1. Chapter 5- Forces and Motion
Examples of Vector Quantities:
5.1 Scalar and Vector Quantities  Acceleration= the rate of change of velocity
with respect to time.
 Physical quantity= is a quantity that
 Displacement= the length of the actual path
can be measured. ex. (length)
traveled by an object from one location to
2 Kinds of Physical quantities: another.
 Force= strength or energy exerted.
1. Scalar quantities= is a physical quantity  Momentum= a property of a moving body
that has magnitude only. that the body has by virtue of its mass and
2. Vector quantities= is a physical quantity motion and that is equal to the product of
that has both magnitude and direction. the body's mass and velocity.
 Velocity= the rate of change of
Examples of Scalar Quantities: displacement.
 Area=any particular extent of space or  Torque= a turning or twisting force.
surface.
Pythagoras' / Pythagorean Theorem= discovered by
 Density= the quantity per unit volume, “Pythagoras”
unit area, or unit length.
Pythagorean Equation:
 Energy= capacity to do work.
 Length= a measured distance or
dimension.
 Mass= a large quantity, amount, or a2 + b2 = c2
number.
 Speed= distance traveled per unit
time.
 Temperature= degree of hotness or Note:
coldness measured on a definite scale.
 Time= the point or period when c is the longest side of the triangle
something occurs. a and b are the other two sides
 Volume= the amount of a substance
occupying a particular volume.
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2. Chapter 5- Forces and Motion Chapter 6- Heat
5.2 Distance and Displacement
6.1 Heat as a form of Energy
 Distance= the length of the actual path
traveled by an object from one location to
another.  Heat= is a form of energy and it make
 Displacement= the length of the actual things hot.
= its being measured in joules (J)
path traveled by an object from one location
 Energy= capacity to do work.
to another.
 Temperature= degree of hotness or
5.3 Speed and Velocity coldness measured on a definite scale. Can
Speed= distance traveled per unit time. be measured by thermometer. It’s unit of
= the rate of change in distance. measurement is degree Celsius ( C) or
Kelvin (K)
Average Speed Equation:
Average Speed= Total distance traveled Sources of Heat Energy:
Total time taken
 Sun / Nuclear reaction
Velocity= the rate of change of  Rubbing or friction
displacement.  Burning
 Electricity
Average Velocity Equation:  Bending metal
Average Velocity= Total displacement  Chemical reaction
Total time taken  Collision
Uses of Hear in Daily life
 Cook food
 Dry clothes
 Boil water
 Produce steam to generate electricity
 Dry food for preservation
 Warm ourselves
 Starts and moves engines
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3.  Heat Conductors= are materials that allow
heat to pass through them easily such as
Differences between HEAT and TEMPERATURE iron and mercury
 Heat Insulators= are materials that do not
HEAT TEMPERATURE allow heat to pass through them easily, such
Form of energy Degree of hotness or as water and rubber.
coldness of the body
Heat can do work Temperature can’t do
6.4 Thermal Equilibrium and Effects of
work
Measured in Joule (J) Measures in degree
Heat Matter
Celsius ( C)or Kelvin (K)
Transfers from heat Increases when heated  Thermal Equilibrium= all temperatures of
area to cold area and decreases when interest are unchanging in time and uniform
cold in space.
 Expansion= objects increase in their sizes
6.2 Heat Flow when they are hot.
 Contraction= objects decrease in their
 Heat flow= the transfer of thermal sizes when they are cooled.
energy from a hot area to a cool area.  Mercury= is a liquid metal that can expand
and contract when there is a change in
Heat is transferred by: temperature.
 Bimetallic strips= are often used in fire
 Conduction= the flow of heat energy alarm and thermostat. The bimetallic strip
through solids like metal. bends when the temperature rises.
 Convection= the flow of heat that occurs  Bimetallic thermometer= is used in
when a warm water liquid or gas moves. electric ovens and car radiators. The strip is
 Radiation= the process where heat energy wound in spiral.
travels through an empty space or a  Rivets= are steel pin used to join pieces of
vacuum. metal plate tightly.
 Sea-breeze= is created when the surface
of the land is heated sufficiently to start air
rising. As air rises, it is replaced by air from
the sea; you have now created a sea breeze
 Land-breeze= is created when the land is
cooler than the water such as at night and
the surface winds have to be very light.
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4. Chapter 7- Atmosphere and
Weather 7.2 What is Weather?
7.1 Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere
Weather= refers to there present state of
the atmosphere.
 Atmosphere= the layer of air around the Coastal Weather
earth. It’s made up of mixture of gases. Coastal weather can be observed in the
coastal or oceanic regions.
Five layers of the Atmosphere: Hot Weather
Extreme hot weather can be seen in the
1. Troposphere= the layer closest to the equatorial regions of the earth.
ground. 10km in height, contains 75% of Cold Weather
atmospheric gases and weather occurs here Cold weather can be observed in the polar
climate zones.
since this layer contains most of the water
Mountain Weather
vapor.
