1.
Volume 11 Issue 7 (2020)
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642
http://TuEngr.com
BAMBOO APPLICATION IN BUILDING
DESIGN: CASE STUDY OF GREEN
SCHOOL, BALI, INDONESIA
NEXUS OF FINANCIAL REPORTING
QUALITY AND INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY
FACTORS INFLUENCING ISLAMIC
BANKING ADOPTION: EVIDENCE FROM
PAKISTAN
ANALYSIS OF THE REGIONAL CONSUMER
MARKET DEVELOPMENT: A CASE OF
LIPETSK REGION
EVALUATION ON ROAD TRANSPORT
PROJECTS INVESTMENT AND
PROPOSALS DEVELOPMENT FOR THEIR
IMPROVEMENT IN RUSSIA
MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC AND
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES EFFECT ON
FOOD ITEMS CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN
PAKISTAN
THE ORIGINS OF RUSSIAN LIBERAL
JURISPRUDENCE: B.A. KISTYAKOVSKY’S
PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
SIMULATION OF SEQUENTIAL
PROCESSING OF A MOVING EXTENDED
OBJECT
COMPUTER MODEL FOR TRICKLE
IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVITY, POSITIVE
AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS AMONG CARDIAC
PATIENTS: MEDIATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED STRESS
FINANCIAL MECHANISM FOR COMMERCIAL
ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT: VECTOR
APPROACH
APPLICATIONS OF ONLINE VIDEO CONFERENCING
IN HIGHER EDUCATION: CASE OF SAUDI ARABIA
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HOUSEHOLD DIETARY
DIVERSITY PATTERN IN RURAL AREAS OF
SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
MEASURING EXTENDED ROLES OF E-COMMERCE
INCLUSION FOR THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF
WEBSITE SERVICE QUALITY FOR CUSTOMER
SATISFACTION USING WEBQUAL MODEL: AN
EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SAUDI ARABIAN AIRLINES
HOW DOES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND BANK EFFICIENCY?
EVIDENCE FROM ASEAN COUNTRIES
EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE ON HR
OUTCOMES IN THE SAUDI PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
PREPARATION OF OXO METHACRYLATE-
CONTAINING POLYMER/CLAY BASED
NANOCOMPOSITES
URBANISATION IN AJMAN PUSHING BY HOUSING
DEVELOPMENT
MAXIMUM EMPIRICAL LIKELIHOOD AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO GENERALIZED METHOD OF
MOMENTS FOR A FINITE SAMPLE CASE
OPTIMAL CONTROL AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS
ANALYSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS MODEL WITH FAST
AND SLOW PROGRESSION
DUAL-BAND HELICAL ANTENNAS FOR NAVIGATION
RECEIVERS

2.
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com
International Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief
Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, PhD
Professor
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
MALAYSIA
Executive Editor
Boonsap Witchayangkoon, PhD
Associate Professor
Thammasat University, THAILAND
Editorial Board:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Gadi (University of Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM)
Professor Dr.Hitoshi YAMADA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr. Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN )
Professor Dr.Mikio SATOMURA (Shizuoka University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr.Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN)
Emeritus Professor Dr.Mike Jenks (Oxford Brookes University, UNITED KINGDOM )
Professor Dr.I Nyoman Pujawan (Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology,
INDONESIA)
Professor Dr.Toshio YOSHII (EHIME University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr.Neven Duić (University of Zagreb, CROATIA)
Professor Dr.Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman (University Malaysia Pahang MALAYSIA)
Professor Dr.Masato SAITOH (Saitama University, JAPAN)
Scientific and Technical Committee & Editorial Review
Board on Engineering, Technologies and Applied Sciences:
Associate Prof. Dr. Paulo Cesar Lima Segantine (University of São Paulo, BRASIL)
Associate Prof. Dr. Kurt B. Wurm (New Mexico State University, USA )
Associate Prof. Dr. Truong V.B.Giang (Vietnam National University, Hanoi, VIETNAM)
Associate Prof. Dr. Fatemeh Khozaei (Islamic Azad University Kerman Branch, IRAN)
Assistant Prof.Dr. Zoe D. Ziaka (International Hellenic University, GREECE)
Associate Prof.Dr. Junji SHIKATA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN)
Assistant Prof.Dr. Akeel Noori Abdul Hameed (University of Sharjah, UAE)
Assistant Prof.Dr. Rohit Srivastava (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, INDIA)
Assistant Prof. Dr.Muhammad Yar Khan (COMSATS University, Pakistan)
Assistant Prof. Dr. David Kuria (Kimathi University College of Technology, KENYA )
Dr. Mazran bin Ismail (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA )
Dr. Salahaddin Yasin Baper (Salahaddin University - Hawler, IRAQ )
Dr. Foong Swee Yeok (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA)
Dr.Azusa FUKUSHIMA (Kobe Gakuin University, JAPAN)
Dr.Yasser Arab (Ittihad Private University, SYRIA)
Dr.Arslan Khalid (Shandong University, CHINA)
©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

3.
i
©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
Volume 11 Issue 7 (2020) ISSN 2228-9860
http://TuEngr.com eISSN 1906-9642
FEATURE PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVITY, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
EFFECTS AMONG CARDIAC PATIENTS: MEDIATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED
STRESS
11A07A
FINANCIAL MECHANISM FOR COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION
DEVELOPMENT: VECTOR APPROACH 11A07B
APPLICATIONS OF ONLINE VIDEO CONFERENCING IN HIGHER
EDUCATION: CASE OF SAUDI ARABIA 11A07C
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HOUSEHOLD DIETARY DIVERSITY PATTERN
IN RURAL AREAS OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN 11A07D
MEASURING EXTENDED ROLES OF E-COMMERCE INCLUSION FOR THE
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF WEBSITE SERVICE QUALITY FOR CUSTOMER
SATISFACTION USING WEBQUAL MODEL: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SAUDI
ARABIAN AIRLINES
11A07E
HOW DOES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND
BANK EFFICIENCY? EVIDENCE FROM ASEAN COUNTRIES 11A07F
EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE ON HR OUTCOMES IN THE
SAUDI PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 11A07G
PREPARATION OF OXO METHACRYLATE-CONTAINING POLYMER/CLAY
BASED NANOCOMPOSITES 11A07H
URBANISATION IN AJMAN PUSHING BY HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
11A07I
MAXIMUM EMPIRICAL LIKELIHOOD AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO
GENERALIZED METHOD OF MOMENTS FOR A FINITE SAMPLE CASE 11A07J
OPTIMAL CONTROL AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF
TUBERCULOSIS MODEL WITH FAST AND SLOW PROGRESSION 11A07K
DUAL-BAND HELICAL ANTENNAS FOR NAVIGATION RECEIVERS 11A07L

4.
ii
BAMBOO APPLICATION IN BUILDING DESIGN: CASE STUDY OF GREEN
SCHOOL, BALI, INDONESIA 11A07M
NEXUS OF FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY AND INVESTMENT
EFFICIENCY 11A07N
FACTORS INFLUENCING ISLAMIC BANKING ADOPTION: EVIDENCE
FROM PAKISTAN 11A07O
ANALYSIS OF THE REGIONAL CONSUMER MARKET DEVELOPMENT: A
CASE OF LIPETSK REGION 11A07P
EVALUATION ON ROAD TRANSPORT PROJECTS INVESTMENT AND
PROPOSALS DEVELOPMENT FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT IN RUSSIA 11A07Q
MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
EFFECT ON FOOD ITEMS CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN PAKISTAN 11A07R
THE ORIGINS OF RUSSIAN LIBERAL JURISPRUDENCE: B.A.
KISTYAKOVSKY’S PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIOLOGY OF LAW 11A07S
SIMULATION OF SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING OF A MOVING EXTENDED
OBJECT 11A07T
COMPUTER MODEL FOR TRICKLE IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN 11A07U
Contacts:
Professor Dr.Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Editor-in-Chief), School of Housing, Building
and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 11800 Minden, Penang, MALAYSIA. Tel:
+60-4-653-2835 Fax: +60-4-657 6523, Sanusi@usm.my, Editor@TuEngr.com
Associate Professor Dr.Boonsap Witchayangkoon (Executive Editor), Thammasat
School of Engineering, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, Klong-Luang, Pathumtani, 12120,
THAILAND. Tel: +66-2-5643005 Ext 3101. Fax: +66-2-5643022
DrBoonsap@gmail.com, Editor@TuEngr.com
Managing Office
TUENGR Group, 88/244 Moo 3, Moo Baan Saransiri, Klong#2, KlongLuang,
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Side image is Durian (Durio zibethinus), the King of Fruit.

