SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 34
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
(Effective Alternative Secondary Education)
CHEMISTRY
MODULE 11
Atoms in the Periodic Table
BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Department of Education
DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue
Pasig City
- 2 -
Module 11
Atoms in the Periodic Table
What this module is about
In chemistry, the generalization that there is a recurring pattern in the properties of
the elements is explained through an organized table called the PERIODIC TABLE.
DMITRI MENDELEEV organized the order of elements in the periodic table according to
their atomic numbers. Later, great progress was made in explaining the periodic law in
terms of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules.
As you study the features of the periodic table, the simplest question you must ask is
“How are elements arranged?” Studying the chemistry of every element in the periodic
table is not a simple thing to do.
By reading this module it would be a lot easier to understand how the elements are
arranged. This module will help you fully understand the similarities and differences among
atoms and why elements are grouped together in a table. This module also includes the
historical background on how the Periodic Table was formed.
You will study the following lessons in this module:
Lesson 1 – The Periodic Table and the Symbols of Elements
Lesson 2 – Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table
Lesson 3 – The Electron Configuration and Order of Elements
Lesson 4 – Importance of Some Elements in Industry
What you are expected to learn
After going through the module, you are expected to:
1. name the elements given the chemical symbol;
2. state the basis of the arrangement of elements in the periodic table ;
3. use the periodic table to predict the properties of elements; and
4. be familiar with the properties of some elements and their uses in industry.
- 3 -
How to learn from this module
Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module:
1. Read and follow the instructions carefully.
2. Answer the pre-test in order to determine how much you know about the lessons
in this module.
3. Check your answers with the given answer key at the end of this module.
4. Read each lesson and do the activities that are provided for you.
5. Perform all the activities diligently to help and guide you in understanding the
topic.
6. Take the self-tests after each lesson to determine how much you understood the
topic.
7. Answer the posttest to measure how much you have gained from the lessons.
Good luck and have fun!
What to do before (Pretest)
I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Among the scientists who were responsible for the development of the periodic table are:
I. Dmitri Mendeleev II. Johann Dobereiner and III. John Newlands. Arrange their names
in order of the history of the development of the periodic table.
a. I , II, III c. III, I, II
b. II, III, I d. III, II, I
2. Who was the scientist who arranged the elements according to groups of three?
a. John Dalton c. Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev
b. Johann Wolfgang Dobereneir d. John Alexander Newlands
3. All the elements belonging to Group II A have ___ electron(s) in its outermost shell.
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
4. The number of protons in an atom represents the
a. ionization energy c. atomic number
b. electronegativity d. atomic mass
- 4 -
5. Which of the following is an alkali metal?
a. Ba c. Li
b. Pb d. Fe
6. Which of the following decreases across a period on the periodic table?
a. atomic radius c. electron affinity
b. ionization energy d. electronegativity
7. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
a. Atoms become smaller as one moves down a group.
b. Atoms become smaller as one moves to the right across a period.
c. Atoms become larger when electrons are removed.
d. The size of an atom is not a factor in arranging the elements in the periodic table.
8. Who was the scientist who arranged the elements in horizontal rows according to
increasing atomic masses?
a. John Dalton c. Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev
b. Johann Wolfgang Dobereneir d. John Alexander Newlands
9. Which orbital is being filled in the lanthanide series of elements?
a. 4f c. 5f
b. 4d d. 5d
10.Which of the following sets is a set of all metals?
a. S, Li, C c. K, Li, Na
b. He, Be, Ne d. Ca, Cr, Co
11.Each vertical column of the periodic table is called
a. a period c. a group
b. a row d. none of these
12. What family of elements includes helium and neon?
a. noble gases c. halogens
b. alkali metals d. none of these
13. What family of elements includes fluorine and chlorine?
a. noble gases c. halogens
b. alkali metals d. none of these
14. How many electrons are there in an atom of an element in Period 4 group VII A?
a. four c. six
b. five d. seven
15. Which element reacts by gaining an electron?
a. He c. F
b. Be d. Na
- 5 -
II. Fill in the blank with the correct word(s).
1. The first scientist to arrange the elements in the periodic table by groups of eight (8) was
___________________.
2. The number of electrons distributed in each energy level of an atom is indicated by the
_____________________________.
3. Elements having some metallic and nonmetallic properties are called
____________________.
4. Elements belonging to Family VIII A are called ____________________.
5. In an electron configuration, the number 3 in 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s1
represents the _________ in
the periodic table.
Lesson 1. The Periodic Table and the Symbols of Elements
This lesson will show you how to read symbols of elements in the periodic table. It
will also focus on the historical background of the development of the periodic table.
What you will do
Activity 1.1
Read the history of the development of the periodic table and answer the questions
after the selection.
A. History of the Periodic Table
The early years of the 19th century witnessed a rapid development in chemistry. The
art of distinguishing similarities and differences among atoms prompted scientists to devise
a way of arranging the elements. Relationships were discerned more readily among the
compounds than among the elements; thus, the classification of elements lagged many
years behind the classification of compounds. In fact, no general agreement had been
reached among chemists as to the classification of elements for nearly half a century after
the systems of classification of compounds had been established.
It was in 1817 when Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner showed that the atomic weight
of strontium lies midway between those of calcium and barium. Some years later he showed
that other such “triads” exist (chlorine, bromine, and iodine [halogens] and lithium, sodium,
and potassium [alkali metals]). He also showed that similar relationships extended further
than the triads of elements, fluorine being added to the halogens, and magnesium to the
Key to answers on page 27.
- 6 -
alkaline-earth metals. Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium were classed as one family,
and nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth as another family of elements.
Attempts were later made to show that the atomic weights of the elements could be
expressed by an arithmetic function. In 1863, A.E.B, De Chancourtois proposed a
classification of the elements based on the new values of atomic weights given by Stanislao
Cannizzaro's system of 1858. De Chancourtois plotted the atomic weights on the surface of
a cylinder with a circumference of 16 units, corresponding to the approximate atomic weight
of oxygen. The resulting helical curve brought closely related elements onto corresponding
points above or below one another on the cylinder, and he suggested in consequence that
“the properties of the elements are the properties of numbers,” a remarkable prediction in
the light of modern knowledge.
Another way of classifying the elements was later proposed by John Alexander
Reina Newlands in 1864. He proposed that elements be classified in the order of
increasing atomic weights, the elements being assigned ordinal numbers from one upward
and divided into seven groups, with each group having properties closely related to the first
seven of the elements then known: hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen,
and oxygen. This relationship was termed the law of octaves, by analogy with the seven
intervals of the musical scale.
As a result of an extensive correlation of the properties and the atomic weights of the
elements in 1869, Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev proposed the periodic law, which states that
“the elements arranged according to the magnitude of atomic masses show a periodic
change of properties.” Lothar Meyer had independently reached a similar conclusion,
published after the appearance of Mendeleev's paper. He wrote down the properties and
atomic weights of the elements on cards. There were only 63 elements known at the time.
He arranged and rearranged the cards in columns. Eventually he realized that there was a
repeating (or periodic) relationship between the properties of the elements and their atomic
weights. When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weights the
properties of the elements were repeated very often. He understood the importance of this
discovery.
What you will do
Selt-Test 1.1
Fill in the blanks with the word / words that best complete(s) the statements below:
1. The first scientist who arranged the elements into group of threes with the same
properties was ___________.
2. The arrangement of grouping elements by three’s is called ______________.
3. Elements were also grouped by eight. This was devised by __________________.
- 7 -
4. Arranging the elements into groups of eight was termed as the Law of _____________.
5. The modern periodic table was devised by ___________.
What you will do
Activity 1.2
Below is Mendeleev’s version of the periodic table:
The rows 1 to 7 are called periods. The columns I A on the left to 0 on the right are
known as groups. Elements with similar properties fall into vertical columns (groups) and
horizontal rows (periods), which form the table. Elements within the groups have similar
valences. Mendeleev left spaces in his table for elements not yet discovered. He also
predicted what properties these undiscovered elements would have. Between 1875 and
1886, the elements gallium, scandium and germanium were discovered. They all fitted into
the positions predicted by Mendeleev. As a result, the periodic law gained universal
acceptance.
The elements in the same row have something in common. All of the elements in a
period have the same number of electron shells. Both elements in the top row (the first
period) have one shell for their electrons. All elements in the second period have two
electron shells. The number of shells increases as you go down the table.
The columns in the table are called Groups. The elements in a group have the same
number of electrons in their outer shell. So, all elements in Group I have one electron in
their outer shells. The elements in Group II have two electrons in the outer shell.
Key to answers on page 27.
- 8 -
Figure 1. Mendeleev’s Version of the Periodic Table
Based from the periodic table of Mendeleev, below is the modern version:
Atomic mass
- 9 -
Study the terms below for you to be familiar with the modern periodic table:
periodic table - The periodic table is a chart of all the known elements in order of
increasing atomic number. The table puts elements into groups with similar
characteristics, allowing us to recognize trends over the whole array of elements.
atom - An atom is the smallest unit of a substance that still has all the properties of that
substance. In most cases, an atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The
protons and neutrons are found in the center of the atom, called the atomic nucleus, and
the electrons orbit or circle around the center of the nucleus in paths called orbitals.
atomic number - The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of protons that
the atom contains. Atoms can have differing numbers of neutrons and electrons while
still retaining the original characteristic properties of that atom. However, if an atom
gains or loses a proton, in essence, it changes its atomic number and becomes an
entirely new atom with new characteristics.
atomic weight/mass - The atomic weight of an atom is a measure of how much mass
an atom has. The atomic weight is calculated by adding the number of protons and
neutrons together. Atomic masses are not listed as whole numbers on the periodic table