The weather in the mountainous regions is
2. Stratosphere= 50 km in height. No cloud
known as the mountain weather
here but the air is still so most planes fly in Meteorology= is the study of the entire
this layer. Contains ozone layer atmosphere including the weather.
ozone layer=absorbs ultraviolet Meteorologist= studies the causes of
radiation from the sun. UV can weather conditions and forecasts the
cause sunburn and skin cancer weather. He/she also studies atmosphere
3. Mesosphere= 80km in height. The air is and atmosphere of other planets.
very cold and thin and most meteorites are Weather forecast= is a prediction about the
being slowed down and burned in this layer. weather that will be experienced a short
4. Thermosphere= 80 km and 700km above period of time in the future.
the earth. Space shuttles fly in this area and
Aurora lights found here. 7.3 Factors of Weather
5. Exosphere= the furthest layer from the Factors affecting weather:
earth. The atmosphere merges into the The Water Cycle
space and satellites are being stationed in Air Masses
this layer. Jet Stream
Weather Fronts
Air temperature
Wind
Humidity
Dew Point
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5. 7.4 Monsoons, Tropical Cyclones and
Thunderstorms
Air pressure (atmospheric pressure) =the
weight of the air above the given point. Monsoons= a term from early Arabs called
“MAUSIN”: the season of winds. The
Barometer= the instrument use in
seasonal shifting of winds in the ocean and
measuring air pressure.
surrounding regions.
Hygrometer= instrument use in measuring
Low pressure= is a region where the
humidity.
atmospheric pressure at sea level is lower
Water cycle= also known as the
than that of surrounding locations.
hydrological cycle or H2O cycle, describes
High pressure= is a region where the
the continuous movement of water on,
atmospheric pressure at the surface of the
above and below the surface of the Earth.
planet is greater than its surrounding
Air masses= is a volume of air defined by environment.
its temperature and water vapor content. Tropical Cylones (tropical storm,
Jet stream= are fast flowing, narrow air typhoon or hurricane)= a type of low
currents found in the atmospheres of some pressure systems which generally forms in
planets, including Earth. the tropics.
Weather fronts= is a boundary separating Tropical storm= is an organized system of
two masses of air of different densities, and strong thunderstorms with a defined surface
is the principal cause of meteorological circulation and maximum sustained winds
phenomena. between 34 knots (39 mph) and 64 knots
Air temperature= It is a measure of how (74 mph).
hot or cold the air is. Typhoon= is a mature Tropical Cyclone that
Wind= is the flow of gases on a large scale. develops in the northwestern part of the
Humidity= the amount of water vapor in Pacific Ocean between 180° and 100°E
the air. Hurricane= is an intense, rotating oceanic
Relative humidity= the amount of water weather system that possesses maximum
that is currently in the air compared to how sustained winds exceeding 119 km/hr (74
much the air can hold at a specific mph). It forms and intensifies over tropical
temperature. oceanic regions.
Dew point= the temperature that water Thunderstorms (T-Storms)= is a form of
condenses out of the air. This is how fog, weather characterized by the presence of
clouds and dew are created. lightning and its attendant thunder.
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6. WEATHER
7.6 Interpreting Weather Forecasts and A weather symbol is plotted if at the time of
Their Importance observation, there is either precipitation occurring or
a condition causing reduced visibility.
Weather forecasting= is the science of Below is a list of the most common weather symbols:
predicting the state of the atmosphere for a
future time location.
Station Model= shows the weather
condition at a specific location using
symbols.
Weather map= has lines that indicate the
atmospheric pressure and temperature.
Isobar= is drawn to connect points of equal
atmospheric pressure.
Sample Station Plot
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7. PRESSURE TREND
The pressure trend has two components, a number
and symbol, to indicate how the sea-level pressure
WIND has changed during the past three hours. The
Wind is plotted in increments of 5 knots (kts), with number provides the 3-hour change in tenths of
the outer end of the symbol pointing toward the millibars, while the symbol provides a graphic
direction from which the wind is blowing. The wind illustration of how this change occurred. Below are
speed is determined by adding up the total of flags, the meanings of the pressure trend symbols:
lines, and half-lines, each of which have the
following individual values:
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8. Chapter 8- Global Issues
SKY COVER 8.1 Global Warming
The amount that the circle at the center of the station plot is
filled in reflects the approximate amount that the sky is Global warming= is the rise in the average
covered with clouds. Below are the common cloud cover temperature of Earth's atmosphere and
depictions:
oceans since the late 19th century and its
projected continuation.
Greenhouse effect =is a process by which
thermal radiation from a planetary surface is
absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases,
and is re-radiated in all directions
Greenhouse gas (GHG)= is a gas in an
atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation
within the thermal infrared range.
8.2 Ozone Depletion
Ozone= is a molecule that is made up of
three oxygen atoms.
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