How is science viewed in perspective of philosophy?

1. Science-Technology-
Society from the
Perspective of
Philosophy of Science
Dominic T. Asis

2. OBECTIVES
In the end of the class, the students should
be able:
 To distinguish science from philosophy of
science
 To classify philosophical questions about
science based on coverage, concerns,
and focus.
 To value philosophy of science since it
can be used for teaching

3. Learning Checkpoint 1
 Classify whether the following statements
have scientific bases.
1. Whenever rain is approaching, wave your
hard broom toward the rain cloud so that
the air would blow it away.
2. Whenever your teeth aches, gargle water
with salt to feel relief.
3. Whenever a black cat run across your way,
bad luck will come along your way.

4. .
4. Whenever it’s full moon, lesser fishes are
caught in the sea.
5. Don’t sing while cooking, or else your
future spouse might die early.
6. When cooking meat, put together
papaya so that it would become more
tender.
Learning Checkpoint 1
Done

5. You are
right !
Congrats

6. Ooopps . .
Please try
again
another

7. Guide Questions:
How are you able to classify
the statements??
What are your
considerations in
answering ??

8. Introduction
All fields of science are deeply
rooted in philosophy.
It was only during the 1700’s that
distinction was made between
science and philosophy.
Though both of them share same
significant objectives, they differ in
many respects.

9. Science Philosophy
Attained definite
and tested
knowledge of
various matters , and
has even resolved
disagreement about
those matters
Disagreement has
always been the
characteristic of
philosophy
Science does not
study itself
Philosophy subjects
itself to critical
examination.

10. Once science begins
to reflect on itself, it
becomes the
philosophy of science

11. Philosophy of science examines a
number of philosophical questions
such as:
“What is science?”
“What is scientific method?”
“What is the nature of science?”
“What kind of data can be used to distinguish
between causes and accidental
regularities?”
“How much evidence and what kind of
evidence do we need before we accept
hypothesis?”

12. Philosophy
Science
Significance of Philosophy of science
The Scientist and the philosopher of
science
Philosophy of science: Its main
components

13. Why study the
philosophy of science?
It serves as an appropriate
introduction to explain the scientific
method.
It contributes considerably to the
appreciation of the nature of science.
Play a positive role in ordering the
ways students conceive of science,
both as process and product.

14. Scientist Philosopher of
science
They manipulate
variables
Based on their data,
they are able to
discover and explains
the laws of nature
formulating theory
Do nothing but ask
themselves questions
like: “What is the law of
nature?” “What is a
scientific method?”
Do experiments and
draws conclusion.
Purely verbal, analytic,
and reflective
The Scientist and the
philosopher of science

15. Scientist Philosopher of science
Active in a wide range
of diverging activities,
discoveries, and
modes of thoughts
and progressively
prolific
Concerned with the
logic of science as a
body of deductive
systems of assertions
The Scientist and the
philosopher of science

16. Kinds of Questions
1. Covers the
implications of new
scientific findings for
traditional
philosophical issue.

17. 2. Deals with the
analysis of the
fundamental concept
of diverse scientific
disciplines.
Kinds of Questions

18. 3. Focused on the
nature of the goals of
the scientific enterprise
and the methods the
scientists employs to
achieve these goals.
Kinds of Questions

19. Determine the kind of philosophical question
regarding science
1. What is sound-as-wave and sound-as-
experience?
2. How much evidence and what kinds of
evidence do we need before we accept
hypothesis?
3. How can research on computers and
artificial intelligence support the thesis that
human is a complex machine?
Learning Checkpoint 2

20. Components of
Philo of Science
Philos
ophic
al
Methodi
cal
Analytic
al

21. A. Analytical and methodical
- talk about science where we find
topics like the patterns of scientific
argument
B. Philosophical Discourse
- Talk on the use of science to help
with the solution of problems like
how the results of scientific
investigation help answer
philosophical questions.
Philosophy of science: Its main
components

22. The Evolution of
Contemporary Views
on the Philosophy of
Science
17th Century
Approaches to
Scientific
Methodology

23. Bacon’s Inductive Approach –
Scientific Method
Sir Francis Bacon
Was the first to envision
science as the key to
progress. Recognized as
a major prophet of the
practical value of science
and technology to the
welfare of society.

24. Accg. To him, the purpose of all
knowledge, including the natural
sciences, was power – the power
to improve life on earth by useful
inventions.
He criticized the science of his
time as being very little practical
use.
He proposed that truth and value
of scientific knowledge should be
tested by its utility
Bacon’s Inductive Approach –
Scientific Method

25. He believed that to advance human welfare
was to serve God, thus he argued that both
faith and science should be judged by their
works.
He proposed in his “Novum Organum” a
“new method” (The scientific method) based
on the idea that scientific knowledge is
cumulative, and that it can be increase with
time by methodical hard work.
Through scientific experimentation, a great
deal of facts be obtained and that more
laws of nature are extracted by the process
of induction.

26. Since Bacon heavily insisted that science
must rest on careful induction and
experiment, what might be his failure to
fully understand the physical world??
Clue: Same reason for the Father of
Genetics
Learning Checkpoint 1

27. Descarte’ Deductive
Approach- Rationalism
Rene Descartes(1596-1650)
He was not only an innovator
in philosophy, he was a great
mathematician, the inventor
of analytical geometry, one
of the creators of
mathematical physics, and a
brilliant scientist in the histories
of optics, physiology, and
other branches of science.

28. The Theory of Knowledge
Claimed that we are capable of
discovering absolutely true
knowledge.
This was based on his quest for
certainty, so convinced was Rene
that all of our ordinary information
(including science and
mathematical info. ) is subject to
challenge and intellectual scrutiny.

29. Rene Descartes
He introduced doubts about
everything, not for the sake of doubting
but for the purpose of obtaining “a
good ground for assurance for myself,
and to reject the quicksand and mud
so that I might find the rock or clay.”
He search for an absolutely certain
basis for all knowledge in order to
eliminate anything that might possibly
be false or doubtful.

30. In the Discourse on Methods
and the Meditations on the First
Philosophy, the simply lucid
ideas of Descartes’ method of
reasoning evolved in the style
of a distinguished
mathematician from one clear
and distinct idea to another in
an unbroken chain of
deduction.

31. Descartes’ rationalism
theorized that the
deductive method of
reasoning based on the
mathematical procedures is
superior to experience or
sense perception as a
source of knowledge.

32. Generalization
Bacon is the founder of empiricism
Descartes is the founder of rationalism
They both shared two pervasive tenets
which influenced the Renaissance spirits
A. An enormous enthusiasm for physical
science
B. The belief that the knowledge means
power – that the ultimate purpose of
theoretical science is to serve the
practical needs of man.

33. Thank you for
Listening
God bless us.