2. 2

3. Structure of Granulocytes

4. Structure of Neutrophils 62%
• The most common type
of leukocytes in the blood
• Have small cytoplasmic
granules that stain with
both acidic & basic stains,
• There nuclei are
commonly tri lobed so
called polymorphonuclear
neutriphils PMNs,
• lobes connected by thin
filaments:
• cytoplasmic granules
stain a light pink or
reddish-purple
• 12-15 micron in diameter

5. Functions of Neutrophils
• Neutrophils deal with
defense against
bacterial infection and
other very small
inflammatory processes
and are usually first
responders to bacterial
infection;
• A single neutrophil can
usually phagocytize 3 to
20 bacteria before the
neutrophil itself
becomes inactivated
and dies.
• their activity and death
in large numbers forms
pus.

6. • Neutophils usally remain in circulation for
only a short time (10 to 12 hours)
• Then move in to other tissue in which
they become motile & phagocytize
bacteria, antigen –antibody complexes &
other foreign matters.
• Neutrophils also secrete a class of
enzymes called LYSOZYMES which are
capable of destroying certain bacteria
• Nutriphils usually survive for 1 or 2 days
leaving the circulation

7. Role in disease
• Low neutrophil counts are termed "
neutropenia".
• This can be congenital (genetic disorder)
or it can develop later, as in the case of
aplastic anemia or some kinds of leukemia
.
• It can also be a side-effect of medication,
most prominently chemotherapy.
• Neutropenia predisposes heavily for
infection.
• Finally, neutropenia can be the result of
colonization by intracellular neutrophilic
parasites.

8. Neutrophilia."
• The number of neutrophils in the blood
sometimes increases fourfold to fivefold-from a
normal of 4000 to 5000 to 15,000 to 25,000
neutrophils per microliter.
• This is called neutrophilia, which means an
increase in the number of neutrophils in the
blood.
• Neutrophilia is caused by products of
inflammation that enter the blood stream, are
transported to the bone marrow, and there act
on the stored neutrophils of the marrow to
mobilize these into the circulating blood.

9. Eosinophils 2.3%
• Spherical cells;
• Nucleus Cytoplasmic granules
stain ORANGE-RED or bright
red
• Nucleus often have two lobes
• 10-12 micron in diameter
• Eosinophils are most common in
tissue under going an allergic
response & certain parasitic
infection

10. Functions Eosinophils
• Eosinophils attach themselves to the juvenile forms of
the parasite and kill many of them. They do so in several
ways:
• (1) by releasing hydrolytic enzymes from their granules,
which are modified lysosomes;
• (2) releasing highly reactive forms of oxygen that are
especially lethal to parasites;
• (3) by releasing from the granules a highly larvacidal
polypeptide called major basic protein.
• Eosinophils also have a special propensity to collect in
tissues in which allergic reactions occur, such as in the
peribronchial tissues of the lungs in people with asthma
and in the skin after allergic skin reactions.

11. Basophile o.4 %
• Spherical cells:
• nucleus with two indistinct lobes;
• cytoplasmic granules stain Blue-
Purple
• 10-12 micron in diameter `
• Like other granulocytes ,leaves the
circulation & migrate through the
tissues in which they play a role in
both allergic & inflammatory
reactions,
• basophiles contain large amount of
HISTAMINE which they release
within tissue to increase
inflammation .
• They also release HEPARIN, which
inhibit blood clotting

12. Parasitic infestations, such Pulmonary disorders, such as:
as: Bronchial asthma
Ascaris Tropical pulmonary
Hookworm eosinophilia
Strongyloides Allergic bronchopulmonary
Allergic disorders, such as: aspergillosis
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Hayfever (allergic rhinitis) Malignant disorders, such as:
Other hypersensitivity Hodgkin's lymphoma
reactions, including drug Carcinoma
reactions Eosinophilic leukaemia
Skin disorders, such as: Miscellaneous, such as:
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Urticaria Sarcoidosis
Pemphigus Hypoadrenalism
Eczema Eosinophilic gastroenteritis

13. Monocytes
• Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow,
developing from precursors, monoblast
• life in blood of approximately 3-8 hours and,
like granulocytes, there is a circulating and
marginating pool.
• Monocytes are actively phagocytic (engulf
other cells) and, on migration into the tissues,
they mature into larger cells called
macrophages (Derives from the Ancient
Greek: macro = big, phage = eat), which can
survive in the tissues for long periods. These
cells form the mononuclear phagocytic cells
of the mononuclear phagocytic system
(reticuloendothelial system) in bone marrow,
liver, spleen and lymph nodes.
• Tissue macrophages (sometimes called
histiocytes) respond more slowly than
neutrophils to chemotactic stimuli. They
engulf and destroy bacteria, protozoa, dead
cells and foreign matter. They also function
as modulators of the immune response by
processing antigen structure and facilitating
the concentration of antigen at the
lymphocyte's surface. This function is
essential in order that full antigenic
stimulation of both T and B lymphocytes can
take place.

14. Lymphocytes 30.%
• Lymphocytes are the smallest of all
leukocytes
• 9 micron in diameter
• The nucleus is small because the chromatin
is tightly compacted.
• Cytoplasm form a thin ring around the
nucleus
• Play important role in immunity including
antibody production
• Originate in bone marrow migrate through
the blood to lymphatic tissue in which they
can proliferate & produce more
lymphocytes
• The majority of total lymphocytes
population is in the lymphatic tissue the
lymph node.sleen.tonsils.lymph nodules &
thymus.

16. What are platelets?
• Platelets are blood cells
that are disc-shaped with
sticky surfaces.
• They are found in blood
and play a role in blood
clotting.
• A platelet contains a
granular center and
protoplasm with no
nucleus.
• Platelets are also known
in medical circles as
thrombocytes.

17. Where are platelets produced?
• Platelets are produced in the bone marrow
and stored in the spleen

18. functions of a platelets
• Platelets play an important role in blood clotting.
• When an injury to a blood vessel is detected, platelets
are the first cells that jump into action.
• They migrate to the location of the injured blood
vessel.
• Their sticky surfaces provide a place for fibrin
molecules to attach and to eventually form the clot.
• Platelets are also important in the following capacities:
• Store and transport chemicals
• Engulf foreign bodies
• Activate factors involved in the blood clotting process

19. • How many platelets does the human
body normally have?
• A normal platelet count is between
150,000 to 450,000 platelets per
millimeter cubed.

20. What causes abnormal platelets counts?
• An abnormal platelet could be attributed to the
presence of a pre-existing condition or excessive
bleeding. Conditions that could lead to a low platelet
count include:
• Cancer chemotherapy
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Hypersplenism
• Leukemia
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

21. Conditions that could lead to a high
platelet count
• Post splenectomy syndrome
• Primary thrombocytosis
• Malignant diseases
• Early CML

22. Plasma cells
• Plasma cells (also called plasma B cells or
plasmocytes) are cells of the immune system
that secrete large amounts of antibodies.
• They differentiate from B cells upon stimulation
by CD4+ lymphocytes.
• The B cell acts as an antigen presenting cell
(APC), consuming an offending pathogen.
• That pathogen gets taken up by the B cell by
phagocytosis, and broken down within
phagosomes after fusion with lysosomes
releasing proteolytic enzymes onto the
pathogen.