5.
*Corresponding author (S.Bibi, shaguftamalik409@yahoo.com; A.Khalid arslankhalid1989@yahoo.com) ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07A http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.121
1
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com
PAPER ID: 11A07A
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVITY, POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE AFFECT AMONG CARDIAC PATIENTS:
MEDIATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED STRESS
Abdul Sattar Ghaffari
1
, Malik Mureed Hussain
2
,
Muhammad Tahir
3
, Shagufta Bibi
4*
, Arslan Khalid
5*
1
Zhongtai Securities, Institute for Financial Studies, School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan,
CHINA.
2
Department of Psychology International Islamic University, Islamabad, PAKISTAN.
3
School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, CHINA.
4
School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, CHINA
5
Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, CHINA.
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T RA C T
Article history:
Received 24 June 2019
Received in revised form 16
December 2019
Accepted 10 January 2020
Available online 28 January
2020
Keywords:
Heart diseases; Positivity;
Perceived stress scale;
Positive affects; Negative
affects; Cardiac disorder;
Negative affectivity;
Response to stress.
The number of factors involved in the development of negative
affects among patients suffering in cardiovascular disorder. The
psycho-social risk factors, including depressive symptoms, anxiety,
exhaustion, anger, and negative affect develop negative emotions in
cardiovascular patients. A high positive affect independently relates to
decreased cardiovascular disease ratio, whereas low positive affect
predicts adverse cardiovascular consequences. The current study aimed
to explore the relationship between positivity, positive and negative
effects by using perceived stress as a mediating factor among cardiac
patients. We recruited 519 cardiac patients aged 20-73 years. All
participants provided written informed consent. .Assessments included
the positivity Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and Negative and Positive
Affect Scale. The results indicated that the perceived stress
intermediate between positive and negative affect and stress also
negatively affects the emotional relationship. Positivity had an opposite
relationship with the negative affect and the perceived stress negative
relationship with positive affect. Whereas; the negative affect was a
significant positive relationship with perceived stress. The positive
emotions are helpful for cardiac patients to reduce the negative feelings
which cause to enhance the stress factor. Stress factors can be reduced by
patient awareness, using stress prevention strategies and well-being
interventions.
Disciplinary: Health Sciences & Management, Psychological Sciences.
©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies

6.
2 A.S. Ghaffari, R.S.Bajwa, M. Hussain, M. Tahir, S. Bibi, A. Khalid
1. INTRODUCTION
Life is embedded with the number of stress factors that play essential roles in developing a
physical illness such as cardiovascular diseases. Previous reports indicated that unmanageable stress
depicted problematic emotional regulations and ended up in germinating cardiac ailments (Begley,
1994). The compelling psychosocial risk factors of cardiovascular diseases are negative emotions
which include anger and anxiety. Contrarily, the psychosocial factors that turn out to be the
cardio-protective potential factors are positively affecting factors. Positive affect resulted in
enhancement of cheerfulness, life activity and joy in mood states (Roest, et al, 2010; Melamed et al,
2006). A high positive affect has been independently related to low cardiovascular disease ratio.
Whereas, a low positive affect predicts adverse cardiovascular consequences like death even with
percutaneous coronary intervention (Chida and Steptoe, 2008: Heo et al, 2009; Denollet, and
Brutsaert, 2001). Different studies have shown that cardiac patients preceding put less positive affect,
resulting in inbuilt- anger, hostility, and jealousy ultimately prone to other cardiac complications.
These people do not have smart and effective coping strategies to confront life stressors (Low et al.,
1998).
Positive psychologists have put great attention to create awareness for optimal well-being in
human functioning to fulfill the fundamental element of life including satisfaction, self-esteem, and
optimism, which are related to positivity and have a positive affect. Researchers defined positivity as
“a capacity of an individual to observe the life with positive way after plenty of experiences”
(Milioni, et al., 2016; Alessandri, et al., 2012; Caprara et al., 2017; 2009). Enriched positivity is
related to the productive and adequate state of mood and improves positive affect with significantly
decreased negative affect (Alessandri et al., 2012; Caprara et al., 2012; 2017). Positivity plays a role
to improve the positive affect and reduce the negative affect of risk factors on life, however; the
factors that contribute among these relationships still need to be investigated. An impending
mediating variable is found to be “perceived stress in cardiac patients”. Lazarus and Folkman's
postulate indicated that stress as “psychological and physiological response of people although for
such situation they don’t have enough resources to toggle” (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Perceived
stress is the degree at which life situations are evaluated as stressful (Cohen et al., 1983).
Conversely, in cardiac patients, the affect of perceived stress is more adverse with limited stress
coping strategies (Low et al., 1998, Ghaffari et al., 2020). Another report has shown that stress is the
transactional process between humans and their environment (Gloria & Steinhardt, 2014).
Various research studies are conducted in the perspective of identifying the positive and negative
affect among cardiac patient but the relationship of positivity among cardiac patients is in question.
However, Spindler et al. (2009) throughout studied the construct of positive and negative affect by
studying cardiac patients and made the scale that can be used thoroughly for studying relationship
with other indicators that helps in improving health issues.
Moreover, Denollet and Vries (2006) also studies the positive and negative affects relationship
with perceived behavior and found that perceived stressful situation of cardiac patients affect
negatively on the life of cardiac patients and it is necessary to train the cardiac patients to avoid such
situation for the betterment of their health. Also, Denollet and Vries (2006) introduced some
guidelines to follow in dealing with cardiac patients and their cardio diseases and attacks.

7.
*Corresponding author (S.Bibi, shaguftamalik409@yahoo.com; A.Khalid arslankhalid1989@yahoo.com) ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07A http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.121
3
Similarly, Versteeg et al. (2009) study the positive and negative affect to maintain the life of
patients and found that negative and positive behavior directly affects the health of the person and
there are certain factors that affect positively and negatively depending on upon the influencing actor
and situation. Mostly, stress full situations negatively impact on the overall life of patients (Versteeg
et al., 2009; Bennett et al., 2001). Furthermore, family-related situations and intervention also
negatively impact on the health of cardiac patients (Hilbert, 1994). Seebach et al. (2012) and Heo et
al., (2009) studied the positive and negative affects of patients but not in the case of cardiac patients
but they studied a general level of patients who are suffering from any diseases or attacks.
These reports provide us the new concept that positivity is an essential factor that reduced the
perceived stress by using coping tactics which consequently decrease the positive influence and
improve the positive response affect in one’s life. So, our study demonstrated the role of positivity on
positive and negative affect by using perceived stress as a mediating factor and also has shown the
relationship between these factors in cardiac patients.
This study conducts in the context of cardiac patients in Pakistan to explore the relationship of
the positivity behavior of the patients on the positive and negative affects. Moreover, this study also
explores the mediating role of perceived stress on the relationship between positivity behavior that
affects positive or negative. This study helps in guiding the cardiac patients when we able to identify
the relationship between the positivity behaviors of the cardiac patient. The doctors play leading roles
in guiding and suggesting activities to train their minds and control their positive and negative
thinking. Moreover, this study also helps in investigating the mediating role of perceived stress that
causes positive and negative affect on the life of cardiac patients. The results will be helpful for
doctors in making policies to deal with the cases of cardiac patients. The health-related institution
will also use the results for making procedures and guidelines for cardiac patients to deal with
perceived stress situations because nowadays cardiac diseases and attacks are common in Pakistan
and the only cause behind the cardiac diseases and attacks is stressful events and situations that
patients experience in their lives. Therefore, it is the responsibility of doctors and health institutions
to guide them related to their stressful situation and cardiac disease and attacks. So that they will care
for themselves and their family, relatives, and friends.
2. METHOD
2.1 PARTICIPANTS
Participants were 519 cardiac patients age range 20–73 years from cardiology institute Multan,
Pakistan. The data was collected by using a convenience sampling technique. The questionnaire is
distributed to cardiac patients to identify the positivity behavior affect is positive or negative on the
patient. Moreover, items are also included that helps in identifying the mediating role of perceived
stress on the relationship between the positivity behavior and positive or negative affect of cardiac
patients. We only approach those patients who came to the hospital for cardiac-related problems and
then get data from those patients.
2.2 MEASURING TOOLS
Positivity Scale. Caprara et al (2012) developed the scale of positivity. It is a single scale that
included eight items. This scale has used the five points which range strongly disagree too strongly