because atoms can come in forms with different amounts of neutrons. The atomic
weight reported for any particular element is an average weight of all the known forms of
that element.
The Elements in the Periodic Table
A. How are elements named?
Chemists have developed a unique system of symbols and notation designed to
simplify the writing of chemical symbols, formula, and reactions. This system also shows
the mathematical relations of atoms and reacting chemicals, the way atoms are put together
to form complex molecules, and the type of chemical bond between atoms.
The early alchemists used various symbols to represent the 92 natural elements they
used, a custom that was continued into the 19th century. Jacob Berzelius of Sweden was
the first to use letters to represent the elements. In most cases he was able to use the first
letter of the name of the element as its symbol; O stood for oxygen, C for carbon, H for
hydrogen, and so on. Two letters are used to distinguish between elements that have the
same initial letter, e.g. N for nitrogen, Ne for neon, and Ni for nickel. Sometimes the
symbol is derived from the Latin name of the element, e.g. gold (aurum) is Au, iron
(ferrum) is Fe, and lead (plumbum) is Pb. Whenever two letters are used for an element,
the first letter is capitalized but the second is not. Thus the element cobalt, Co, is
distinguished from the compound carbon monoxide, CO.
- 10 -
Because of continued search for synthetic elements, aside from the 92 naturally -
occurring elements there are man-made elements which were named by scientists as
follows.
Element Familiar Place or Name
Symbol of
Element
Californium California Cf
Einsteinium Albert Einstein Es
Nobelium Alfred Nobel (Nobel Prize) No
Neptunium Neptune Ne
Plutonium Pluto Pu
Americium America Am
Berkelium Berkeley, California Bk
Curium Marie and Pierre Curie Cu
Francium France Fr
Scandium Scandinavia Sc
Polonium Poland Po
Tungsten Wolfrom (Peter Woulf) W
These elements are organized using the periodic table. (Please refer to the modern
version of the periodic table in inset.) A periodic table is a classification and tabulation of
the elements in the order of their atomic numbers and atomic masses that show the
elements' chemical and physical properties.
B. How are elements grouped?
Take note of the color-coding in the periodic table. Elements are grouped according
to metals, nonmetals and metalloids. Metals are solid, malleable, ductile and good
conductors of heat. They also possess luster. The only liquid metal is mercury, (Hg).
Nonmetals can be solids, liquids or gases. The only liquid nonmetal is bromine, (Br). In
between metals and nonmetals that lie along either side of the zigzag line of the periodic
table are the metalloids. Some of these elements like boron (B) and silicon (Si) are used
as semiconductors.
C. How are elements classified?
Elements are classified based on their positions or locations in the periodic table.
Group I A - The Alkali Metals
Group 1 elements are soft silvery metals. They react strongly with water. The further
down the group you go, the more violent this reaction is. These alkali metals are
usually stored under oil to protect them from moisture and oxygen. They all have one
electron in their outer shells. In a chemical reaction an alkali metal atom loses this
single electron. It achieves the stable electron structure of the noble gases.
- 11 -
Group II A – The Alkaline Earth Metals
This group consists of all metals that occur naturally in compound form. They are
obtained from mineral ores and form alkaline solutions. These are less reactive than
alkali metals.
Group III A – The Aluminum Group
The elements in this group are fairly reactive. The group is composed of four metals
and one metalloid which is boron.
Group IV A – The Carbon Group
This group is composed of elements having varied properties because their metallic
property increases from top to bottom meaning the top line, which is carbon, is a
nonmetal while silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals.
Group V A – The Nitrogen Group
Like the elements in group IV A, this group also consists of metals, nonmetal and
metalloids.
Group VI A – The Oxygen Group
This group is called the oxygen group since oxygen is the top line element. It is
composed of three nonmetals, namely, oxygen, sulfur and selenium, one metalloid,
(tellurium) and one metal (polonium)
Group VII A – The Halogens
This group is composed of entirely nonmetals. The term “halogens” comes from the
Greek word hals which means salt and genes which means forming. Halogens group
are called “salt formers”.
Group VIII A – The Noble Gases
This group is composed of stable gases otherwise known as the non-reactive or inert
elements.
The transition elements
The elements in the middle of the table are called transition elements. They are all
metals and so they are also called transition metals.
The system of grouping elements over A and B groups was devised by the
International Union of Applied and Pure Chemistry (IUPAC) to eliminate confusion.
- 12 -
Lesson 2. Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table
This lesson will focus on the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table based
on their properties.
What you will do
Activity 2.1
Read the comic strips below. You will need your own periodic table for this activity:
How are elements
arranged in the periodic
table? Elements are
arranged from the lightest
to heaviest.….
….. and elements
in the same column have
matching properties.
Why is it so?
Take note of
the properties
as you go to
the right and as
you go down.
The properties
of elements in
the group
appear to be
periodic.
- 13 -
Ah, OK!
I don't mean to pick on you. What you said
was actually a very important insight. The
periodic table is full of repeating patterns.
Take atomic size, for instance: atoms get
bigger as you move down a column, and
smaller as you move to the right across a
row, or period.
Study the table below.
What does it show?
Compare it to your
own periodic table.
- 14 -
That's so weird! I
thought atoms got
bigger as they got
heavier; why do they
get smaller as you
move to the right?
Now, I know.
The atomic size
becomes smaller as I
go from left to right,
and becomes bigger
as I go from top to
bottom. OK!
What
about its
atomic
structure?
That’s another thing. We’ll
talk about that when we go
to the next lesson. For the
mean time, let’s summarize
what you’ve learned in this
lesson.
Two distinct trends are noticeable in the
atomic size or atomic radius of the
periodic table:
1. Atoms get larger going down a
group (vertical arrangement or
column); and
2. Atoms get smaller moving from
left to right across each period
(horizontal arrangement of
elements).
- 15 -
- 16 -
What about ionization
energy?
electronegativity?
electron affinity?
OK, that’s a nice question! First, I
would like you to know the meaning of
these terms. Ionization energy is the
energy required to remove the outer
electron from an isolated atom.
Electron affinity is the energy
released when a neutral atom gains an
extra electron to form a negatively-
charged ion. Electronegativity is the
electron attracting ability of an atom.
Examine your periodic table. It will tell you that the
ionization energy for that element is quite small. It
wouldn't take much to send that one solitary electron
sailing off into dizzying freedom--and that sort of thing,
electrons leaving their home atoms, leads directly to
chemical reactions. What does it tell you? The atomic
radius is affected by the ionization energy,
electronegativity and electron affinity. As you go across
from left to right, ionization energy, electronegativity and
electron affinity increase, thus the atomic radius
decreases. From top to bottom, ionization energy,
electronegativity and electron affinity decreases, thus
the atomic radius increases.
- 17 -
What you will do
Self-Test 2.1
1. Arrange the following elements according to decreasing atomic radius:
a. As, P, Sb, N c. As, N, P, Sb
b. Sb, As, P, N d. N, P, As, Sb
2. Which of the following decreases as you go from left to right?
a. atomic radius c. electron affinity
b. ionization energy d. electronegativity
3. Which of the following groups is a set of metals?
a. Group VII A c. Group II A
b. Group IV A d. Transition elements
4. Electron affinities of elements generally become smaller as we move from:
a. top to bottom c. left to right
b. bottom to top d. diagonally
5. The ability of an element to attract an electron from another atom is called:
a. electronegativity c. ionization energy
b. electron affinity d. metallic property
Lesson 3. Electron Configuration and Order of Elements
The electrons in the highest energy level of an atom are called valence electrons.
This lesson will discuss how these electrons are distributed around their orbital.
Key to answers on page 27.
- 18 -
- 19 -
What you will do
Activity 3.1
Read this comic strip and find out more about the arrangement of elements in the periodic
table.
"Electron
configuration"? I'm not
sure if I understand what
that means. How do I go
about it? Does it have
something to do with the
"s p d f" ?
After Mendeleev's time,
scientists discovered what you
already know: an atom consists of
a positively charged nucleus, made
of neutrons and protons, and
electrons moving around it. This is
shown by electron configuration.
- 20 -
But, how will I do it? Can
you give me a pattern to
make it easier and faster?
Yes; Electron
configuration shows how
the electrons are arranged in
the selected element. I'd be
happy to explain how the
electrons organize
themselves. OK, examine
the chart below.
s s
s s p p p p p p
s s p p p p p p
s s d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p
s s d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p
s s d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p
s s
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
It says that groups IA
and IIA belong to the s
block; groups IIIA to
VIIIA belong to the p
block; the transition
metals to the d block
and the lanthanides
and actinides to the
f block.
s – sharp 2 electrons to fill
p – principal 6 electrons to fill
d – diffuse 10 electrons to fill
f – fundamental 14 electrons to fill
In determining the total number of
electrons in an energy level use the
formula number of electrons = 2n2
where n is the number of energy level; so
for the first energy level there are 2 ;
2nd
= 8 = (2+6); 3rd
= 18 = (2 + 6 = 10);
4th
= 32 = (2 + 6 + 10 + 14)
- 21 -
Very easy! Just follow
the arrows.
The s, p, d and f are
called sublevels; they are
smaller "subdivisions" of
energy within the primary
levels. You refer to different
energy levels using a number
for the primary level plus a
letter for the sublevel; for
example, you might speak of
an electron in a "3p" state or
orbital. Each primary level
has one more sublevel than
the one below: the first primary
level has only s orbitals, the
second has s and p, the third
s, p, and d, and so forth.
- 22 -
- 23 -
Below are samples of electron configuration of some elements:
Elements
Atomic
Number
Electron Configuration Period Group
Hydrogen, H 1 1s1
1 I A
Lithium, Li 3 1s2
2s1
2 I A
Berylium, Be 4 1s2
2s2
2 II A
Carbon, C 6 1s2
2s2
2p2
2 IV A
Nitrogen, N 7 1s2
2s2
2p3
2 V A
Aluminum, Al 13 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p1
3 III A
Sulfur, S 16 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p4
3 VI A
Potassium, K 19 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s1
4 I A
Bromine, Br 35 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p5
4 VII A
Dysprosium, Dy 66 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s2
4d10
5p6
6s2
4f10
6 II B
Analysis of the Table:
Take note of the coefficient of the last energy level. Notice also the exponent or the
number on the superscript of the letter of the last energy level.
The coefficient represents the series or the period of the element and the
superscript or the exponent represents the number of electrons in the outermost energy
level or simply the valence electrons. It is also the Family or the Group Number of the
element.
What you will do
Self-Test 3.1
Fill up the columns:
1. Write the electron configuration.
2. Identify the period and group number without looking at your periodic table.
- 24 -
Elements
Atomic
Number
Electron Configuration Period Group
Magnesium 12
Chromium 24
Silicon 14
Galium 31
Krypton 36
Rubidium 37
Silver 47
Antimony 51
Iodine 53
Barium 56
Lesson 4. Importance of Some Elements in the Human Body
This lesson tackles the different uses of elements in the periodic table. Some of
these elements are essential to our lives, in industry and in modern technologies.
Group I A – The Alkali Metals
Group 1A elements are soft silvery metals. They are highly reactive with water and
