Environmental Governance

1. Environmental
Governance
MIR SHOBOOCKTAGIN MAHAMUD

2. Ecology
 Ecology is the study of how organisms interact
with each other with their physical
environment.
 Earth is shaped by both Biotic – living
organism related and abiotic non living or
physical factors.
 It is also called bioecology, environmental
ecology or bionomics.
 Expanding of population, global warming,
extinction of plant and animal species are
ecological.

3. Tragedy Of The Commons
 The tragedy of the commons is an economic problem in which every individual tries to
reap the greatest benefit from a given resource. As the demand for the resource
overwhelms the supply, every individual who consumes an additional unit directly harms
others who can no longer enjoy the benefits. Generally, the resource of interest is easily
available to all individuals; the tragedy of the commons occurs when individuals neglect
the well-being of society in the pursuit of personal gain.
 The tragedy of the commons is a term used in social science to describe a situation in a
shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their
own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or
spoiling that resource through their collective action. The concept and phrase originated
in an essay written in 1833 by the British economist William Forster Lloyd, who used a
hypothetical example of the effects of unregulated grazing on common land (also known
as a "common") in Great Britain and Ireland.[1] The concept became widely known over a
century later due to an article written by the American ecologist and philosopher Garrett
Hardin in 1968.[2] In this modern economic context, commons is taken to mean any
shared and unregulated resource such as atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, or even
an office refrigerator.

4. Biodiversity
Biodiversity, also called biological diversity, the
variety of life found in a place on Earth or,
often, the total variety of life on Earth.

5. Environmental Citizenship
 Environmental Citizenship is an idea that each of us is an integral part of a
larger ecosystem and that our future depends on each one of us
embracing the challenge and acting responsibly and positively toward our
environment. It's about making changes in our daily lives to be
environmental citizens all day, every day.
 The idea of environmental citizenship was first developed by Environment
Canada. It is now spreading around the world. It is an idea similar to and
compatible with environmental stewardship in the Christian, Islam, and
Judaic traditions, but is not committed to or associated with any particular
religious or cultural tradition.

6. Four Visions of Environmental
Governance
 These visions explains environmental pollution by population growth, consumption of
natural resources and international political economic activities.
 Evaluate the problems, solutions and reforms with the change of environment.
 Invention of steam engine, rapid industrialisation, globalization, multinational companies,
development and vast economic activities are the main cause of environmental pollution,
natural destruction, climate change and global warming.
 All visions agreed that environment and natural resources are destroyed by human being.
 Social scientist, environmentalist and economist tried to protect environment.

7. Market Liberal Vision
 Suggest to embrace globalization
 Sustainable development and dependant on economic development.
 Prosperity and better environment go hand in hand. There is relationship
between prosperity and environment.
 Example: WB and IMF.
 Smooth functioning of market, Eco efficiency and economy, Corporate Social
Responsibility, More technical cooperation, economic prosperity with good
economic growth of GDP and GNI, promoting open market economy and no
tariff barrier, expedite free market economy, raise global and national per
capita income, standard of living and choice, ensure employment of mass
people, enhance skills and expertize, increase wages, volume of trade, and
commerce, ensure food security and reduce poverty, MNCs environmental
pollution and CSR.

8. Institutionalist Vision
 Agree with market liberals about embracing globalization.
 Strongly suggest global environmental regime. Regime includes policy, rules,
regulations, provisions.
 Earth summit – more than 400 treatise of environmental issues.
 Call for global financial environment.
 Question the effectiveness of global regime and suggest broad framework for
enforcement of rules and regulations.
 Suggest for reforming environmental organizations, policies nationally and globally.
 Stronger institution, changes to international organizations, effort to enhance state
capacity to manage environmental changes, new and better environmental regime,
exercise potential cooperation through regimes, global cooperation.
 Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Oil, gas and port protection committee etc.

9. Bio-Environmental Vision
 They predict an environmental doom in future.
 Self interest and instincts of human is responsible for that doom.
 Suggest for controlling population bomb.
 Strongly suggest less consumption and production.
 Protect nature from humanity, protect global natural heritage like
sundarban etc., happiness philosophy like Bhutan, agro based
green economy, protect degradation of soil, water and air,
increase productivity of food, protect river, canal and marine
resource from industrial waste.

10. Social Green Vision
 They developed a new concept of steady state economy. It means.
Number of human and amount of capital are constant.
 Index of sustainable economic welfare. Example – per capita income,
economic growth, genuine progress indicator (GPI).
 Reduce inequality, ensure equality, reverse globalization, localize trade
and production, empower local community through global political
economy, respect rights of women, indigenous community and poor,
encourage environmental justice and encourage local products over
imported product, socialistic and protect from MNCs exploration, import
substitution and export oriented economy, food and climate security,
developed countries exploited developing countries by importing raw
materials and exporting finished product.