8.
4 A.S. Ghaffari, R.S.Bajwa, M. Hussain, M. Tahir, S. Bibi, A. Khalid
agree. Cronbach’s alpha tested to confirm the reliability of this scale. The addition of all the points
obtains the scoring of this scale.
Perceived Stress Scale. Sumi et al. (2006) developed the perceived stress scale, which is the
single-factor scale measures purely the degree of stress perceived by the person in the life situation in
the past one month (Sumi et al., 2006). This scale contains 14 items. Each item is rated at 5 points
Likert scale which ranges from 0 to 4 indicating the rating scales ask from never to very often about
the perceived stress. This scale was found to be valid and reliable because it's alpha value is above
0.7. The total of the scale is obtained by getting the sum of all items. The scoring method of this scale
instructs that higher scores on this scale illustrate higher levels of perceived stress in the individual.
Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Watson et al (1988) developed this scale. This scale is
consisting of two subscales namely negative and positive affects. Each subscale has 8 items that are
measuring negative and positive affects individually. All the items have a rating scale that ranges
from 1 (never) to 6 (very often). The Cronbach’s alpha value of the scale is higher than 0.7, which
depicts a higher reliability ratio of the scale. The total of each subscale is done first then it is
interpreting from the score which subscale sore is higher than the other. It shows that if the score is
higher in subscale, then an individual has more effect on that factor (Watson et al., 1988).
2.3 PROCEDURE
A consent form was signed from all the cardiac patients before the study and questionnaire were
provided to them to fill. The questionnaire included Positivity Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and
Negative and Positive Affect Scale. It was made sure to the participants that their results would
remain confidential, and it is up to them whether they want to participate or not.
The participants were asked to complete the questionnaire at their own risk. Before taking the
participants, they were briefed about the nature of the study and its usefulness to society. Data was
collected and analyzed by using SPSS software to evaluate the results.
In the mediation analysis, we calculate paths a, b, c and c’
. The path a denotes the association
positivity with perceived stress, path b association of perceived stress with positive and negative
affect, path c associations of positivity with positive and negative affect and path c’
is the association
of positivity with positive and negative affect after adding perceived stress as a mediator.
2.4 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Various ethics were taken into consideration to carry out the study. An authority letter was
presented to the authority of the relevant university explaining the nature of the study and requested
permission for the data collection. The written consent form was taken from all the participants. The
participants were also ensured regarding the confidentiality and anonymity of all the data collected
from them. It was ensured that no physical or psychological distress was given to the participants.
3. RESULTS
Table 1 shows that positivity has a significant negative relationship with perceived stress (r=
-0.704, p<0.05) and has a significant positive relationship with positive affect (r= 0.112, p<.05).
Positivity has a significant negative relationship with negative affects (r=-.359, p< .05). Perceived
stress also has a significant negative relationship with positive affect (r= -.238, p< .05) whereas
negative affect has a positive significant relationship with perceived stress ( r =.637, p<.05).

9.
*Corresponding author (S.Bibi, shaguftamalik409@yahoo.com; A.Khalid arslankhalid1989@yahoo.com) ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07A http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.121
5
Table 2, indicated the perceived stress as a mediator and positive affects as an outcome.
Perceived stress explained the relationship between positive affect and positivity. Results depicted
the significant association between positive affects estimated by perceived stress. The significant
negative association of positivity with positive affects was observed among both male and female
cardiac patients (from path a). The significant negative association of positivity was observed among
both male and female cardiac patients (from path b). From path ‘c’ positive significant association of
positivity was determined among male cardiac patients but no significant positive association
observed in female patients.
Table 1: Correlation analysis among positivity, perceived stress, positive affect, and negative affect.
Positivity Perceived Stress Positive affect Negative affect
Positivity -- -.704** .112* -.359**
Perceived Stress -- -.238** .637**
Positive Affect -- -.436**
Negative Affect --
M 24.15 28.42 27.9 28.0
SD 3.88 5.22 4.74 4.88
Note. M-Mean, SD= Standard Deviation;**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
Table 2: Mediating analysis results, with positive affect as the outcome and perceived stress as a
mediator.
Predictors
Path Coefficients
axb (BCa 95% CI) R2
F
A B C C’
Male
Positivity -.858***
-.272***
.120*
-.113 .233 (.160, .27) .086 12.864
Female
Positivity -1.152***
-.283*
.119 -.207 .326 (.368, 1.638) .024 2.898
Thus, perceived stress fully mediates the relationship between positivity and positive affects
among male cardiac patients because when perceived stress was involved in the model as a mediator,
the direct pathway between positivity and positive affects did not statistically significant (from path
c´
). To evaluate the affect size of the mediating pathway, the proportion of the total effect of the
independent variable on the dependent variable (c) that was mediated by perceived stress was
calculated using the formula (a × b)/c by following (Li et al., 2015). For male patients, the
proportions of perceived stress mediation were 86% for positivity for males.
Table 3: Mediating analysis results, with negative affect as the outcome and perceived stress as
mediator.
Predictors
Path Coefficients
axb (BCa 95% CI) R2
F
A b C c’
Male
Positivity -.858***
.510***
-.126*
.312 -.438 (-.550, -.339) .248 45.275
Female
Positivity -1.152***
1.081***
-1.201***
.044 -1.245 (-2.082, -.816) .959 2766.794
Path coefficients, a × b products, and BCa 95% CI for these products are presented in this table.
Table 3 shows the perceived stress as a mediator variable with a negative affect as the outcome
variable. Table 3 explained the negative association of positivity with a negative affect between
both male and female cardiac patients (from path a). From the ‘b’ path a positive association of

10.
6 A.S. Ghaffari, R.S.Bajwa, M. Hussain, M. Tahir, S. Bibi, A. Khalid
perceived stress and negative affect from both male and female patients.
From a ‘c’ path negative association between positivity and negative affect was observed. Hence,
perceived stress fully mediates the relationship between positivity and negative affects among both
male and female patients because when perceived stress was involved in the model as a mediator, the
direct pathway between positivity and negative affects did not statistically significant (from path c´
).
To evaluate the affect size of the mediating pathway, we have calculated the proportion of the
total effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable (c) that was mediated by perceived
stress using the formula (a × b)/c by following (Li et al., 2015). For male patients, the proportions of
perceived stress mediation were 24.8% for negativity for males and 95.9% for female patients.
4. DISCUSSION
Previous studies have demonstrated the effect of different physiological factors on cardiac
patients’ health status but the direct relationship of positivity, positive and negative affects with
cardiac patients are indicated in our study. The objective of the present study was to determine the
nature of the relationship that exists between perceived stress, positivity, positive affects and negative
affects in cardiac patients. Our results indicated the role of different physiological factors in patients
who suffered from cardiac disorders.
Correlation analysis showed positivity has a significant negative relationship with perceived
stress (r= -.704, p< .05) and has a significant positive relationship with positive affect (r= 0.112,
p<.05). The results also indicate that the positivity has a negative relationship with negative affect.
The perceived stress is also found to have a negative relationship with positive affect and the negative
affect as a positive relationship with perceived stress. Our findings show that in cardiac patients,
positivity has a negative influence on the perceived stress and a significant positive relationship. Our
data also reveals that perceived stress is the significant factor of negative affect in cardiac patients.
Begley (1994) shown that physiological factors and life situations directly related to the
cardiovascular system. Different studies have demonstrated that cardiac patients are more prone to
stress which ultimately increases the negative affect factor. As our results showing that the total affect
of positivity and perceived stress was .112, which is significant and predicted the level and affect the
perceived stress on health status. However, positivity directly connected with perceived stress which
increases the positive affect value up to -.315. These results suggested that perceived stress might be
the mediator between positivity and positive affect.
Many recent reports have shown that a good mood with stress reliving strategies could be
beneficial for cardiac patients. Lockwood and colleague’s results have shown that using strategies
like humor to tackle the stress factors resulted in less blood vessel blockage, fewer angioplasties,
fewer heart assaults, and a more prominent life span at the point (Lockwood, 2011). It has been shown
that the experience of "charming" or mirthful feelings balances the pernicious, long haul physical
impacts of troubling feelings (Sultanoff, 1998). Consequently, these inquire about further
recommend that an entertaining way of life expands a person's capacity to additional successfully
oversee enthusiastic misery, accordingly diminishing the harming physical effect of these
conceivably unsafe feelings.

11.
*Corresponding author (S.Bibi, shaguftamalik409@yahoo.com; A.Khalid arslankhalid1989@yahoo.com) ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07A http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.121
7
Our study also revealed the positive affect and negative affect based on positivity and perceived
stress in relation to gender. The results indicated that positivity decreases the perceived stress by
increasing the positive affect and lowering the negative affecton male cardiac patients. Our results are
consistent with previous studies on the normal population that positivity reduces the level of negative
affectwhich further effects the perceived stress (Rosenbaum et al., 2012).
Taken together, our data provide compelling evidence that positivity is directly related to
perceived stress which increases the positive affect and reduces the negative affect among cardiac
patients.
Different factors influence the disease status including stress that has been considered as the
main factor in cardiac patients. The number of other factors like smoking and diet could be the main
disease promoter. All these factors together increase the risk of heart diseases in humans. So, it is
suggested that in order to minimize the threat of chronic heart diseases in our society, it is important
to spread awareness in the people about the causes and consequences of heart diseases. The heart is
the main organ in our body that works 24/7 without any rest. Hence, any defect in that organ may lead
to death. Creating awareness about such factors among cardiac patients could be beneficial to reduce
the burden of disease and increases the chances of recovery.
To improve the psychosocial well-being of the patient suffering from cardiac problems are used
to counsel and support the patient. Interventions are implemented to manage stress and negative
affects. It is recommended that different indicators are used to determine positivity related to
personality traits. Patients are not only treated therapeutically but counseling is also required for
patient fast recovery. Complete medication makes the patient with negative outcomes and failure of
incomplete recovery. Educating the patients on how to control stress and negative emotions might
be beneficial for cardiac patients. In this way, the mortality rate of the patient might be reduced.
5. CONCLUSION
Positive emotions are supportive for the cardiac patients to lowering the negative feelings that
increase the stress factor. Stress factors can be decreased by patient awareness, using stress
prevention strategies and well-being interventions. Perceived stress is intermediate among the
positive and negative affects. The perceived stress also intermediates between the positivity and
positive affect. Positivity was found to be associated with negative affect and positive affect via
perceived stress. The positive affects are associated with the happiness, successful outcomes and
positive behavior of the cardiac patients. Positive affect is associated with good health behaviors,
including physical exercise, dietary and adherence to medical advice. While negative affect includes
unpleasant emotional experiences like distress, depression, hostility, etc. The stress and negative
affects are also affected by the emotional relationship. It is also concluded that perceived stress has a
negative relationship with positive affects. The psychological, biological and cognitive responses to
stress, affect cardiac diseases regarding cardiac outcomes. Daily life stress causes psychosis and
depression for cardiac patients. The models of adaptations towards illness play an important role in
cardiac disease treatment. The strong relationships among positive affect and well-being found to be
important for the evolving intervention programs, that will promote the development of adaptive
illness models and coping behaviors, not only by focusing the negative aspects of illness and life but