melt at low temperature. Because of their reactivity, they are never found free in
nature. Compounds of these elements like sodium chloride or table salt is a
fundamental part of the diet; potassium compounds are important nutrients for plants.
Potassium nitrate, KNO3, commonly known as salitre, is used in making tocino.
Group II A – The Alkaline Earth Metals
This group consists of all metals that occur naturally in compound form. They are
obtained from mineral ores and form alkaline solutions. These are less reactive than
alkali metals. Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are the most abundant elements in
the earth’s crust. Calcium is one of the important elements in teeth and bones.
Radium, the heaviest alkaline metal, is used for cancer treatment.
Group III A – The Aluminum Group
The elements in this group are fairly reactive. The group is composed of four metals
and one metalloid, which is boron. Aluminum is a metal abundantly found in the
earth’s crust. It is used as a raw material for kitchenware due to its low density
Key to answers on page 28.
- 25 -
property. Others, such as gallium is used as semiconducting material in the form of
gallium arsenide.
Group IV A – The Carbon Group
This group is composed of elements having varied properties because their metallic
property increases from top to bottom meaning the top line which is carbon, is a non-
metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids while tin and lead are metals. Carbon is
the major constituent of most chemical compounds. Tin alloys are used in making
weapons, cutting utensils and for canning of foods. Lead is an additive for paint and
for plumbing purposes.
Group V A – The Nitrogen Group
Like the elements in group IV A, this group also consists of metals, a nonmetal and
metalloids. Nitrogen gas makes up three-fourths of the earth’s atmosphere. This gas
is useful in preparing ammonia and fertilizers.
Group VI A – The Oxygen Group
The elements in this group like the sulfur and selenium are essential components in
the human diet.
Group VII A – The Halogens
Fluorine is a major component of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are used as
aerosols and refrigerants. Chlorine is used as bleaching agent. Bromine, known to
us as the only liquid metal, is used in the manufacture of photographic films and
dyes, while an isotope of iodine, iodine 131, is used in thyroid gland treatment. Iodine
is also used in the preparation of iodized salt that refreshes and prevents memory
gap.
Group VIII A – The Noble Gases
The element helium is used for balloon inflating since it is very light. Argon and neon
are used as advertising lights.
The transition elements
These elements are lanthanides compounds that are used as “green TV” or colored
picture tube. Uranium isotopes are used as fuel for nuclear reactors. Americium is
used as “smoke detector’.
- 26 -
What you will do
Self-Test 4.1
Match Column A with Column B.
ELEMENT USE(S)
1. americium a. used as constituent of “green TV”
2. iodine 131 b. heaviest metal used for cancer treatment
3. potassium
compound
c. ¾ of the earth’s atmosphere
4. calcium compound d. used in aerosols
5. nitrogen e. raw material for kitchen wares
6. magnesium f. an element from group IIA found in the earth’s
crust
7. neon g. advertising lights
8. lanthanide metals h. used as preservative
9. aluminum i. used as smoke detector
10.radium j. used for thyroid gland treatment
Let’s Summarize
A. Development of the Periodic Table
1. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner classified elements in sets of three. He called it
the “law of triads”
2. John Alexander Reina Newlands arranged the elements according to increasing
atomic mass and suggested that every eighth element has similar properties. He
called his law the “law of octaves”.
3. Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev devised the first periodic table, which he used to
predict three new elements. He proposed the ”periodic law” which states that
when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their
properties show periodic pattern.
B. The Periodic Table and the Elements
1. The periodic table is composed of 7 rows or periods and 18 major groups or
columns. Elements in a group have similar properties particularly those elements
in four of the groups: Group IA – The alkali metals; Group II A - the alkaline earth
metals; Group VII A – the halogens and Group VIII A – the noble gases.
Key to answers on page 28.
- 27 -
2. The elements are given symbols devised by John Jacob Berzelius. An element is
named after its discoverer, place of discovery, first letter of the name of the
element, first and the second letter for those having the same first letter and some
are after their Latin names. The elements are grouped into Group A and B Group
by the INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY
(IUPAC).
3. Elements in the periodic table are also grouped according to metals, non-metals
and metalloids. Metals are lustrous, malleable and ductile. They are good
conductors of heat. Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.
Nonmetals have a diverse set of properties. They are found on the upper right
side of the periodic table. Metalloids or semimetals possess the properties of
both the metals and the non-metals.
C. Periodic Trends
1. A periodic trend is a property that changes as you move across a period or down
a group of the periodic table.
1. Atomic radius increases as you move down a group and decreases as you move
across.
2. Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron to form a positive
ion.
- 28 -
3. Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when an atom gains an electron
to form a negative ion.
4. An element’s electronegativity reflects its attraction for electrons in a chemical
bond.
D. Electron Configuration and Order Among Elements
1. The distribution of electrons among the orbitals of an atom is its electron
configuration.
2.
3. The s, p, d, and f are called sublevels; they are smaller "subdivisions" of energy
within the primary levels. You refer to different energy levels using a number for
the primary level plus a letter for the sublevel; for example, you might speak of an
electron in a "3p" state or orbital. Each primary level has one more sublevel than
the one below: the first primary level has only s orbitals, the second has s and p,
the third s, p, and d, and so forth.
s – sharp 2 electrons to fill
p – principal 6 electrons to fill
d – diffuse 10 electrons to fill
f – fundamental 14 electrons to fill
Total number of electrons in an energy level can be found by the formula
number of electrons = 2n2
Where n is the number of energy level;
1st
energy level there are 2 ;
2nd
= 8 = (2+6)
3rd
= 18 = (2 + 6 = 10); 4th
= 32 = (2 + 6 + 10 + 14)
- 29 -
Posttest
I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The lowest sublevel in each principal energy level is the
a. s b. p c. d d. f
2. Which among the elements is an alkali metal?
a. boron c. sodium
b. magnesium d. oxygen
3. Elements in the 4f series are called:
a. alkali metals c. actinides
b. alkaline earth metals d. lanthanides
4. What is the most abundant element in the universe?
a. oxygen c. silicon
b. carbon d. aluminum
5. Which transition metal is the best conductor of electricity?
a. copper c. chromium
b. silver d. iron
6. Which of these metals are soft enough to be cut by a knife?
a. alkaline metals c. transition metals
b. alkali metal d. all of these
7. Among the groups in the periodic table, which set of elements are the least reactive?
a. Lanthanides c. Halogens
b. actinides d. Inert gases
8. The scientist who grouped the elements into sets of three is
a. Mendeleev c. Dobereiner
b. Newlands d. Moseley
9. As you move from left to right of the periodic table, the elements
- 30 -
a. increase in atomic radius c. decrease in electron affinity
b. increase ionization energy d. have no periodic trends
10.The energy change when an electron is added is called:
a. ionization energy c. electron affinity
b. electronegativity d. reactivity
- 31 -
11.How many elements are in the second period of the periodic table?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
12.How many electrons do the elements belonging to Group IIIA have in their outermost
shell?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
13.Which orbital is being filled in the actinides series of elements?
a. 4f b. 4d c. 5f d. 5d
14.Who stated the “law of Octaves’?
a. Johann Wolfgang Dobereneir c. John Alexander Newlands
b. Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev d. John Dalton
15.In electron configuration, what does the number before the sub-energy level represent?
a. Period c. total number of electrons
b. Group d. number of outermost electrons
II. Matching Type: Match Column A with Column B
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. halogens group a. electron configuration
2. noble gases b. B Group
3. alkali metals c. Group I – A
4. carbon group d. Group II – A
5. alkaline earth metals e. Group III – A
6. transition metals f. Group IV A
7. aluminum group g. Group V A
8. oxygen group h. Group VI A
9. Nitrogen group i. Group VII A
10.electron distribution j. Group VIII A
III. Complete the Table below. (Don’t look at your periodic table)
Elements
Atomic
Number
Electron Configuration Period Group
1. Sodium, Na 11
2. Titanium, Ti 22
3. Phosphorus,P 15
4. Fluorine, F 9
5. Chlorine, Cl 17
Key to answers on page 28.
- 32 -
Key to Answers
Pretest
I. Multiple Choice
1. b 6. a 11. c
2. a 7. a 12. a
3. b 8. b 13. c
4. c 9. c 14. d
5. c 10. c 15. d
II. Fill in the Blanks
1. John Newlands
2. electron configuration
3. metalloids
4. inert gases or noble elements
5. series or period number
Lesson 1
Self-Test 1.1
1. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
2. Triads
3. Alexander Reina Newlands
4. Octaves
5. Dmitri Mendeleev
Lesson 2
Self-Test 2.1
1. b
2. a
3. c
4. a
5. a
- 33 -
Lesson 3
Self-Test 3.1
Elements
Atomic
Number
Electron Configuration Period Group
Magnesium 12 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3 II A
Chromium 24 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d4
4 VI B
Silicon 14 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p2
3 IV A
Galium 31 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p1
4 V A
Krypton 36 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
4 VIII A
Rubidium 37 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s1
1 I A
Silver 47 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s1
4d10
5 I B
Antimony 51 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s2
4d10
5p3
5 V A
Iodine 53 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s1
4d10
5p1
5 VII A
Barium 56 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s1
4d10
5p6
6s2
6 II A
Lesson 4
Self-Test 4.1
ELEMENT USE(S)
1. americium i. used as smoke detector
2. iodine 131 j. used for thyroid gland treatment
3. potassium compound h. used as preservative
4. calcium compound d. used in gypsum making
5. nitrogen c. ¾ of the earth’s atmosphere
6. magnesium f. an element from group IIA found in the earth’s
crust
7. neon g. advertising lights
8. lanthanide metals a. used as constituent of “green TV”
9. aluminum e. raw material for kitchen wares
10. radium b. heaviest metal used for cancer treatment
Posttest
I. Multiple Choice
1. a 6. a 11. d
2. b 7. d 12. c
3. d 8. c 13. c
4. d 9. b 14. c
5. b 10. b 15. a
- 34 -
II. Matching Type
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. halogens group i. Group VII A
2. noble gases j. Group VIII A
3. alkali metals c. Group I – A
4. carbon group f. Group IV A
5. alkaline earth metals d. Group II – A
6. transition metals b. B Group
7. aluminum group e. Group III – A
8. oxygen group h. Group VI A
9. nitrogen group g. Group V A
10.electron distribution a. electron configuration
III. Complete the Table below:
Elements
Atomic
Number
Electron Configuration Period Group
1. Sodium, Na 11 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s1
3 I A
2. Titanium, Ti 22 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d2
4 IV B
3. Phosphorus,P 15 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p2
3 V A
4. Fluorine, F 9 1s2
2s2
2p5
2 VII A
5. Chlorine, Cl 17 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p5
3 VII A
References
Hagad, R.H. (2003). Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: ALCO Printers.
Lemay, E.H & Beall, H. (2002). Chemistry in the changing world. USA: Prentice Hall.
Mendoza, E. & Religioso, T. (2001). Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: SIBS
Publishing.
Nueva España, R.C. & Apostol, J. (2004). Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: Abiva
Publishing.
Oxtoby, D.W. & Freeman, W.A. (1998). Chemistry: The science of change. CA: Saunders
College Publishing.

