
If maternal Blood Glucose level is
120- 139 mg/dl - Risk of Type II DM is 19% in
offspring
140-199 mg/dl – risk increases to 30%
49.
50. Management guidelines
Obstetricmanagement
Glycemic control : Pre Induction
Monitoring Insulin : Low dose sliding scale
High dose sliding scale
Insulin
infusion
Management of Hypoglycemia
Elective caesarean section
Postpartum
Neonatal Management
51. Preterm labour
Choice – Nifedipine
Rule out infection ( seen in 40% of
cases)
Beta Adrenergics : X
Increase glycogenolysis and lipolysis
tendency to metabolic acidosis
52. Insulin Type / Regimen
Aim:
To mimic Natural pattern of insulin
secretion
To Avoid:
•Post prandial Hyperglycemia
•Pre meal Hypoglycemia
•Nocturnal Hypoglycemia
53. Obstetric management
The standard management of labour for a
'high risk' pregnancy
Continuous electronic fetal monitoring
Ensure adequate analgesia with a lower
threshold for epidural in labour.
Labour should not be prolonged
Prepare for the possibility of shoulder
dystocia.
Active management of third stage.
54. Monitoring labor in Type 1 & Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus
Stable Unstable
Deliver at 38 wks Delivered
as soon
CBG during induction as lung maturity is
normal range : 0.9% saline attained
>120mg/dl : continous insulin
infusion
<70 mg/dl : DNS
Active phase : DNS
55. GDM : When to deliver ?
High risk Low risk
Induce at 38 wks Delivery planned at 40
wks gestation
Spontaneous onset of
labour is awaited
Avoid prolonged
pregnancy
At 40 wks
<4500 gms : induce
>4500 gms : elective
CS
ACOG
56. Elective caesarean section
Usual insulin the night before Caesarean
section
Morning of Caesarean section - withhold
usual insulin
Measure blood glucose level in theatre prior
to anesthesia
Avoid IV Dextrose unless hypoglycemic. If
indicated, insulin and glucose infusions are
given to keep the blood glucose under 140
mg/dl.
Postoperatively use low-dose sliding scale
then, fasting and before each meal.
57. Insulin during labour in GDM ?
Most do not require it
Capillaryblood glucose measured 2-4
hrly : upward deviation corrected with
small doses of regular insulin / low dose
IV insulin infusion
Very low blood glucose : 50-100 ml bolus
of 5-10%DS
58. Intravenous insulin infusion
For patients requiring intensive therapy and/or poor
control on a sliding scale,e.g. severe preeclampsia.
Via syringe pump
50 units regular insulin in 50 mLs of Normal saline
Aim : blood glucose level 72 – 126 mg/dl(4-7mmol/L)
59. Plasma Glucose and Insulin flow at
the time of onset of labor
<70 mg/dl 5% GNS – 100 ml/hr
90-120 mg/dl NS – 100 ml /hr
120 -140 mg/dl NS 100 ml/ hr + 4 units
of regular insulin (in
500ccNS)
140 -180 mg/dl NS 100 ml/hr +6 units of
regular insulin
>180 mg/dl NS 100 ml/ hr +8 units of
regular insulin
60. Blood glucose monitoring
Type 1 and Type 2 and GDM on insulin 2-hourly
GDM not on insulin 4-hourly
Intravenous therapy
Not routinely required for diabetes management
Normal Saline should be used if requires IV therapy,
no need for routine IV Dextrose
Caution with fluid overload in severe pre-eclampsia
63. Management of GDM – Post
partum
Blood glucose monitoring B.D. for 48 hours
Insulin is ceased post delivery : >95%
cases do not require it any more
If blood glucose levels > 126mg/dl ,
continue to monitor until discharge -
fasting and 2 hours after meals
If blood glucose levels are persistently
elevated after 72 hours, contact Diabetes
Consultant
64. Management of Type 1 & 2 –
Post partum
Type 2 will usually not require insulin in the
postnatal period unless blood glucose levels
are consistently elevated. Start at ½ or 2/3
of pre delivery dose
Oralhypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas,
glitazones) are usually not recommended
while breastfeeding
65. Neonatal Management
Commence feeding within one hour of birth and
feed 3 - 4 hourly.
Measure Blood Sugar Level (BSL) : at four hours
of age or before the second feed (whichever
comes first)
immediately - if clinical signs of hypoglycemia
present
before each subsequent feed until 3 consecutive
readings ≥ 2.6 mmol/L
Recommence glucose monitoring if change in
feeding or clinical condition.
66. Follow Up of GDM
OGTT with 75 gm Glucose using WHO
criteria at 6-8 wks postpartum. If normal
repeat at 6 months and every yr
Toavoid neural tube defects in unplanned
pregnancy daily folic acid is recommended
67. Counseling
Ifwoman plans pregnancy she should
have very good control of DM – FPG <90
mg/dl at the time of conception to avoid
fetal malformations
contraceptives – low dose hormones may
be given
68. Preventive measures start from
intrauterine life and continues
through out life from early
childhood.
69. A short term
intensive care gives
a long term pay off
in the primary
prevention of
obesity, IGT and
diabetes, as
‘Preventive medicine
starts before birth’
Editor's Notes
The standard management of labour for a 'high risk' pregnancy applies to women with diabetes, and includes the following special considerations Continuous electronic fetal monitoring is recommended although may not be necessary for women with uncomplicated gestational diabetes (GDM) in spontaneous labour Ensure adequate analgesia with a lower threshold for epidural in labour. Labour should not be prolonged The paediatric registrar should be notified of impending delivery Delivery should be supervised by an experienced accoucheur (Senior midwife or Obstetric registrar)Prepare for the possibility of shoulder dystocia. Active management of third stage.