12.
8 A.S. Ghaffari, R.S.Bajwa, M. Hussain, M. Tahir, S. Bibi, A. Khalid
also by emphasizing positive emotions and positive life encounters. Our data suggest that perceived
stress plays an essential role to facilitate the positivity with negative affect and positive affect could
improve the health status of people associated with management. The increased level of positivity is
beneficial to reduce the perceived stress, which ultimately decreasing negative affects and promoting
positive affect.
Therefore, patient awareness and positive psychological interventions that pay attention to
positivity might be beneficial to lowering the negative affect and increasing the level of positive
affect. Our data also provide different strategies’ to manage the stress level in cardiac patients which
might be beneficial.
6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL
Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.
7. REFERENCES
Alessandri G, Caprara GV, Tisak J. (2012). Further explorations on the unique contribution of
positive orientation to optimal functioning.Eur Psychol. 17(1):44–54.
Begley, T. (1994). Expressed and suppressed anger as predictors of health complaints. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 15(6), pp.503-516.
Bennett, P., Conway, M., Clatworthy, J., Brooke, S., & Owen, R. (2001). Predicting post-traumatic
symptoms in cardiac patients. Heart & lung, 30(6), 458-465.
Caprara GV, Alessandri G, Eisenberg N. (2012). The positivity scale. Psychol Assess. 24(3):701–712
Caprara GV, Eisenberg N, Alessandri G. (2017). Positivity: the dispositional basis of happiness. J
Happiness Stud. 18(2):353–371.
Caprara GV, Fagnani C, Alessandri G, et al. (2009). Human optimal functioning: the genetics of
positive orientation towards self, life, and the future. Behav Genet. 39(3):277–284.
Chida Y and Steptoe A. (2008). The association of anger and hostility with future coronary heart
disease: A metaanalytic review of prospective evidence. J Am CollCardiol. 17: 936–946
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. J Health
SocBehav. 24(3):385–396.
Denollet, J., & Brutsaert, D. (2001). Reducing Emotional Distress Improves Prognosis in Coronary
Heart Disease. Circulation, 104(17), 2018-2023.
Denollet, J., & De Vries, J. (2006). Positive and negative affect within the realm of depression, stress
and fatigue: The two-factor distress model of the Global Mood Scale (GMS). Journal of
affective disorders, 91(2-3), 171-180.
Ghaffari, A.S., Bajwa, R.S., Hussain, M., Tahir, M., Bibi, S., Khalid, A. (2020). Hospital Anxiety
and Depression of Patients with Heart Failure in South Punjab Pakistan: A Sectional Survey
Study. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences
& Technologies. 11(6), 11A06C: 1-10.
Gloria, C., & Steinhardt, M. (2014). Relationships Among Positive Emotions, Coping, Resilience and
Mental Health. Stress And Health, 32(2), 145-156. doi: 10.1002/smi.2589.

13.
*Corresponding author (S.Bibi, shaguftamalik409@yahoo.com; A.Khalid arslankhalid1989@yahoo.com) ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07A http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.121
9
Heo, S., Lennie, T. A., Okoli, C., & Moser, D. K. (2009). Quality of life in patients with heart failure:
ask the patients. Heart & Lung, 38(2), 100-108.
Hilbert, G. A. (1994). Cardiac patients and spouses: family functioning and emotions. Clinical
Nursing Research, 3(3), 243-252.
Lazarus R, Folkman S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York:Springer; 1984.
Li, X., Kan, D., Liu, L., Shi, M., Wang, Y., Yang, X., ...& Wu, H. (2015). The mediating role of
psychological capital on the association between occupational stress and job burnout among
bank employees in China. International journal of environmental research and public
health, 12(3), 2984-3001.
Lockwood, N. (2011). The heart of the matter: The functional and relational effects of humor for
cardiovascular patients. Retrieved from http://www.myheartsisters.org
Low K. G, Fleisher C, Colman R, Dionne A, Casey G, Legendre S. (1998). Psychosocial variables,
age, and angiographically-determined coronary artery disease in women. Annals of
behavioral medicine. 20(3): 221-226. DOI: 10.1007/BF02884964
Melamed S, Shirom A, Toker S, et al. (2006). Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence,
possible causal paths, and promising research directions. Psychol Bull. 132: 327–353
Milioni M, Alessandri G, Eisenberg N, Caprara GV. (2016). The role of positivity as a predictor of
ego-resiliency from adolescence to young adulthood.PersIndivid Differ. 101:306–311.
Roest, A.M. , Martens, E. J, Denollet, J., et al. (2010). Prognostic association of anxiety post
myocardial infarction with mortality and new cardiac events: A meta-analysis. Psychosom
Med; 72: 563–569.
Rosenbaum, D. L., White, K. S., &Gervino, E. V. (2012). The impact of perceived stress and
perceived control on anxiety and mood disorders in noncardiac chest pain. Journal of Health
Psychology, 17(8), 1183–1192. DOI: 10.1177/1359105311433906
Seebach, C. L., Kirkhart, M., Lating, J. M., Wegener, S. T., Song, Y., Riley III, L. H., & Archer, K. R.
(2012). Examining the role of positive and negative affect in recovery from spine surgery.
Pain, 153(3), 518-525.
Spindler, H., Denollet, J., Kruse, C., & Pedersen, S. S. (2009). Positive affect and negative affect
correlate differently with distress and health-related quality of life in patients with cardiac
conditions: Validation of the Danish Global Mood Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic
Research, 67(1), 57-65.
Sultanoff, S. M. (1998). The health benefits of humor unfold, humor reduces the risk of heart disease,
therapeutic humor. The Newsletter of the American Association for Therapeutic Humor.
Sumi K. (2006). Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Perceived Stress Scale. Jpn J
Health Psychol. 19(2):44–53.
Versteeg, H., Pedersen, S. S., Erdman, R. A., van Nierop, J. W., de Jaegere, P., & van Domburg, R. T.
(2009). Negative and positive affect are independently associated with patient-reported health
status following percutaneous coronary intervention. Quality of Life Research, 18(8),
953-960.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measure of
positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social

14.
10 A.S. Ghaffari, R.S.Bajwa, M. Hussain, M. Tahir, S. Bibi, A. Khalid
Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070.
Abdul Sattar Ghaffari is a PhD Scholar, Zhongtai Securities, Institute for Financial Studies, School of
Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan, China. He holds a Master of Philosophy in Statistics. His
research interest is Psychological and Medical Data Analysis.
Dr. Malik Mureed Hussain is Director, Multan Postgraduate College, Multan, Pakistan. He holds PhD
degree in Psychology. His research interest is Psychology.
Muhammad Tahir is a PhD Scholar, School Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. He holds a Master
of Philosophy in Medicine. His Research interest is Clinical Medicine.
Shagufta Bibi is a PhD Scholar, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China. She holds
a Master’s Degree in Psychology. Her research interest is Applied Psychology.
Dr.Arslan Khalid does a Post-Doctorate in Health Psychology from Department of Health Psychology,
School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China. He holds a PhD Degree in Medical Psychology from
Department of Medical Psychology, School of Basic Medical Ethics, School of Medical Sciences, Shandong
University, Jinan, China. His research interest is Medical Psychology.