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Development of Periodic Table Timeline
Development of Periodic Table TimelineDevelopment of Periodic Table Timeline
Development of Periodic Table TimelineYanii Millano
 
Discuss element compound
Discuss element compoundDiscuss element compound
Discuss element compounddorotheemabasa
 
Chem m16 stoichiometry
Chem m16 stoichiometryChem m16 stoichiometry
Chem m16 stoichiometrydionesioable
 
Particle Nature of Matter
Particle Nature of MatterParticle Nature of Matter
Particle Nature of MatterJimnaira Abanto
 
Discovery of Subatomic Particles of an Atom
Discovery of Subatomic Particles of an Atom Discovery of Subatomic Particles of an Atom
Discovery of Subatomic Particles of an Atom Jitendra Kumar Nanda
 
The Periodic Table Presentation 1
The Periodic Table Presentation 1The Periodic Table Presentation 1
The Periodic Table Presentation 1itamarita1984
 
Introduction to chemistry
Introduction to chemistryIntroduction to chemistry
Introduction to chemistryMoshe Lacson
 
Periodic table timeline
Periodic table timeline Periodic table timeline
Periodic table timeline remya krishnan
 
the elements, origin of their names and their symbols
the elements, origin of their names and their symbolsthe elements, origin of their names and their symbols
the elements, origin of their names and their symbolsvxiiayah
 
Electron,nutron,proton
Electron,nutron,protonElectron,nutron,proton
Electron,nutron,protonPresentation
 
Discovery of the structure of the Atom
Discovery of the structure of the AtomDiscovery of the structure of the Atom
Discovery of the structure of the AtomJerome Bigael
 
Atomic theory
Atomic theoryAtomic theory
Atomic theoryjdrin001
 
Development of the atom
Development of the atomDevelopment of the atom
Development of the atomJerome Bigael
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Elements and Atoms
Elements and AtomsElements and Atoms
Elements and Atoms
 
Development of Periodic Table Timeline
Development of Periodic Table TimelineDevelopment of Periodic Table Timeline
Development of Periodic Table Timeline
 
Discuss element compound
Discuss element compoundDiscuss element compound
Discuss element compound
 
The Atom
 The Atom The Atom
The Atom
 
Electrons in Atoms
Electrons in AtomsElectrons in Atoms
Electrons in Atoms
 
Chem m16 stoichiometry
Chem m16 stoichiometryChem m16 stoichiometry
Chem m16 stoichiometry
 
Particle Nature of Matter
Particle Nature of MatterParticle Nature of Matter
Particle Nature of Matter
 
Discovery of Subatomic Particles of an Atom
Discovery of Subatomic Particles of an Atom Discovery of Subatomic Particles of an Atom
Discovery of Subatomic Particles of an Atom
 
The Periodic Table Presentation 1
The Periodic Table Presentation 1The Periodic Table Presentation 1
The Periodic Table Presentation 1
 
Introduction to chemistry
Introduction to chemistryIntroduction to chemistry
Introduction to chemistry
 
Periodic table timeline
Periodic table timeline Periodic table timeline
Periodic table timeline
 
the elements, origin of their names and their symbols
the elements, origin of their names and their symbolsthe elements, origin of their names and their symbols
the elements, origin of their names and their symbols
 
Electron,nutron,proton
Electron,nutron,protonElectron,nutron,proton
Electron,nutron,proton
 
Discovery of the structure of the Atom
Discovery of the structure of the AtomDiscovery of the structure of the Atom
Discovery of the structure of the Atom
 
Subatomic Particles
Subatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles
Subatomic Particles
 
The Properties of Matter (8th grade)
The Properties of Matter (8th grade)The Properties of Matter (8th grade)
The Properties of Matter (8th grade)
 
Ppt periodic trends
Ppt periodic trendsPpt periodic trends
Ppt periodic trends
 
Atomic Theories
Atomic TheoriesAtomic Theories
Atomic Theories
 
Atomic theory
Atomic theoryAtomic theory
Atomic theory
 
Development of the atom
Development of the atomDevelopment of the atom
Development of the atom
 

Andere mochten auch

Chem m17 reaction rates & equilibrium
Chem m17 reaction rates & equilibriumChem m17 reaction rates & equilibrium
Chem m17 reaction rates & equilibriumdionesioable
 
Module 1 geometry of shape and size
Module 1 geometry of shape and sizeModule 1 geometry of shape and size
Module 1 geometry of shape and sizedionesioable
 
Periodic+table+worksheet
Periodic+table+worksheetPeriodic+table+worksheet
Periodic+table+worksheetsbarkanic
 
Biology m3 movement of matls thru the cell membrane
Biology m3 movement of matls thru the cell membraneBiology m3 movement of matls thru the cell membrane
Biology m3 movement of matls thru the cell membranedionesioable
 
1 1a modyul final ok
1 1a modyul final ok1 1a modyul final ok
1 1a modyul final okdionesioable
 
Chem m15 changes that matter undergoes
Chem m15 changes that matter undergoesChem m15 changes that matter undergoes
Chem m15 changes that matter undergoesdionesioable
 
Chem m1 chemistry and you
Chem m1 chemistry and youChem m1 chemistry and you
Chem m1 chemistry and youdionesioable
 
Chem m4 mixed matter
Chem m4 mixed matterChem m4 mixed matter
Chem m4 mixed matterdionesioable
 
Chem m12 chemical nomenclature
Chem m12 chemical nomenclatureChem m12 chemical nomenclature
Chem m12 chemical nomenclaturedionesioable
 
1 1b modyul final ok
1 1b modyul final ok1 1b modyul final ok
1 1b modyul final okdionesioable
 
colligative Properties MANIK
colligative Properties MANIKcolligative Properties MANIK
colligative Properties MANIKImran Nur Manik
 
Results based performance management system (rpms) for dep ed
Results   based performance management system (rpms) for dep edResults   based performance management system (rpms) for dep ed
Results based performance management system (rpms) for dep eddionesioable
 
Chem m6 colligative properties of solution
Chem m6 colligative properties of solutionChem m6 colligative properties of solution
Chem m6 colligative properties of solutiondionesioable
 
Biology m13 human reproductive system
Biology m13 human reproductive systemBiology m13 human reproductive system
Biology m13 human reproductive systemdionesioable
 
Chem m2 laboratory apparatus, safety rules & symbols
Chem m2 laboratory apparatus, safety rules & symbolsChem m2 laboratory apparatus, safety rules & symbols
Chem m2 laboratory apparatus, safety rules & symbolsdionesioable
 
Module 14 thermodynamics
Module 14 thermodynamicsModule 14 thermodynamics
Module 14 thermodynamicsdionesioable
 
Qualitative analysis of salts lab manual MANIK
Qualitative analysis of salts  lab manual MANIKQualitative analysis of salts  lab manual MANIK
Qualitative analysis of salts lab manual MANIKImran Nur Manik
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Chem m17 reaction rates & equilibrium
Chem m17 reaction rates & equilibriumChem m17 reaction rates & equilibrium
Chem m17 reaction rates & equilibrium
 
Module 1 geometry of shape and size
Module 1 geometry of shape and sizeModule 1 geometry of shape and size
Module 1 geometry of shape and size
 
Periodic+table+worksheet
Periodic+table+worksheetPeriodic+table+worksheet
Periodic+table+worksheet
 
Module functions
Module   functionsModule   functions
Module functions
 
Biology m3 movement of matls thru the cell membrane
Biology m3 movement of matls thru the cell membraneBiology m3 movement of matls thru the cell membrane
Biology m3 movement of matls thru the cell membrane
 
Chem m5 colloids
Chem m5 colloidsChem m5 colloids
Chem m5 colloids
 
1 1a modyul final ok
1 1a modyul final ok1 1a modyul final ok
1 1a modyul final ok
 
Chem m15 changes that matter undergoes
Chem m15 changes that matter undergoesChem m15 changes that matter undergoes
Chem m15 changes that matter undergoes
 
Chem m1 chemistry and you
Chem m1 chemistry and youChem m1 chemistry and you
Chem m1 chemistry and you
 
Chem m4 mixed matter
Chem m4 mixed matterChem m4 mixed matter
Chem m4 mixed matter
 
Chem m12 chemical nomenclature
Chem m12 chemical nomenclatureChem m12 chemical nomenclature
Chem m12 chemical nomenclature
 
1 1b modyul final ok
1 1b modyul final ok1 1b modyul final ok
1 1b modyul final ok
 
colligative Properties MANIK
colligative Properties MANIKcolligative Properties MANIK
colligative Properties MANIK
 
Results based performance management system (rpms) for dep ed
Results   based performance management system (rpms) for dep edResults   based performance management system (rpms) for dep ed
Results based performance management system (rpms) for dep ed
 
Chem m6 colligative properties of solution
Chem m6 colligative properties of solutionChem m6 colligative properties of solution
Chem m6 colligative properties of solution
 
Biology m13 human reproductive system
Biology m13 human reproductive systemBiology m13 human reproductive system
Biology m13 human reproductive system
 
Chem m2 laboratory apparatus, safety rules & symbols
Chem m2 laboratory apparatus, safety rules & symbolsChem m2 laboratory apparatus, safety rules & symbols
Chem m2 laboratory apparatus, safety rules & symbols
 
Module 14 thermodynamics
Module 14 thermodynamicsModule 14 thermodynamics
Module 14 thermodynamics
 
Qualitative analysis of salts lab manual MANIK
Qualitative analysis of salts  lab manual MANIKQualitative analysis of salts  lab manual MANIK
Qualitative analysis of salts lab manual MANIK
 
Chem m9 gas laws
Chem m9 gas lawsChem m9 gas laws
Chem m9 gas laws
 

Ähnlich wie Chem m11 atoms in the periodic table

SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdfSCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdfNoelPiedad
 
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdfSCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdfNoelPiedad
 
Science_8_quarter3_module_4.pdf
Science_8_quarter3_module_4.pdfScience_8_quarter3_module_4.pdf
Science_8_quarter3_module_4.pdfNoelPiedad
 
Interactive textbook ch. 12 periodic table
Interactive textbook ch. 12 periodic tableInteractive textbook ch. 12 periodic table
Interactive textbook ch. 12 periodic tabletiffanysci
 
classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11 Study mater...
classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11 Study mater...classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11 Study mater...
classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11 Study mater...Vivekanand Anglo Vedic Academy
 
