This document discusses spatial disorientation, which refers to the inability to correctly perceive one's orientation in three-dimensional space. It provides perspectives from several authors on maintaining spatial orientation on the ground versus in flight. Key factors that affect spatial orientation are discussed, such as vision, vestibular systems, and proprioception. The importance of visual references for spatial awareness is highlighted, especially when in motion. Experiments are referenced, and central versus peripheral vision are compared. Guidelines for visual references that help with spatial perception at different distances are provided. Examples of videos that demonstrate spatial disorientation factors are linked.

1. 空間迷向
Spatial Disorientation
Drake Guan
Digimax, Inc.

2. 我們來一起研究一下
如何做出感動人心的動態視覺

3. Spatial Orientation
“Humans are designed to maintain spatial
orientation on the ground.”
by Laurence Asuncion

4. “飛機在三度空間進行運動時，加上了飛機速度、坡度的變化，
四度向量的交雜影響下，使得飛行員産生錯覺而面臨失去對環
境的判斷能力。“ -- cougar
空間迷向 (Spatial Disorientation)
by Chris Devers

5. Spatial Orientation on the Ground
感知 (Perception) 視覺 (Visual)
整合 (Integration) 前庭系統 (Vestibular)
解釋 (Interpretation) 肌肉運動知覺 (proprioceptive)

6. Spatial Orientation In Flight
by Joel Abroad

7. 不會開飛機，但至少也懂點皮毛
by 晨星

8. Vision and Spatial Orientation
“Visual references provide the most important
sensory information to maintain spatial
orientation on the ground and during flight,
especially when the body and/or the
environment are in motion.”

9. 實驗

11. 實驗：你看到了什麼?

12. by Roger Gordon
by contri
by Roger Gordon
by Shaojeng Kuby Chien Liang Kuo

13. 實驗：你看到了什麼?

14. by Alexandre Duret-Lutz

16. 邊緣視野 (Peripheral Vision)
http://byesight.wordpress.com/tag/glaucoma/

17. by Google Image

18. 2 Different Vision
● 中央視野 (Central Vision)
○ 物理的辨識
○ 顏色的感知
○ ex, 遠遠的就看到台北 101
● 邊緣視野 (Peripheral Vision)
○ 移動的感知
○ 環境
○ 空間感
○ ex, 邊走路邊玩 candy crush saga

19. 所以，我們可以怎麼做?

20. by Merrimack College

21. 10戒 (Visual References)
● Comparative size of known objects at different distances.
● Comparative form or shape of known objects at different
distances.
● Relative velocity of images moving across the retina. Nearby
objects are perceived as moving faster than distant objects.
● Interposition of known objects. One object placed in front of
another is perceived as being closer to the observer.
● Varying texture or contrast of known objects at different
distances. Object detail and contrast are lost with distance.
● Differences in illumination perspective of objects due to light
and shadows.
● Differences in aerial perspective of visualized objects. More
distant objects are seen as bluish and blurry.

22. “去看別人做得好的影片片段，裏頭的運
鏡、有哪些參考物體、哪些在中央視野又
哪些在邊緣、比例、速度、…。找出貼近
我們生活經驗的原素，就對了!“

23. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TRAVEL/02/09/cockpit.view.videos.youtube/index.html

24. http://www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybrochures/media/SpatialD_VisIllus.pdf