15.
*Corresponding author (L.Zaporozhtseva). Tel: +7-499-989-56-65. Email: Zaporozhtseva@gmail.com ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A07B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.122
1
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com
PAPER ID: 11A07B
FINANCIAL MECHANISM FOR COMMERCIAL
ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT: VECTOR APPROACH
Lyudmila Zaporozhtseva 1*
, Victoria Malitskaya 2
, Maria Chirkova 3
,
Yuliya Tkacheva 1
, Irina Kuznetsova
3
1
Department of Finance and Credit, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the
Great 1, RUSSIA.
2
Accounting and Taxation Department, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, RUSSIA.
3
Accounting and Audit Department, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the
Great 1, RUSSIA.
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T RA C T
Article history:
Received 30 July 2019
Received in revised form 06
January 2020
Accepted 16 January 2020
Available online 28 January
2020
The assessment of modern ideas of the economic essence of the
development of a commercial organization is carried out, by which we
are invited to understand its irreversible change, under the influence of
which qualitative and quantitative indicators are updated. There was
revealed their dependence on the indicator of economic value added
(EVA) and the Golden Economic Rule. As a result, it is proposed to
understand the financial way to develop the commercial organization as
the totality of changes in financial indicators that are formed under
conditions of criteria-based compliance with the golden economic rule
and the creation of economic added value. Based on a combination of
interpreted results according to the criteria for the formation of the
financial way, three scenarios are identified, each of which corresponds
to a certain financial way of the development of the enterprise. A
calculation is presented for the identification of Phoenix limited liability
company (LLC) based on our proposed methodology for assessing the
formation of the financial development vector. The second way is
proposed, namely the adjustment of the strategy of Phoenix LLC in
terms of profit management based on the application of operational
analysis, sensitivity analysis, and the multivariate calculation method.
The set course of the target financial way will allow Phoenix LLC to
increase the scale of its activity, increase capacity and ensure an
increase in competitive advantages.
Disciplinary: Economic and Management Sciences.
2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
Keywords:
Golden Economic
Rule; Financial
development vector,
Strategy; Operational
analysis; Sustainable
development strategy;
Enterprise financial
strategy.
1. INTRODUCTION
Maintaining and ensuring the competitiveness of a commercial organization in the face of
©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies

16.
2 Lyudmila Zaporozhtseva, Victoria Malitskaya, Maria Chirkova, Yuliya Tkacheva, Irina Kuznetsova
constantly increasing competition is possible only due to its continuous development. Because of this,
it is of great importance to determine the factors that can guarantee the enterprise development to one
degree or another, depending on the current situation. Also, when assessing the existing business
environment for a commercial organization, a clear understanding of the onset of the moment from
which development begins or continues is necessary (Adizes, 2007).
Operating with a certain idea of development and guided by its level at a particular moment in
time, in the financial management system it is possible to achieve the most preferable degree of
development of commercial structures through the application of certain tools that form a specific
mechanism.
The theoretical foundations of the development of a commercial organization are defined in
numerous publications of representatives and supporters of domestic and Western economic schools.
The interest of Russian and foreign researchers and practitioners in matters of the essence of financial
strategy, as the basis of the overall strategy of a commercial organization, is justified by its direct
impact on the development of the enterprise (Grandi, 1996).
The works of scientific research of domestic and foreign scientists determine the specifics of the
development of a commercial organization, its conditions, as well as assessment methods. However,
the question of the importance of forming a financial vector in the trajectory of the life cycle of an
enterprise to ensure at least a minimum level of development, under the influence of certain
management criteria, has not been raised.
The existing level of scientific knowledge, the need for their further qualitative improvement
served as a prerequisite for an in-depth study of nature, conditions, evaluation methods and allowed to
justify the formation of the financial vector of the development of a commercial organization (Miller,
1984).
A sufficient degree of validity of scientific and applied provisions, conclusions and
recommendations presented in this article is confirmed by the use of domestic and foreign scientists,
reference materials and electronic media, financial statements of a commercial organization of the
Voronezh region for several years in the process of research (Phoenix LLC). The reliability of the
results is ensured by the application of general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge.
The purpose of the study is to improve the development mechanism of commercial
organizations.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the framework of the study of the theoretical foundations of enterprise development, and
assessment of modern ideas of the economic essence of the development of a commercial
organization is carried out, by which we are invited to understand its irreversible change, under the
influence of which qualitative and quantitative indicators are updated.
It is established that in the development is very important the fact of the availability of constant
financial support, as a guarantor of security of industrial and commercial activities. Therefore, it is
proposed to consider the conditions for the development of the enterprise as the formation and
implementation of an effective financial strategy and ensuring the financial security of a commercial

17.
*Corresponding author (L.Zaporozhtseva). Tel: +7-499-989-56-65. Email: Zaporozhtseva@gmail.com ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A07B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.122
3
organization. In assessing the practical significance of these conditions for the development of the
enterprise, we revealed their dependence on the indicator of economic value added (EVA) and the
“golden” economic rule (Rotar, 2013).
As a result, it is proposed to understand the financial vector of the development of a commercial
organization as the totality of changes in financial indicators that are formed under conditions of
criteria-based compliance with the golden economic rule and the creation of economic added value.
Based on a combination of interpreted results according to the criteria for the formation of the
financial vector, three scenarios are identified, each of which corresponds to a certain financial vector
of the enterprise’s development (see Table 1).
Table 1: Financial vectors matrix of commercial organization development.
Тrp > Тrv> Тra > 100%
The golden rule of the economy is not respected, but the growth rate
of its elements (Trp)> 100%
EVA > 0 and growing (1) Target (2) Basic (moderate) financial vector
EVA > 0 (optimistic) (3) Inertial (pessimistic) financial vector
The target (optimistic) financial vector is characterized by a combination of positive economic
added value growth in compliance with the “golden” economic rule.
Basic (moderate) also implies compliance with the golden economic rule, while the economic
value added is not characterized by a growth trend, but it should be greater than zero.
An inertial (pessimistic) financial vector is characterized by a violation of the golden economic
rule, however, the growth rate of all components must exceed 100%, and one of the options for
positive economic added value is growth or lack of dynamics.
One of the main problems that enterprises face is the lack of a proper financial development
mechanism, in which its architecture and sequence of actions would be determined.
By the financial mechanism for the development of a commercial organization, we understand a
holistic system that includes relatively independent and at the same time structural components that
provide the enterprise with the consistent achievement of the most preferred direction of
development. We have implemented the construction of such a financial mechanism based on the
financial development vector (Raevneva, 2006).
The financial mechanism for the development of a commercial organization, from our position,
should include the following main blocks (see Figure 1):
- information support for the process of evaluating the development of a commercial
organization;
- assessment of the formation of the financial vector of development of a commercial
organization, based on which the development strategy is evaluated;
- making decisions to support the identified level of development or to achieve the characteristics
of the target vector;
- implementation of tools for adjusting the development strategy, to achieve the target vector;
- assessment of available results (Verkhoglazenko, 2014).

18.
4 Lyudmila Zaporozhtseva, Victoria Malitskaya, Maria Chirkova, Yuliya Tkacheva, Irina Kuznetsova
Figure 1: The financial mechanism for the development of a commercial organization based on a
financial vector
Also, the financial mechanism for the development of a commercial organization should be
implemented on an ongoing basis.
We propose three strategies for the development of the enterprise, based on which development
support measures can be selected:
1. Sustainable development strategy - this is a development strategy that expresses the desire
of a commercial organization to increase, from year to year, profit, revenue, and property in a
qualitative ratio to each other, as well as to increase its value.
2. The strategy of moderate development represents the same desire for quality growth, as
with the strategy of sustainable development, but in the absence of growth of the non-negative added
value of a commercial organization.
3. The chaotic development strategy is a development strategy in which there is no focus on the
quality and constant ratio of the growth rates of profit, revenue, and property of the organization,
however, each of the selected indicators should have positive dynamics, combined with increasing or
unchanged positive added value of the commercial organization (Ivanov, 2010).
It should be noted that each of the strategies corresponds to a certain financial vector. The target
financial vector corresponds to the strategy of sustainable development, the base one is the strategy of
moderate development and the inertial one is the strategy of chaotic development, respectively.
Having determined the affiliation of the activities of a commercial organization with one or

19.
*Corresponding author (L.Zaporozhtseva). Tel: +7-499-989-56-65. Email: Zaporozhtseva@gmail.com ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A07B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.122
5
another development strategy, the following tasks should be solved:
- maintaining the achieved level in the strategy of sustainable development together with the
analysis of the information block;
- with the achievement of the characteristics of the target vector in a strategy of moderate and
chaotic development. This situation requires the preparation and implementation of tools for
adjusting the development strategy to achieve the target vector. Then it is necessary to evaluate the
results, together with the analysis of the information block (Gaponenko, 2006).
Also, if a commercial organization identifies a strategy that does not support development, the
following tasks should be addressed:
- with reorganization;
- with the formation of a financial vector through the implementation of appropriate tools.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 presents the calculation for the identification of Phoenix LLC based on our proposed
methodology for assessing the formation of the financial development vector.
Table 2: Financial vector assessment of LLC “Phoenix” development.
Criteria
Year
2015 2016 2017 2018
EVA (thousand rubles) 4188 5464 5940 5912
Profit growth rate
(TRP), %
– 139.79 106.31 99.81
The growth rate of
revenue (TRV), %
– 123.78 118.18 93.93
Asset Growth Rate
(Tra), %
– 126.95 118.22 113.6
The Golden Rule of
Economics,
Trp> Trv> Tra> 100 %
–
139.79>123.8
<126.95>100%
106.31<118.18<118.22>100% 99.81>93.93<113.6%>100%
Financial vector –
Inertial financial
vector
Inertial financial vector Not formed
It was established that in 2016-2017. The activities of Phoenix LLC were characterized by an
inertial financial vector, and in 2018, the fact of the formation of a financial vector, i.e. the enterprise
did not develop in terms of positive dynamics. Using the financial mechanism for the development of
a commercial organization, presented earlier, we conclude that an enterprise has two functioning
trajectories: reorganization and the formation of a financial vector.
We have proposed the second way, namely, the adjustment of the strategy of Phoenix LLC in
terms of profit management based on the application of operational analysis, sensitivity analysis, and
the multivariate calculation method, by performing the following measures:
- an increase in sales due to an increase in productivity by 3% with improved processing and
insignificant introduction of high-yielding varieties of crop products;
- increase in the price of 1 centner of grain crops by improving grain quality with tightened
control over the drying process.