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS and QUANTUM MECHANICS lesson proper NO RECORDED AU...
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS and QUANTUM MECHANICS lesson proper NO RECORDED AU...PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS and QUANTUM MECHANICS lesson proper NO RECORDED AU...
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS and QUANTUM MECHANICS lesson proper NO RECORDED AU...wed_adams
 
Ch 5.1,5.2 organizing elements & the periodic table
Ch 5.1,5.2 organizing elements & the periodic tableCh 5.1,5.2 organizing elements & the periodic table
Ch 5.1,5.2 organizing elements & the periodic tableArt Pagar
 
Nt1310 Unit 1 Atomic Theory
Nt1310 Unit 1 Atomic TheoryNt1310 Unit 1 Atomic Theory
Nt1310 Unit 1 Atomic TheoryMichelle Madero
 
Class 10. Chapter 5. Periodic Classification of Elements
Class 10. Chapter 5. Periodic Classification of ElementsClass 10. Chapter 5. Periodic Classification of Elements
Class 10. Chapter 5. Periodic Classification of ElementsNitesh Kumar Gautam
 
Chemistry M1 The Periodic table
Chemistry M1 The Periodic tableChemistry M1 The Periodic table
Chemistry M1 The Periodic tableeLearningJa
 
Physical Science 5.1 : Arranging the Elements
Physical Science 5.1 : Arranging the ElementsPhysical Science 5.1 : Arranging the Elements
Physical Science 5.1 : Arranging the ElementsChris Foltz
 
Презентация по химии _Д.И.Менделеев и его великое открытие_ (на английском яз...
Презентация по химии _Д.И.Менделеев и его великое открытие_ (на английском яз...Презентация по химии _Д.И.Менделеев и его великое открытие_ (на английском яз...
Презентация по химии _Д.И.Менделеев и его великое открытие_ (на английском яз...ssuserc902fb
 
Chemical building blocks
Chemical building blocks Chemical building blocks
Chemical building blocks mrstrementozzi
 
Periodic classification of elements
Periodic classification of elementsPeriodic classification of elements
Periodic classification of elementsindianeducation
 

Ähnlich wie Chem m11 atoms in the periodic table (20)

SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdfSCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
 
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdfSCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
SCIENCE-8-WEEK-7-8-Q3-FINAL.pdf
 
Science_8_quarter3_module_4.pdf
Science_8_quarter3_module_4.pdfScience_8_quarter3_module_4.pdf
Science_8_quarter3_module_4.pdf
 
Interactive textbook ch. 12 periodic table
Interactive textbook ch. 12 periodic tableInteractive textbook ch. 12 periodic table
Interactive textbook ch. 12 periodic table
 
classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11 Study mater...
classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11 Study mater...classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11 Study mater...
classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11 Study mater...
 
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS and QUANTUM MECHANICS lesson proper NO RECORDED AU...
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS and QUANTUM MECHANICS lesson proper NO RECORDED AU...PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS and QUANTUM MECHANICS lesson proper NO RECORDED AU...
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS and QUANTUM MECHANICS lesson proper NO RECORDED AU...
 
Sci8-Q3-Module6.pptx
Sci8-Q3-Module6.pptxSci8-Q3-Module6.pptx
Sci8-Q3-Module6.pptx
 
Ch 5.1,5.2 organizing elements & the periodic table
Ch 5.1,5.2 organizing elements & the periodic tableCh 5.1,5.2 organizing elements & the periodic table
Ch 5.1,5.2 organizing elements & the periodic table
 
Nt1310 Unit 1 Atomic Theory
Nt1310 Unit 1 Atomic TheoryNt1310 Unit 1 Atomic Theory
Nt1310 Unit 1 Atomic Theory
 
Class 10. Chapter 5. Periodic Classification of Elements
Class 10. Chapter 5. Periodic Classification of ElementsClass 10. Chapter 5. Periodic Classification of Elements
Class 10. Chapter 5. Periodic Classification of Elements
 
Chemistry M1 The Periodic table
Chemistry M1 The Periodic tableChemistry M1 The Periodic table
Chemistry M1 The Periodic table
 
Chapter 4
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Chapter 4
 
Physical Science 5.1 : Arranging the Elements
Physical Science 5.1 : Arranging the ElementsPhysical Science 5.1 : Arranging the Elements
Physical Science 5.1 : Arranging the Elements
 
Ch1103
Ch1103Ch1103
Ch1103
 
CO1g8.ppt
CO1g8.pptCO1g8.ppt
CO1g8.ppt
 
periodic claassification.pdf
periodic claassification.pdfperiodic claassification.pdf
periodic claassification.pdf
 
Презентация по химии _Д.И.Менделеев и его великое открытие_ (на английском яз...
Презентация по химии _Д.И.Менделеев и его великое открытие_ (на английском яз...Презентация по химии _Д.И.Менделеев и его великое открытие_ (на английском яз...
Презентация по химии _Д.И.Менделеев и его великое открытие_ (на английском яз...
 
HOW ARE ELEMENTS ORGANIZED?
HOW ARE ELEMENTS ORGANIZED?HOW ARE ELEMENTS ORGANIZED?
HOW ARE ELEMENTS ORGANIZED?
 
Chemical building blocks
Chemical building blocks Chemical building blocks
Chemical building blocks
 
Periodic classification of elements
Periodic classification of elementsPeriodic classification of elements
Periodic classification of elements
 

Mehr von dionesioable

Modyul 01 hegrapiya ng daigdig
Modyul 01   hegrapiya ng daigdigModyul 01   hegrapiya ng daigdig
Modyul 01 hegrapiya ng daigdigdionesioable
 
Innovation presentation
Innovation presentationInnovation presentation
Innovation presentationdionesioable
 
Unit 1, mod 3 Sulyap ng Buhay Panlipunan sa Sinaunang Panahon
Unit 1, mod 3 Sulyap ng Buhay Panlipunan sa Sinaunang PanahonUnit 1, mod 3 Sulyap ng Buhay Panlipunan sa Sinaunang Panahon
Unit 1, mod 3 Sulyap ng Buhay Panlipunan sa Sinaunang Panahondionesioable
 
Unit 1, mod 4 Pagtatag ng kolonyang Espanyol at mga patakarang kolonyal
Unit 1, mod 4 Pagtatag ng kolonyang Espanyol at mga patakarang kolonyalUnit 1, mod 4 Pagtatag ng kolonyang Espanyol at mga patakarang kolonyal
Unit 1, mod 4 Pagtatag ng kolonyang Espanyol at mga patakarang kolonyaldionesioable
 
Unit 1, mod 2 Ang bangang Manunggul at mga sinaunang paniniwala
Unit 1, mod 2 Ang bangang Manunggul at mga sinaunang paniniwalaUnit 1, mod 2 Ang bangang Manunggul at mga sinaunang paniniwala
Unit 1, mod 2 Ang bangang Manunggul at mga sinaunang paniniwaladionesioable
 
1 1c modyul final ok
1 1c modyul final ok1 1c modyul final ok
1 1c modyul final okdionesioable
 
Deped Sch calendar 2014 -15
Deped Sch calendar 2014 -15Deped Sch calendar 2014 -15
Deped Sch calendar 2014 -15dionesioable
 
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systemsBiology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systemsdionesioable
 
Biology m6 the levels of biological organization
Biology m6 the levels of biological organizationBiology m6 the levels of biological organization
Biology m6 the levels of biological organizationdionesioable
 
Biology m1 nature of biology
Biology m1 nature of biologyBiology m1 nature of biology
Biology m1 nature of biologydionesioable
 
Biology m18 animals with backbones
Biology m18 animals with backbonesBiology m18 animals with backbones
Biology m18 animals with backbonesdionesioable
 
Biology m16 diversity of plants
Biology m16 diversity of plantsBiology m16 diversity of plants
Biology m16 diversity of plantsdionesioable
 
Biology m1 nature of biology
Biology m1 nature of biologyBiology m1 nature of biology
Biology m1 nature of biologydionesioable
 
Biology m18 animals with backbones
Biology m18 animals with backbonesBiology m18 animals with backbones
Biology m18 animals with backbonesdionesioable
 
Biology m16 diversity of plants
Biology m16 diversity of plantsBiology m16 diversity of plants
Biology m16 diversity of plantsdionesioable
 
Biology m13 human reproductive system
Biology m13 human reproductive systemBiology m13 human reproductive system
Biology m13 human reproductive systemdionesioable
 
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systemsBiology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systemsdionesioable
 
Biology m6 the levels of biological organization
Biology m6 the levels of biological organizationBiology m6 the levels of biological organization
Biology m6 the levels of biological organizationdionesioable
 

Mehr von dionesioable (20)

Squad drill
Squad drillSquad drill
Squad drill
 
Dril
DrilDril
Dril
 
Modyul 01 hegrapiya ng daigdig
Modyul 01   hegrapiya ng daigdigModyul 01   hegrapiya ng daigdig
Modyul 01 hegrapiya ng daigdig
 
Innovation presentation
Innovation presentationInnovation presentation
Innovation presentation
 
Unit 1, mod 3 Sulyap ng Buhay Panlipunan sa Sinaunang Panahon
Unit 1, mod 3 Sulyap ng Buhay Panlipunan sa Sinaunang PanahonUnit 1, mod 3 Sulyap ng Buhay Panlipunan sa Sinaunang Panahon
Unit 1, mod 3 Sulyap ng Buhay Panlipunan sa Sinaunang Panahon
 
Unit 1, mod 4 Pagtatag ng kolonyang Espanyol at mga patakarang kolonyal
Unit 1, mod 4 Pagtatag ng kolonyang Espanyol at mga patakarang kolonyalUnit 1, mod 4 Pagtatag ng kolonyang Espanyol at mga patakarang kolonyal
Unit 1, mod 4 Pagtatag ng kolonyang Espanyol at mga patakarang kolonyal
 
Unit 1, mod 2 Ang bangang Manunggul at mga sinaunang paniniwala
Unit 1, mod 2 Ang bangang Manunggul at mga sinaunang paniniwalaUnit 1, mod 2 Ang bangang Manunggul at mga sinaunang paniniwala
Unit 1, mod 2 Ang bangang Manunggul at mga sinaunang paniniwala
 
1 1c modyul final ok
1 1c modyul final ok1 1c modyul final ok
1 1c modyul final ok
 
Deped Sch calendar 2014 -15
Deped Sch calendar 2014 -15Deped Sch calendar 2014 -15
Deped Sch calendar 2014 -15
 
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systemsBiology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
 
Biology m6 the levels of biological organization
Biology m6 the levels of biological organizationBiology m6 the levels of biological organization
Biology m6 the levels of biological organization
 
Biology m1 nature of biology
Biology m1 nature of biologyBiology m1 nature of biology
Biology m1 nature of biology
 
Biology m18 animals with backbones
Biology m18 animals with backbonesBiology m18 animals with backbones
Biology m18 animals with backbones
 
Biology m16 diversity of plants
Biology m16 diversity of plantsBiology m16 diversity of plants
Biology m16 diversity of plants
 
Biology m1 nature of biology
Biology m1 nature of biologyBiology m1 nature of biology
Biology m1 nature of biology
 
Biology m18 animals with backbones
Biology m18 animals with backbonesBiology m18 animals with backbones
Biology m18 animals with backbones
 
Biology m16 diversity of plants
Biology m16 diversity of plantsBiology m16 diversity of plants
Biology m16 diversity of plants
 
Biology m13 human reproductive system
Biology m13 human reproductive systemBiology m13 human reproductive system
Biology m13 human reproductive system
 
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systemsBiology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
Biology m8 integumentary & excretory systems
 
Biology m6 the levels of biological organization
Biology m6 the levels of biological organizationBiology m6 the levels of biological organization
Biology m6 the levels of biological organization
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioChristian Posta
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAshyamraj55
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfIaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfDaniel Santiago Silva Capera
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxMatsuo Lab
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6DianaGray10
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarPrecisely
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesMd Hossain Ali
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
 
20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfIaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 