20.
6 Lyudmila Zaporozhtseva, Victoria Malitskaya, Maria Chirkova, Yuliya Tkacheva, Irina Kuznetsova
Using our recommendations will enable Phoenix LLC in 2019 to achieve the target financial
development vector and strengthen its position in the agricultural market (see Table 3).
Table 3: Financial vector assessment of LLC “Phoenix” development after applying the methods of
financial management
Criteria Report 2018 year Plan 2019 year
EVA (thousand rubles) 5912 17624
Profit growth rate (TRP),% 99.81 258.1
The growth rate of revenue (TRV),% 93.93 131.56
Asset Growth Rate (Tra),% 113.6 124.24
The Golden Rule of Economics,
Trp> Trv> Tra> 100%
99.81>93.93<113.6%>100% 258.1>131.56>124.24>100%
Financial vector The company is not developing Financial target vector
The set course of the target financial vector, while maintaining it, will allow Phoenix LLC to
scale up its operations, increase capacity through the production and sale of new (for the enterprise)
types of agricultural products and ensure an increment in competitive advantages.
4. CONCLUSION
Thus, we have developed a financial mechanism for the development of a commercial
organization, which includes the following main blocks: information support for the process of
assessing the development of a commercial organization; assessment of the formation of the financial
vector of development of a commercial organization to identify development strategies; making
decisions to support the identified level of development or to achieve the characteristics of the target
vector; implementation of tools for adjusting the development strategy to achieve the target vector;
assessment of existing results should act permanently. As a result, its use will allow a commercial
organization to achieve the target financial development vector, strengthen its position in the market
and ensure the growth of competitive advantages.
5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL
Data can be made available by contacting the corresponding authors
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors appreciate the financial supports from Double Twin Foundation. Helps from
Mr.Sayyeses is fully acknowledged.
7. REFERENCES
Adizes, I. K. (2007). Life Cycle Management Corporation. St. Petersburg, 383.
Verkhoglazenko, V. N. (2014). Criterial management of company development: Monograph. M. 206.
Gaponenko, A. L. Pankrukhin, A. P. (2006). Strategic management: Tutorial for universities. M.464.
Grandi, T. Ward, K. (1996). Financial Business Strategy: Translation from English. M. 241.
Zaporozhtseva, L. A. (2014). Strategic economic security of the enterprise: methodology of providing:
Monograph. Voronezh. 261.

21.
*Corresponding author (L.Zaporozhtseva). Tel: +7-499-989-56-65. Email: Zaporozhtseva@gmail.com ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A07B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.122
7
Ivanov, Yu. V. (2010). Organization and its life cycle. Problems of the regional housekeeper. 12, 3-25.
Miller, D. Frizen, P. (1984). Longyear study of the life cycle of a corporation. Scientific management. 10,
1161-1183.
Raevneva, O. V. (2006). Management of business development: methodology, mechanisms: monograph.
Kharkov. 493.
Rotar, T. S. Niazyan, V. G. (2013). Sustainable development of the enterprise: the essence and methodology
of calculating the integral index of sustainable development of the enterprise. Bulletin of the Catherine
Institute. 2, 31-40.
Professor Dr.Lyudmila Zaporozhtseva is Professor at Department of Finance and Credit, Voronezh
State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great 1, RUSSIA. She holds a Doctor of
Economics degree. Her scientific research includes Enterprise Financial Development, Financial Vector,
Financial Mechanism, Commercial Organization.
Professor Dr.Victoria Malitskaya is Professor of the Accounting and Taxation Department. She holds
Doctor of Economics. Her scientific interests are Accounting, Analysis and Audit of Financial Assets,
Consolidated Financial Statements.
Dr.Maria Chirkova an Associate Professor of the Accounting and Audit Department, Voronezh State
Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great 1, Russia. She has a Doctor of Economics
degree. Her scientific interests are Accounting, Analysis and Audit in Trade, Accounting and
Analysis of Bankruptcies.
Dr.Yuliya Tkacheva is an Associate Professor at Department of Finance and Credit, Voronezh State
Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great 1, RUSSIA. She holds a Doctor of Economics
degree. Her scientific research is Entrepreneur Development, Financial Vector, Financial Mechanism,
Commercial Organization.
Dr.Irina Kuznetsova is an Associate Professor at Accounting and Audit Department, Voronezh State
Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great 1, Russia. She holds a Doctor of Economics
degree. Her scientific research encompasses Entrepreneur Innovation, Financial Vector, Financial
Mechanism, Commercial Organization.
Trademarks Disclaimer: All product names including trademarks™or registered® trademarks mentioned in
this article are the property of their respective owners, using for identification and educational purposes
only. Use of them does not imply any endorsement or affiliation.

22.
*Corresponding author (A.Nasser Alshahrani) Tel: +966555760117. Email: amer4841@gmail.com ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07C http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.123
1
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com
PAPER ID: 11A07C
APPLICATIONS OF ONLINE VIDEO CONFERENCING IN
HIGHER EDUCATION: CASE OF SAUDI ARABIA
Amer Nasser Alshahrani
1*
, Irfan Naufal Umar
1
, Mariam Mohammed
1
1
School of Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA.
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T RA C T
Article history:
Received 20 August 2019
Received in revised form 11
December 2019
Accepted 16 January 2020
Available online 03 February
2020
Keywords:
e-Video conferencing;
Higher education;
Student development;
Lifelong learning; Online
Meetings & Video
Conferencing;
Supervision.
Students’ engagement in online learning is one of the ongoing
challenges in most Saudi universities, which mainly concern about
making them more independent and to take charge of their own
decisions. Previous studies showed that traditional supervision faces
several problems related to students’ feelings of control that may occur
when there is a limited clarification of the concept being studied. This
study investigated the potential of using videoconferencing in
supervision practices. Fifteen students were invited for an interview. The
results showed that students’ general perceptions of videoconferencing
use were positive in which the majority of students were found to favor
the use of videoconferencing as a supplement to the face-to-face
approach. This study would provide insights on how teleconferencing
related services can empower the current supervision practices through
the use of structure and formed dialogues between students and
supervisors.
Disciplinary: Education Sciences (Information Technology in
Education).
©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. INTRODUCTION
Many previous studies from different perspectives have documented the profound impact of
videoconferencing on students’ learning. This is simply because the utilization of technology
imposes an influence on students' various cognitive experiences in different learning conditions.
Based in part on the support of these influences, Saudi universities are eager to assess technology
utilization in driving students’ learning experience (Smith & Abouammoh, 2013). Previous studies
showed that traditional supervision faces several problems related to students’ feelings of control
which may occur when there is a limited clarification of the concept being studied (Kennepohl et
al., 2006). Within the Saudi context, this is commonly reasoned to the weakness in ways of
communication, weak relationship between supervisors and students, lack of cooperation to
understand the argument, thus mutual misunderstanding (Al-Hammad, 2000). Also, when it comes
©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies

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2 Amer Nasser Alshahrani, Irfan Naufal Umar, Mariam Mohammed
to videoconferencing utilization, two issues with current studies have been recognized. One is the
relationships between instructors and students in online supervision have not been adequately
explored in Saudi higher education (Almalki, 2011; Baki, 2004). Most previous studies have tended
to focus on the effects of adopting technology on students by assessing differences in online and
traditional lectures rather than exploring the supervision relationship between instructors and
students. Second, the little evidence of videoconferencing effectiveness for supervision purposes in
certain Saudi universities may negatively influence its generalization to other universities in the
Kingdom (Al Ghamdi, 2017). On the other hand, there are several issues (including lack of
mechanisms to promote active interaction, and commitment to the learning task) reported by the
ministry of higher education in accordance with the current practices of traditional postgraduates’
supervision (Abdulkareem, 2001). Therefore, the current system of education at King Saud
University is passing through a period of significant transition through the consideration of
technological deployment for developing the quality of learners’ learning. Such transformation
requires that the process of supervision undertake a serious consideration for using online learning
tools alongside traditional learning and teaching practices (Alabdulkareem, 2014). This led some
universities such as King Saud University to consider the use of the videoconferencing tool as a
way for facilitating lecturers’ supervision of postgraduates. This study investigated the potential of
using videoconferencing in supervision practices.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 POSTGRADUATE SUPERVISION
Supervision is the process of managing and guiding postgraduates throughout their research by
engaging in active communication to understand a concept (Jones, 2011). A great part of the
previous works is mostly focusing on distinguishing the capacities that the supervisor needs to
complete, with periodic reference to an enculturation, coaching or child-rearing capacity. With the
literature on learning and educating has investigated an applied approach in some profundity, there
has been minimal comparable investigation for supervision (Lee, 2008) in the context of higher
education. According to Denicolo (2004), university students assume to interact with supervisors
for the aim of getting the necessary guidelines and suggestions on aspects related to their research
works. The one-part relationship that encapsulates this uncommon juggling errand is that of
doctoral students and supervisee when both are scholarly members in a similar organization.
Moreover, the process associated with the instructional development and supervision helps
extensively in enhancing scholarly execution of understudies (Bitzer & Albertyn, 2011). Because
supervision of direction goes for upgrading educating and learning through appropriate direction
and arranging, and concocting methods for enhancing instructors professionally and subsequently
helping them discharge their imaginative capacities so that through them the instructional procedure
is made strides (Drennan & Clarke, 2009).
Meanwhile, the process for supervising students is believed to promote them to be familiar with
the wellsprings of help with taking care of their instructional issues (Okendu, 2012). As such, it can
be concluded that supervision as a process help educators comprehended the instructional process
and helps them in the utilization of expert writing, diaries, free and reasonable showing materials,

24.
*Corresponding author (A.Nasser Alshahrani) Tel: +966555760117. Email: amer4841@gmail.com ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07C http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.123
3
varying media help and other related instructional instruments. In light of this, Dann (2008)
illustrated the strong association between technology utilization in supervision and the students’
progress through their research works. Other previous scholars like Sinclair (2004); McCallin and
Nayar (2012); Harbon and England (2006); and Hemer (2012) explained the need for exploring the
role of Information Technology (IT) and ICT in advancing postgraduates’ participation to complete
their projects. This includes the relationship between drop-out and non-completion rates as well as
dissatisfaction with the supervision experience.
Hecq (2009) and McCormack (2004) reported the potential tension between the student’s
expectations of the research degree and their experience to understand and overcome various
research-related challenges. Meanwhile, as a result, some conflicts between expectations and actual
experiences may show up; the reason is the lack of communication between students and their
supervisions in different stages of the research. Thus, the present work seeks to explore the use of
videoconferencing within the Saudi context to address its potential for transforming the current
supervision practices.
2.2 ACADEMIC SUPERVISION IN SAUDI ARABIA
The Saudi government focuses on enhancing the society’s view of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT), and in expanding open distance programs to help the nation be
in line with the latest educational advances. Late advances in innovative technologies, including
iPods and iPads, PDAs, and worldwide situating gadgets are demonstrating prominent with youth.
The evidence in the writing of Al-Turki (2014) who discovered college understudy enthusiasm for
ICT in the educational program, affirmed as of late by AlMegren and Yassin (2013). Furthermore,
Saudi understudies and the workforce have inspirational states of mind to utilize the web as a part
of education; distinguishing adaptability, openness, and effective correspondence as key properties.
In general, teachers will consolidate ICT works in their educational modules (Alebaikan, 2010;
Alghanmi, 2014). Be that as it may, Saudi colleges do not generally embrace web-based learning,
incompletely because of certain issues concerning the availability and use of licensed innovation
rights along with students’ participation in an online discussion. According to Attia (2014), the
effective use of technology to enhance learning and supervision practices is currently one of the
fundamental aspects for understudies encountering a mixed way to enable students to deal with their
courses. While these matters make boundaries, additional propels in ICT and web capacity may
serve to diminish their effect. Hence, an in-depth exploration of online tools in promoting students-
to-supervisor communication is needed.
It is valuable to follow the advancement of supervision in Saudi Education to comprehend the
way of the supervisory framework in Saudi schools. The part of supervision has changed
significantly throughout the years. Before the development of Saudi Arabia and before the
foundation of the Department of Education, schools were private and for the most part religious
schools. The head instructor of the school is the one who takes charge of regulating and
coordinating the educators in the school. Schools are mostly following a straightforward learning
approach, so the supervision practices are to favor the capability of new educators and name them,
to coordinate the instructor with general mandates the system should concern showing strategies,
and to tackle any issues that may emerge between the school and the group.

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4 Amer Nasser Alshahrani, Irfan Naufal Umar, Mariam Mohammed
Therefore, promoting the communication of students-supervisor is essential to enhance
students’ academic performance (Bakker et al., 2015; Pluut et al., 2015). Such performance was
found to be associated with the active participation of students throughout the learning stages,
which the literature addressed it as a sort of students’ engagement in a learning task (Currey et al.,
2015; Horstmanshof & Zimitat, 2007; Krause & Coates, 2008; Kuh, 2009; Neumann & Hood,
2009; Sakurai et al, 2016). After all, we considered the role of videoconferencing in promoting
Saudi postgraduates’ online engagement in supervision activities.
2.3 VIDEO CONFERENCING
Early employments of video conferencing found in medical-related studies and business
applications (Knipe & Lee, 2002). The utilization of videoconferencing in this review identifies
with educational programs carried via videoconferencing and the utilization of videoconferencing
for preparing and boosting peer-to-peer communication. Educational programs taught via
videoconferencing, as indicated by Chen and Willits (2007), is to convey a learning background to
the students. It is expected to improve student learning; this contrasts from another kind of
videoconference: shared classes. Not at all like shared class offerings that interface areas
consistently, educational modules videoconferencing is not an ordinary event (Satar, 2016).
Alternatively, it can be said that it is an intermittent affair to upgrade learning. Raths (2015)
recognizes educational programs upgrade as a successful utilization of videoconferencing. This may
incorporate associations with zoos, galleries, creators, theme specialists, or associations with
different classrooms. Hence, videoconferencing can be a compelling apparatus for instructors'
proficient advancement (Loranc-Paszylk, 2016).
The videoconferencing in supervision related practices still considered an effective technique
for providing the necessary services for connecting the students with their supervisors (Gordon et
al., 2015; Rousmaniere & Frederickson, 2016). The difficulties incorporate the cost of the
innovation and associations, the nature of the hardware, and the classroom environment and
techniques that make the learning knowledge (Blau et al., 2016). There are various cases of fruitful
execution of videoconferencing identified with educational modules. These encounters incorporate
virtual field trips, connecting with specialists, class exchanges, and shared activities between
classes.
Some previous studies showed the effectiveness of using videoconferencing technology to
accommodate various learning and teaching practices in higher education, particularly for
supervision. For example, O’Neil et al. (2017) explore university supervisors’ perceptions and
experiences with live remote supervision. They found that remote supervision may offer a practical
and cost-efficient tool to supervisors and students by facilitating the supervision of field experiences
in physical education and can potentially help shift towards a new paradigm of supervision in
teacher education. Ingham and Fry (2016) introduced a model of supervision called 'blended
supervision' and its initial implementation and evaluation. Explain how blended supervision is
achieving supervision and teaching outcomes. The authors claimed that such a model using
videoconferencing means for communication could potentially promote the current supervision and
teaching practices, not just practices using blended supervision. Another study by Haynes, Mosley,
and Dewar (2016) evaluated the use of videoconferencing to deliver and supervise a weekly

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*Corresponding author (A.Nasser Alshahrani) Tel: +966555760117. Email: amer4841@gmail.com ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07C http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.123
5
exercise for clinical purposes.
Other previous studies like the one conducted by Knipe and Lee (2002) explained the
effectiveness of videoconferencing in the teaching and learning based on the interaction and
discussion elements that enable students to take place in the learning process. Their study found that
remote site students had a positive perception of the quality of teaching and learning in remote
videoconferencing. Wang (2004) showed that students' use of Internet-based desktop
videoconferencing tools allow them to develop their oral communication and visual interaction,
which caused the multiple communication channels that allowed students to engage in active
discussion and expression of oneself. However, it is necessary to mention that some studies did not
see videoconferencing as an effective tool for other learning and teaching purposes that included
learning of complex concepts (Giesbers et al., 2014). Regarding the style of supervision in a
videoconference meeting, Könings et al. (2016) found that supervisors can be stimulated to
organize online group meetings with videoconferencing software, which might contribute to
providing an effective feedback environment to students. They asserted that videoconferencing
played a key mediator between supervisors and students by stimulating constructive dialogue.
These observations gave knowledge to the conceivable outcomes to use videoconferencing to
improve the educational programs. An assortment of methodologies has been utilized reflected in
cases that incorporate virtual field trips (Fitch et al., 2016), mentoring, collaboration with other
members, and diverse interactions (Alelaiwi et al., 2015). Based on these, it can be said that
videoconferencing provides the necessary elements for students and instructors to communicate and
discuss research related matters at any time and anywhere. Therefore, investigating the effect of
such utilization on students’ online engagement in Saudi higher education is essential.
3. METHOD
This study used a qualitative approach to capture students’ perceptions of videoconferencing.
The convenience of students (time and willingness) after being suggested by their supervisors was
considering when the participants' selection.
3.1 PROCEDURE
The unstructured interview was used in this study to report students’ perceptions about the use
of videoconferencing technology for supervision purposes. A total of 15 participants were randomly
selected from the same sample size, based on willingness to add more insights.
We interviewed students separately to precisely capture and record unique information. We
noted down what’s known “reflective interview notes” to help understand the connection between
different points of view. The interview results used to provide more insights about students’
perceptions of the technology under investigation, which can help in consolidating the research
objects and provide the basis for extending the results-driven from the questionnaire. The main
questions asked were:
1. How do you find the use of videoconferencing in supervision?