Chem m11 atoms in the periodic table

  • 1. (Effective Alternative Secondary Education) CHEMISTRY MODULE 11 Atoms in the Periodic Table BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Department of Education DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue Pasig City
  • 2. - 2 - Module 11 Atoms in the Periodic Table What this module is about In chemistry, the generalization that there is a recurring pattern in the properties of the elements is explained through an organized table called the PERIODIC TABLE. DMITRI MENDELEEV organized the order of elements in the periodic table according to their atomic numbers. Later, great progress was made in explaining the periodic law in terms of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules. As you study the features of the periodic table, the simplest question you must ask is “How are elements arranged?” Studying the chemistry of every element in the periodic table is not a simple thing to do. By reading this module it would be a lot easier to understand how the elements are arranged. This module will help you fully understand the similarities and differences among atoms and why elements are grouped together in a table. This module also includes the historical background on how the Periodic Table was formed. You will study the following lessons in this module: Lesson 1 – The Periodic Table and the Symbols of Elements Lesson 2 – Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table Lesson 3 – The Electron Configuration and Order of Elements Lesson 4 – Importance of Some Elements in Industry What you are expected to learn After going through the module, you are expected to: 1. name the elements given the chemical symbol; 2. state the basis of the arrangement of elements in the periodic table ; 3. use the periodic table to predict the properties of elements; and 4. be familiar with the properties of some elements and their uses in industry.
  • 3. - 3 - How to learn from this module Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module: 1. Read and follow the instructions carefully. 2. Answer the pre-test in order to determine how much you know about the lessons in this module. 3. Check your answers with the given answer key at the end of this module. 4. Read each lesson and do the activities that are provided for you. 5. Perform all the activities diligently to help and guide you in understanding the topic. 6. Take the self-tests after each lesson to determine how much you understood the topic. 7. Answer the posttest to measure how much you have gained from the lessons. Good luck and have fun! What to do before (Pretest) I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Among the scientists who were responsible for the development of the periodic table are: I. Dmitri Mendeleev II. Johann Dobereiner and III. John Newlands. Arrange their names in order of the history of the development of the periodic table. a. I , II, III c. III, I, II b. II, III, I d. III, II, I 2. Who was the scientist who arranged the elements according to groups of three? a. John Dalton c. Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev b. Johann Wolfgang Dobereneir d. John Alexander Newlands 3. All the elements belonging to Group II A have ___ electron(s) in its outermost shell. a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 4. The number of protons in an atom represents the a. ionization energy c. atomic number b. electronegativity d. atomic mass
  • 4. - 4 - 5. Which of the following is an alkali metal? a. Ba c. Li b. Pb d. Fe 6. Which of the following decreases across a period on the periodic table? a. atomic radius c. electron affinity b. ionization energy d. electronegativity 7. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. Atoms become smaller as one moves down a group. b. Atoms become smaller as one moves to the right across a period. c. Atoms become larger when electrons are removed. d. The size of an atom is not a factor in arranging the elements in the periodic table. 8. Who was the scientist who arranged the elements in horizontal rows according to increasing atomic masses? a. John Dalton c. Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev b. Johann Wolfgang Dobereneir d. John Alexander Newlands 9. Which orbital is being filled in the lanthanide series of elements? a. 4f c. 5f b. 4d d. 5d 10.Which of the following sets is a set of all metals? a. S, Li, C c. K, Li, Na b. He, Be, Ne d. Ca, Cr, Co 11.Each vertical column of the periodic table is called a. a period c. a group b. a row d. none of these 12. What family of elements includes helium and neon? a. noble gases c. halogens b. alkali metals d. none of these 13. What family of elements includes fluorine and chlorine? a. noble gases c. halogens b. alkali metals d. none of these 14. How many electrons are there in an atom of an element in Period 4 group VII A? a. four c. six b. five d. seven 15. Which element reacts by gaining an electron? a. He c. F b. Be d. Na
  • 5. - 5 - II. Fill in the blank with the correct word(s). 1. The first scientist to arrange the elements in the periodic table by groups of eight (8) was ___________________. 2. The number of electrons distributed in each energy level of an atom is indicated by the _____________________________. 3. Elements having some metallic and nonmetallic properties are called ____________________. 4. Elements belonging to Family VIII A are called ____________________. 5. In an electron configuration, the number 3 in 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 represents the _________ in the periodic table. Lesson 1. The Periodic Table and the Symbols of Elements This lesson will show you how to read symbols of elements in the periodic table. It will also focus on the historical background of the development of the periodic table. What you will do Activity 1.1 Read the history of the development of the periodic table and answer the questions after the selection. A. History of the Periodic Table The early years of the 19th century witnessed a rapid development in chemistry. The art of distinguishing similarities and differences among atoms prompted scientists to devise a way of arranging the elements. Relationships were discerned more readily among the compounds than among the elements; thus, the classification of elements lagged many years behind the classification of compounds. In fact, no general agreement had been reached among chemists as to the classification of elements for nearly half a century after the systems of classification of compounds had been established. It was in 1817 when Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner showed that the atomic weight of strontium lies midway between those of calcium and barium. Some years later he showed that other such “triads” exist (chlorine, bromine, and iodine [halogens] and lithium, sodium, and potassium [alkali metals]). He also showed that similar relationships extended further than the triads of elements, fluorine being added to the halogens, and magnesium to the Key to answers on page 27.
  • 6. - 6 - alkaline-earth metals. Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium were classed as one family, and nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth as another family of elements. Attempts were later made to show that the atomic weights of the elements could be expressed by an arithmetic function. In 1863, A.E.B, De Chancourtois proposed a classification of the elements based on the new values of atomic weights given by Stanislao Cannizzaro's system of 1858. De Chancourtois plotted the atomic weights on the surface of a cylinder with a circumference of 16 units, corresponding to the approximate atomic weight of oxygen. The resulting helical curve brought closely related elements onto corresponding points above or below one another on the cylinder, and he suggested in consequence that “the properties of the elements are the properties of numbers,” a remarkable prediction in the light of modern knowledge. Another way of classifying the elements was later proposed by John Alexander Reina Newlands in 1864. He proposed that elements be classified in the order of increasing atomic weights, the elements being assigned ordinal numbers from one upward and divided into seven groups, with each group having properties closely related to the first seven of the elements then known: hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. This relationship was termed the law of octaves, by analogy with the seven intervals of the musical scale. As a result of an extensive correlation of the properties and the atomic weights of the elements in 1869, Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev proposed the periodic law, which states that “the elements arranged according to the magnitude of atomic masses show a periodic change of properties.” Lothar Meyer had independently reached a similar conclusion, published after the appearance of Mendeleev's paper. He wrote down the properties and atomic weights of the elements on cards. There were only 63 elements known at the time. He arranged and rearranged the cards in columns. Eventually he realized that there was a repeating (or periodic) relationship between the properties of the elements and their atomic weights. When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weights the properties of the elements were repeated very often. He understood the importance of this discovery. What you will do Selt-Test 1.1 Fill in the blanks with the word / words that best complete(s) the statements below: 1. The first scientist who arranged the elements into group of threes with the same properties was ___________. 2. The arrangement of grouping elements by three’s is called ______________. 3. Elements were also grouped by eight. This was devised by __________________.
  • 7. - 7 - 4. Arranging the elements into groups of eight was termed as the Law of _____________. 5. The modern periodic table was devised by ___________. What you will do Activity 1.2 Below is Mendeleev’s version of the periodic table: The rows 1 to 7 are called periods. The columns I A on the left to 0 on the right are known as groups. Elements with similar properties fall into vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods), which form the table. Elements within the groups have similar valences. Mendeleev left spaces in his table for elements not yet discovered. He also predicted what properties these undiscovered elements would have. Between 1875 and 1886, the elements gallium, scandium and germanium were discovered. They all fitted into the positions predicted by Mendeleev. As a result, the periodic law gained universal acceptance. The elements in the same row have something in common. All of the elements in a period have the same number of electron shells. Both elements in the top row (the first period) have one shell for their electrons. All elements in the second period have two electron shells. The number of shells increases as you go down the table. The columns in the table are called Groups. The elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. So, all elements in Group I have one electron in their outer shells. The elements in Group II have two electrons in the outer shell. Key to answers on page 27.
  • 8. - 8 - Figure 1. Mendeleev’s Version of the Periodic Table Based from the periodic table of Mendeleev, below is the modern version: Atomic mass
  • 9. - 9 - Study the terms below for you to be familiar with the modern periodic table: periodic table - The periodic table is a chart of all the known elements in order of increasing atomic number. The table puts elements into groups with similar characteristics, allowing us to recognize trends over the whole array of elements. atom - An atom is the smallest unit of a substance that still has all the properties of that substance. In most cases, an atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are found in the center of the atom, called the atomic nucleus, and the electrons orbit or circle around the center of the nucleus in paths called orbitals. atomic number - The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of protons that the atom contains. Atoms can have differing numbers of neutrons and electrons while still retaining the original characteristic properties of that atom. However, if an atom gains or loses a proton, in essence, it changes its atomic number and becomes an entirely new atom with new characteristics. atomic weight/mass - The atomic weight of an atom is a measure of how much mass an atom has. The atomic weight is calculated by adding the number of protons and neutrons together. Atomic masses are not listed as whole numbers on the periodic table because atoms can come in forms with different amounts of neutrons. The atomic weight reported for any particular element is an average weight of all the known forms of that element. The Elements in the Periodic Table A. How are elements named? Chemists have developed a unique system of symbols and notation designed to simplify the writing of chemical symbols, formula, and reactions. This system also shows the mathematical relations of atoms and reacting chemicals, the way atoms are put together to form complex molecules, and the type of chemical bond between atoms. The early alchemists used various symbols to represent the 92 natural elements they used, a custom that was continued into the 19th century. Jacob Berzelius of Sweden was the first to use letters to represent the elements. In most cases he was able to use the first letter of the name of the element as its symbol; O stood for oxygen, C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and so on. Two letters are used to distinguish between elements that have the same initial letter, e.g. N for nitrogen, Ne for neon, and Ni for nickel. Sometimes the symbol is derived from the Latin name of the element, e.g. gold (aurum) is Au, iron (ferrum) is Fe, and lead (plumbum) is Pb. Whenever two letters are used for an element, the first letter is capitalized but the second is not. Thus the element cobalt, Co, is distinguished from the compound carbon monoxide, CO.
  • 10. - 10 - Because of continued search for synthetic elements, aside from the 92 naturally - occurring elements there are man-made elements which were named by scientists as follows. Element Familiar Place or Name Symbol of Element Californium California Cf Einsteinium Albert Einstein Es Nobelium Alfred Nobel (Nobel Prize) No Neptunium Neptune Ne Plutonium Pluto Pu Americium America Am Berkelium Berkeley, California Bk Curium Marie and Pierre Curie Cu Francium France Fr Scandium Scandinavia Sc Polonium Poland Po Tungsten Wolfrom (Peter Woulf) W These elements are organized using the periodic table. (Please refer to the modern version of the periodic table in inset.) A periodic table is a classification and tabulation of the elements in the order of their atomic numbers and atomic masses that show the elements' chemical and physical properties. B. How are elements grouped? Take note of the color-coding in the periodic table. Elements are grouped according to metals, nonmetals and metalloids. Metals are solid, malleable, ductile and good conductors of heat. They also possess luster. The only liquid metal is mercury, (Hg). Nonmetals can be solids, liquids or gases. The only liquid nonmetal is bromine, (Br). In between metals and nonmetals that lie along either side of the zigzag line of the periodic table are the metalloids. Some of these elements like boron (B) and silicon (Si) are used as semiconductors. C. How are elements classified? Elements are classified based on their positions or locations in the periodic table. Group I A - The Alkali Metals Group 1 elements are soft silvery metals. They react strongly with water. The further down the group you go, the more violent this reaction is. These alkali metals are usually stored under oil to protect them from moisture and oxygen. They all have one electron in their outer shells. In a chemical reaction an alkali metal atom loses this single electron. It achieves the stable electron structure of the noble gases.
  • 11. - 11 - Group II A – The Alkaline Earth Metals This group consists of all metals that occur naturally in compound form. They are obtained from mineral ores and form alkaline solutions. These are less reactive than alkali metals. Group III A – The Aluminum Group The elements in this group are fairly reactive. The group is composed of four metals and one metalloid which is boron. Group IV A – The Carbon Group This group is composed of elements having varied properties because their metallic property increases from top to bottom meaning the top line, which is carbon, is a nonmetal while silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. Group V A – The Nitrogen Group Like the elements in group IV A, this group also consists of metals, nonmetal and metalloids. Group VI A – The Oxygen Group This group is called the oxygen group since oxygen is the top line element. It is composed of three nonmetals, namely, oxygen, sulfur and selenium, one metalloid, (tellurium) and one metal (polonium) Group VII A – The Halogens This group is composed of entirely nonmetals. The term “halogens” comes from the Greek word hals which means salt and genes which means forming. Halogens group are called “salt formers”. Group VIII A – The Noble Gases This group is composed of stable gases otherwise known as the non-reactive or inert elements. The transition elements The elements in the middle of the table are called transition elements. They are all metals and so they are also called transition metals. The system of grouping elements over A and B groups was devised by the International Union of Applied and Pure Chemistry (IUPAC) to eliminate confusion.
  • 12. - 12 - Lesson 2. Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table This lesson will focus on the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table based on their properties. What you will do Activity 2.1 Read the comic strips below. You will need your own periodic table for this activity: How are elements arranged in the periodic table? Elements are arranged from the lightest to heaviest.…. ….. and elements in the same column have matching properties. Why is it so? Take note of the properties as you go to the right and as you go down. The properties of elements in the group appear to be periodic.
  • 13. - 13 - Ah, OK! I don't mean to pick on you. What you said was actually a very important insight. The periodic table is full of repeating patterns. Take atomic size, for instance: atoms get bigger as you move down a column, and smaller as you move to the right across a row, or period. Study the table below. What does it show? Compare it to your own periodic table.
  • 14. - 14 - That's so weird! I thought atoms got bigger as they got heavier; why do they get smaller as you move to the right? Now, I know. The atomic size becomes smaller as I go from left to right, and becomes bigger as I go from top to bottom. OK! What about its atomic structure? That’s another thing. We’ll talk about that when we go to the next lesson. For the mean time, let’s summarize what you’ve learned in this lesson. Two distinct trends are noticeable in the atomic size or atomic radius of the periodic table: 1. Atoms get larger going down a group (vertical arrangement or column); and 2. Atoms get smaller moving from left to right across each period (horizontal arrangement of elements).
  • 16. - 16 - What about ionization energy? electronegativity? electron affinity? OK, that’s a nice question! First, I would like you to know the meaning of these terms. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove the outer electron from an isolated atom. Electron affinity is the energy released when a neutral atom gains an extra electron to form a negatively- charged ion. Electronegativity is the electron attracting ability of an atom. Examine your periodic table. It will tell you that the ionization energy for that element is quite small. It wouldn't take much to send that one solitary electron sailing off into dizzying freedom--and that sort of thing, electrons leaving their home atoms, leads directly to chemical reactions. What does it tell you? The atomic radius is affected by the ionization energy, electronegativity and electron affinity. As you go across from left to right, ionization energy, electronegativity and electron affinity increase, thus the atomic radius decreases. From top to bottom, ionization energy, electronegativity and electron affinity decreases, thus the atomic radius increases.
  • 17. - 17 - What you will do Self-Test 2.1 1. Arrange the following elements according to decreasing atomic radius: a. As, P, Sb, N c. As, N, P, Sb b. Sb, As, P, N d. N, P, As, Sb 2. Which of the following decreases as you go from left to right? a. atomic radius c. electron affinity b. ionization energy d. electronegativity 3. Which of the following groups is a set of metals? a. Group VII A c. Group II A b. Group IV A d. Transition elements 4. Electron affinities of elements generally become smaller as we move from: a. top to bottom c. left to right b. bottom to top d. diagonally 5. The ability of an element to attract an electron from another atom is called: a. electronegativity c. ionization energy b. electron affinity d. metallic property Lesson 3. Electron Configuration and Order of Elements The electrons in the highest energy level of an atom are called valence electrons. This lesson will discuss how these electrons are distributed around their orbital. Key to answers on page 27.
  • 19. - 19 - What you will do Activity 3.1 Read this comic strip and find out more about the arrangement of elements in the periodic table. "Electron configuration"? I'm not sure if I understand what that means. How do I go about it? Does it have something to do with the "s p d f" ? After Mendeleev's time, scientists discovered what you already know: an atom consists of a positively charged nucleus, made of neutrons and protons, and electrons moving around it. This is shown by electron configuration.
  • 20. - 20 - But, how will I do it? Can you give me a pattern to make it easier and faster? Yes; Electron configuration shows how the electrons are arranged in the selected element. I'd be happy to explain how the electrons organize themselves. OK, examine the chart below. s s s s p p p p p p s s p p p p p p s s d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p s s d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p s s d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p s s f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f It says that groups IA and IIA belong to the s block; groups IIIA to VIIIA belong to the p block; the transition metals to the d block and the lanthanides and actinides to the f block. s – sharp 2 electrons to fill p – principal 6 electrons to fill d – diffuse 10 electrons to fill f – fundamental 14 electrons to fill In determining the total number of electrons in an energy level use the formula number of electrons = 2n2 where n is the number of energy level; so for the first energy level there are 2 ; 2nd = 8 = (2+6); 3rd = 18 = (2 + 6 = 10); 4th = 32 = (2 + 6 + 10 + 14)
  • 21. - 21 - Very easy! Just follow the arrows. The s, p, d and f are called sublevels; they are smaller "subdivisions" of energy within the primary levels. You refer to different energy levels using a number for the primary level plus a letter for the sublevel; for example, you might speak of an electron in a "3p" state or orbital. Each primary level has one more sublevel than the one below: the first primary level has only s orbitals, the second has s and p, the third s, p, and d, and so forth.
  • 23. - 23 - Below are samples of electron configuration of some elements: Elements Atomic Number Electron Configuration Period Group Hydrogen, H 1 1s1 1 I A Lithium, Li 3 1s2 2s1 2 I A Berylium, Be 4 1s2 2s2 2 II A Carbon, C 6 1s2 2s2 2p2 2 IV A Nitrogen, N 7 1s2 2s2 2p3 2 V A Aluminum, Al 13 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 3 III A Sulfur, S 16 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 3 VI A Potassium, K 19 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 4 I A Bromine, Br 35 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 4 VII A Dysprosium, Dy 66 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f10 6 II B Analysis of the Table: Take note of the coefficient of the last energy level. Notice also the exponent or the number on the superscript of the letter of the last energy level. The coefficient represents the series or the period of the element and the superscript or the exponent represents the number of electrons in the outermost energy level or simply the valence electrons. It is also the Family or the Group Number of the element. What you will do Self-Test 3.1 Fill up the columns: 1. Write the electron configuration. 2. Identify the period and group number without looking at your periodic table.
  • 24. - 24 - Elements Atomic Number Electron Configuration Period Group Magnesium 12 Chromium 24 Silicon 14 Galium 31 Krypton 36 Rubidium 37 Silver 47 Antimony 51 Iodine 53 Barium 56 Lesson 4. Importance of Some Elements in the Human Body This lesson tackles the different uses of elements in the periodic table. Some of these elements are essential to our lives, in industry and in modern technologies. Group I A – The Alkali Metals Group 1A elements are soft silvery metals. They are highly reactive with water and melt at low temperature. Because of their reactivity, they are never found free in nature. Compounds of these elements like sodium chloride or table salt is a fundamental part of the diet; potassium compounds are important nutrients for plants. Potassium nitrate, KNO3, commonly known as salitre, is used in making tocino. Group II A – The Alkaline Earth Metals This group consists of all metals that occur naturally in compound form. They are obtained from mineral ores and form alkaline solutions. These are less reactive than alkali metals. Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust. Calcium is one of the important elements in teeth and bones. Radium, the heaviest alkaline metal, is used for cancer treatment. Group III A – The Aluminum Group The elements in this group are fairly reactive. The group is composed of four metals and one metalloid, which is boron. Aluminum is a metal abundantly found in the earth’s crust. It is used as a raw material for kitchenware due to its low density Key to answers on page 28.
  • 25. - 25 - property. Others, such as gallium is used as semiconducting material in the form of gallium arsenide. Group IV A – The Carbon Group This group is composed of elements having varied properties because their metallic property increases from top to bottom meaning the top line which is carbon, is a non- metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids while tin and lead are metals. Carbon is the major constituent of most chemical compounds. Tin alloys are used in making weapons, cutting utensils and for canning of foods. Lead is an additive for paint and for plumbing purposes. Group V A – The Nitrogen Group Like the elements in group IV A, this group also consists of metals, a nonmetal and metalloids. Nitrogen gas makes up three-fourths of the earth’s atmosphere. This gas is useful in preparing ammonia and fertilizers. Group VI A – The Oxygen Group The elements in this group like the sulfur and selenium are essential components in the human diet. Group VII A – The Halogens Fluorine is a major component of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are used as aerosols and refrigerants. Chlorine is used as bleaching agent. Bromine, known to us as the only liquid metal, is used in the manufacture of photographic films and dyes, while an isotope of iodine, iodine 131, is used in thyroid gland treatment. Iodine is also used in the preparation of iodized salt that refreshes and prevents memory gap. Group VIII A – The Noble Gases The element helium is used for balloon inflating since it is very light. Argon and neon are used as advertising lights. The transition elements These elements are lanthanides compounds that are used as “green TV” or colored picture tube. Uranium isotopes are used as fuel for nuclear reactors. Americium is used as “smoke detector’.
  • 26. - 26 - What you will do Self-Test 4.1 Match Column A with Column B. ELEMENT USE(S) 1. americium a. used as constituent of “green TV” 2. iodine 131 b. heaviest metal used for cancer treatment 3. potassium compound c. ¾ of the earth’s atmosphere 4. calcium compound d. used in aerosols 5. nitrogen e. raw material for kitchen wares 6. magnesium f. an element from group IIA found in the earth’s crust 7. neon g. advertising lights 8. lanthanide metals h. used as preservative 9. aluminum i. used as smoke detector 10.radium j. used for thyroid gland treatment Let’s Summarize A. Development of the Periodic Table 1. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner classified elements in sets of three. He called it the “law of triads” 2. John Alexander Reina Newlands arranged the elements according to increasing atomic mass and suggested that every eighth element has similar properties. He called his law the “law of octaves”. 3. Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev devised the first periodic table, which he used to predict three new elements. He proposed the ”periodic law” which states that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their properties show periodic pattern. B. The Periodic Table and the Elements 1. The periodic table is composed of 7 rows or periods and 18 major groups or columns. Elements in a group have similar properties particularly those elements in four of the groups: Group IA – The alkali metals; Group II A - the alkaline earth metals; Group VII A – the halogens and Group VIII A – the noble gases. Key to answers on page 28.
  • 27. - 27 - 2. The elements are given symbols devised by John Jacob Berzelius. An element is named after its discoverer, place of discovery, first letter of the name of the element, first and the second letter for those having the same first letter and some are after their Latin names. The elements are grouped into Group A and B Group by the INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY (IUPAC). 3. Elements in the periodic table are also grouped according to metals, non-metals and metalloids. Metals are lustrous, malleable and ductile. They are good conductors of heat. Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table. Nonmetals have a diverse set of properties. They are found on the upper right side of the periodic table. Metalloids or semimetals possess the properties of both the metals and the non-metals. C. Periodic Trends 1. A periodic trend is a property that changes as you move across a period or down a group of the periodic table. 1. Atomic radius increases as you move down a group and decreases as you move across. 2. Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron to form a positive ion.
  • 28. - 28 - 3. Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when an atom gains an electron to form a negative ion. 4. An element’s electronegativity reflects its attraction for electrons in a chemical bond. D. Electron Configuration and Order Among Elements 1. The distribution of electrons among the orbitals of an atom is its electron configuration. 2. 3. The s, p, d, and f are called sublevels; they are smaller "subdivisions" of energy within the primary levels. You refer to different energy levels using a number for the primary level plus a letter for the sublevel; for example, you might speak of an electron in a "3p" state or orbital. Each primary level has one more sublevel than the one below: the first primary level has only s orbitals, the second has s and p, the third s, p, and d, and so forth. s – sharp 2 electrons to fill p – principal 6 electrons to fill d – diffuse 10 electrons to fill f – fundamental 14 electrons to fill Total number of electrons in an energy level can be found by the formula number of electrons = 2n2 Where n is the number of energy level; 1st energy level there are 2 ; 2nd = 8 = (2+6) 3rd = 18 = (2 + 6 = 10); 4th = 32 = (2 + 6 + 10 + 14)
  • 29. - 29 - Posttest I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. The lowest sublevel in each principal energy level is the a. s b. p c. d d. f 2. Which among the elements is an alkali metal? a. boron c. sodium b. magnesium d. oxygen 3. Elements in the 4f series are called: a. alkali metals c. actinides b. alkaline earth metals d. lanthanides 4. What is the most abundant element in the universe? a. oxygen c. silicon b. carbon d. aluminum 5. Which transition metal is the best conductor of electricity? a. copper c. chromium b. silver d. iron 6. Which of these metals are soft enough to be cut by a knife? a. alkaline metals c. transition metals b. alkali metal d. all of these 7. Among the groups in the periodic table, which set of elements are the least reactive? a. Lanthanides c. Halogens b. actinides d. Inert gases 8. The scientist who grouped the elements into sets of three is a. Mendeleev c. Dobereiner b. Newlands d. Moseley 9. As you move from left to right of the periodic table, the elements
  • 30. - 30 - a. increase in atomic radius c. decrease in electron affinity b. increase ionization energy d. have no periodic trends 10.The energy change when an electron is added is called: a. ionization energy c. electron affinity b. electronegativity d. reactivity
  • 31. - 31 - 11.How many elements are in the second period of the periodic table? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 12.How many electrons do the elements belonging to Group IIIA have in their outermost shell? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 13.Which orbital is being filled in the actinides series of elements? a. 4f b. 4d c. 5f d. 5d 14.Who stated the “law of Octaves’? a. Johann Wolfgang Dobereneir c. John Alexander Newlands b. Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev d. John Dalton 15.In electron configuration, what does the number before the sub-energy level represent? a. Period c. total number of electrons b. Group d. number of outermost electrons II. Matching Type: Match Column A with Column B COLUMN A COLUMN B 1. halogens group a. electron configuration 2. noble gases b. B Group 3. alkali metals c. Group I – A 4. carbon group d. Group II – A 5. alkaline earth metals e. Group III – A 6. transition metals f. Group IV A 7. aluminum group g. Group V A 8. oxygen group h. Group VI A 9. Nitrogen group i. Group VII A 10.electron distribution j. Group VIII A III. Complete the Table below. (Don’t look at your periodic table) Elements Atomic Number Electron Configuration Period Group 1. Sodium, Na 11 2. Titanium, Ti 22 3. Phosphorus,P 15 4. Fluorine, F 9 5. Chlorine, Cl 17 Key to answers on page 28.
  • 32. - 32 - Key to Answers Pretest I. Multiple Choice 1. b 6. a 11. c 2. a 7. a 12. a 3. b 8. b 13. c 4. c 9. c 14. d 5. c 10. c 15. d II. Fill in the Blanks 1. John Newlands 2. electron configuration 3. metalloids 4. inert gases or noble elements 5. series or period number Lesson 1 Self-Test 1.1 1. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner 2. Triads 3. Alexander Reina Newlands 4. Octaves 5. Dmitri Mendeleev Lesson 2 Self-Test 2.1 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. a
  • 33. - 33 - Lesson 3 Self-Test 3.1 Elements Atomic Number Electron Configuration Period Group Magnesium 12 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3 II A Chromium 24 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4 4 VI B Silicon 14 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 3 IV A Galium 31 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1 4 V A Krypton 36 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4 VIII A Rubidium 37 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 1 I A Silver 47 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10 5 I B Antimony 51 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p3 5 V A Iodine 53 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10 5p1 5 VII A Barium 56 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10 5p6 6s2 6 II A Lesson 4 Self-Test 4.1 ELEMENT USE(S) 1. americium i. used as smoke detector 2. iodine 131 j. used for thyroid gland treatment 3. potassium compound h. used as preservative 4. calcium compound d. used in gypsum making 5. nitrogen c. ¾ of the earth’s atmosphere 6. magnesium f. an element from group IIA found in the earth’s crust 7. neon g. advertising lights 8. lanthanide metals a. used as constituent of “green TV” 9. aluminum e. raw material for kitchen wares 10. radium b. heaviest metal used for cancer treatment Posttest I. Multiple Choice 1. a 6. a 11. d 2. b 7. d 12. c 3. d 8. c 13. c 4. d 9. b 14. c 5. b 10. b 15. a
  • 34. - 34 - II. Matching Type COLUMN A COLUMN B 1. halogens group i. Group VII A 2. noble gases j. Group VIII A 3. alkali metals c. Group I – A 4. carbon group f. Group IV A 5. alkaline earth metals d. Group II – A 6. transition metals b. B Group 7. aluminum group e. Group III – A 8. oxygen group h. Group VI A 9. nitrogen group g. Group V A 10.electron distribution a. electron configuration III. Complete the Table below: Elements Atomic Number Electron Configuration Period Group 1. Sodium, Na 11 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3 I A 2. Titanium, Ti 22 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2 4 IV B 3. Phosphorus,P 15 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 3 V A 4. Fluorine, F 9 1s2 2s2 2p5 2 VII A 5. Chlorine, Cl 17 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 3 VII A References Hagad, R.H. (2003). Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: ALCO Printers. Lemay, E.H & Beall, H. (2002). Chemistry in the changing world. USA: Prentice Hall. Mendoza, E. & Religioso, T. (2001). Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: SIBS Publishing. Nueva España, R.C. & Apostol, J. (2004). Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: Abiva Publishing. Oxtoby, D.W. & Freeman, W.A. (1998). Chemistry: The science of change. CA: Saunders College Publishing.