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6 Amer Nasser Alshahrani, Irfan Naufal Umar, Mariam Mohammed
2. What are the opportunities from using videoconferencing in supervision?
3. What are the challenges of using videoconferencing for supervision?
The researcher studied the existing literature Before designing the interview questions and
protocol, intensively; that led to the use of open questions to understand the concept behind the
research variables under investigation. Relevant theories or related themes were collected, and to
each of them, several questions were developed. Based on these questions, an interview guide was
developed (see section 3.7.1). To prepare the interviews, the questions were divided into different
categories. However, during the interviews, the order of questions in the interview guide may not
strictly follow. Due to the open and semi-structured way of conducting the study, it seemed to make
more sense to let the interviewees answer the questions in an unconstrained way, mentioning
everything that came into their mind.
4. RESULTS
Interviewing 15 students (9 male and 6 female, 22-34 years old) in this study revealed some
new insights. Regarding students’ general perceptions of videoconferencing use, students, in
general, favored the use of videoconferencing as a supplement to the face-to-face approach. For
example, one participant stated that
“I feel more relaxed when I communicate with my supervisor via
the provided videoconferencing system at the university; it’s like
saying we are all in this together.”
Another student was mostly concerned about the supervisors’ role in investing the time for
their students after formal discussion. For example, he stated that
“My supervisor and I may set some goals in my research and try
to achieve them, but sometimes the supervisor still needs to remain
about the progress we had, and that’s why sometimes it is better to
meet the supervisor from time to time to discuss key points before we
use the video conferencing tool.”
Other students addressed the potential of this tool in facilitating their research schedule and
provide a way to continue their research, especially when they are staying away from the university
campus. One student, in particular, shared that
“…..using videoconferencing is a solution to my communication
problem as my supervisor speaks English, so I usually find it difficult
to understand some words. When we use videoconferencing, I usually
record the session and replay again to make sure that I am in the right
direction.”
As for the opportunities from using the video conferencing tool, the majority of students
expressed different interesting benefits from such use, for example, one participant stated that
“one important benefit from using this medium is actually in
making it easy for me to share my thoughts with my supervisors and
search at the same time for solutions online.”

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*Corresponding author (A.Nasser Alshahrani) Tel: +966555760117. Email: amer4841@gmail.com ©2020 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07C http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.123
7
Other concerns were mostly related to the recording of the session and writing down notes for
students to use every time they meet with their supervisor face-to-face. For example, two students
expressed that
“……yes true, I use it when I have to stay with my family which is
like 60 km away from the main campus. My supervisor doesn’t mind
meeting me frequently via videoconferencing. And I find sharing my
desktop with my supervisor via the videoconferencing tool is
something essential, especially when I am working on statistical
matters that require my supervisor’s guide.”
“It depends, I like using the screen recording option we have here
because I can replay it when I work on the revisions. My supervisor
also likes to use the sharing doc option where we can highlight some
important parts to extend…”
From there, it can be said that the main opportunities from using video conferencing among
students at King Saud University can be narrowed into its potential to make it easy for students to
meet their supervisors at any time and from anywhere; sharing files and screen; recording the
session; reduce communication barriers when the supervisor is a foreigner, and help students
monitor with their supervisor about the work progress. As for the challenges of the
videoconferencing tool, majority of the students addressed the Internet speed issue, for example,
one student stated that
“for some reasons when I use the screen sharing option with my
supervisor, the connection starts to be slow and even may lead to some
difficulties in maintaining the session.”
Another interesting aspect that was highlighted by one student is the need for a reminder or
notification to help the student and supervisor to meet, for example,
“compared to Skype for business, the current videoconferencing
tool does not offer a reminder option that is connected to your
university email account. I sometimes forget about the meeting or
when it should take place exactly.
Based on these comments, it can be assumed that students found the videoconferencing tool to
be mostly a useful solution to maintain their communication and interaction with their supervisors.
5. CONCLUSION
This study would provide insights on how teleconferencing related services can empower the
current supervision practices through the use of structure and formed dialogues between students
and supervisors. It would also contribute to the existing theories on digital learning like
transactional distance theory by explaining the association between instructors and students when
communicating through a medium that allows active interaction and managing of previous
discussions for understanding various learning problems. It is assumed that results from this study
would empower the traditional supervision practices by opening the doors for Saudi higher
education to improve students’ online engagement with their supervisors.

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8 Amer Nasser Alshahrani, Irfan Naufal Umar, Mariam Mohammed
This study would help the Ministry of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia in general and King
Saud University in particular to understand the boundaries of teleconferencing services such as
videoconferencing to provide the communication-related elements necessary for postgraduate
engagement in an online context. It will also serve as a source for explaining how
videoconferencing can promote the current supervision practices in the Kingdom, which have
always been seen to follow the traditional face-to-face method. The video conferencing method is
considered greatly helpful in the wake of the New Coronavirus Covid19 pandemic to reduce the
risk of infection in the classroom.
6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL
Data can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.
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1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07C http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A07C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.123
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Amer Nasseris Alshahrani is a PhD candidate in Education at the School of Education, Universiti Sains
Malaysia. He is interested in Education Collaboration, Long Distance Education, Information
Technology-based Learning.
Professor Dr.Irfan Naufal Umar is Professor in Education at Universiti Sains Malaysia. He got his
Bachelor's degree in Chemistry from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. He obtained his PhD in Education,
and his Master of Education in Instructional Design and Technology from the University of Pittsburg,
USA. He is interested in Teaching and Learning, Teacher Training, Learning Environments.
Dr.Mariam Mohammed is a Senior Lecturer at Centre for Instructional Technology Practices and
Multimedia, Universiti Sains Malaysia. She obtained her PhD of Education in 2012, and her Master in
Computer Based Learning and Training in 2007, and her Bachelor in Information Technology in
Organization from the University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
Trademarks Disclaimer: All product names including trademarks™ or registered® trademarks mentioned in
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33.
*Corresponding author (M. Asim Yasin). Email: dr.asim@ciitvehari.edu.pk ©2020 International Transaction Journal of
Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.7 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN:
ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A07D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A07D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.124
1
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com
PAPER ID: 11A07D
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HOUSEHOLD DIETARY
DIVERSITY PATTERN IN RURAL AREAS OF SOUTHERN
PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Maria Iftikhar
1
, Muhammad Asim Yasin
1*
, Rafaqet Ali
1
, Samiullah
1
,
Muhammad Imran Khan
1
, Nazish Iftikhar
1
1
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Multan Road,
Vehari, PAKISTAN.
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T RA C T
Article history:
Received
Received in revised form
Accepted 23 January 2020
Available online 03 February
2020
Keywords:
Household dietary
diversity score
(HDDS); HDDP;
Household
characteristics;
Ordered logistic
regression.
This study has been designed to examine the household
characteristics that affect the household dietary diversity pattern in rural
areas of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Household Dietary Diversity
Pattern (HDDP) indicates the economic ability of a household to access
a variety of foods. Apparently, HDDP is simple but affected by many
collaborative factors. HDDP is multidimensional in nature. It depends
on four important components: availability, stability, accessibility, and
utilization. So, there are many socio-economic characteristics that can
affect HDDP. Primary data was collected from 300 rural households. A
detailed questionnaire was developed by following the guidelines of
FAO for seeking information from the respondents. The ordered
logistic regression was used for data analysis. The results of this study
indicate that estimated coefficients of education, income, land size and
livestock affect positively household dietary diversity score. The
estimated coefficient of the age of household head, family size of
household and time to reach the main market affect negatively
household dietary diversity score. The study also suggested important
policy recommendations to improve the dietary diversity score of rural
households.
Disciplinary: Multidisciplinary (Economic and Management Science,
Nutrition Science)
2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. INTRODUCTION
Household Dietary Diversity Pattern (HDDP) shows the summary of food that is utilized by
people in case of comprising good nutrients or not (FAO, 2014). It is a qualitative degree of food
©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies