3. • Concrete is second only to water as the most consumed
substance on Earth, with almost one ton of it being used for
each human every year on the planet earth
• one of the largest greenhouse gas emitting, highly energy
and natural resource consuming industries
4. • To assess the life cycle of Portland cement
manufacturing process to minimize the
environmental impact.
5. • Types :
1) Hydro process (Wet process)
2) Pyro process (Dry process)
• Considering life cycle of cement, it undergoes various
chemical and physical transformations.
• Considering product system:
• Inputs: Raw materials and energy (Electricity and fuel
sources)
• Outputs: Principal product, Emissions to air, solid waste, other
environmental interactions
6. Lime Stone Mining
Crushing
Stacking and reclaiming
Raw material grinding
Raw meal storage and blending
Preheating and burning
Clinker cooling
Clinker storage
Clinker grinding
Cement storage in silos
Packing and dispatch
Use
Disposal
Other raw material Water effluents
Airborne emissions
Solid waste
Other environmental
interactions
Energy
8. • Cement is an inorganic, non-metallic substance with hydraulic binding
properties, and is used as a bonding agent in building materials.
Cement
Compound
Weight
Percentage
Chemical Formula Abbreviated
Notation
Tricalcium silicate 50 Ca3SiO5 or
3CaO•SiO2
C3S
Dicalcium silicate 25 Ca2SiO4 or
2CaO•SiO2
C2S
Tricalcium
aluminate
10 Ca3Al2O6 or 3CaO
•Al2O3
C3A
Tetracalcium
aluminoferrite
10 Ca4Al2Fe2O10 or
CaO•Al2O3•Fe2O3
C4AF
Gypsum 5 CaSO4•2H2O
9.
10. • To assess the potential environmental impact due to
cement manufacturing process
• Purpose of this study is the outcomes and conclusions will
be beneficial for SriLankan cement industry so as to tackle
with environmental impacts, energy efficiency and cost
effectiveness.
11. • The scope of the project focuses on the raw material
acquisition, processing, and product manufacturing stages
i.e. lime stone mining to Cement.
12.
13. Emissions
( e.g. CFCs)
Chemical reaction
releases Cl, Br
Cl, Br destroy ozone Midpoint
( Ozone depletion potential ODP )
Less ozone allows
increased UVB radiation -
Endpoint
Skin cancer
Crop damage
Immune
system
suppression
Cataracts
Marine life
damage
Damage to
materials like
plastics
14. The categories of the environmental problems
• Resource depletion/Abiotic depletion ADP
• Global warming , GWP
• Acidification, AP
• Photo-oxidant formation, POCP
• Eutrophication, EP
• Human toxicity, HTP
15. • Graphical presentation of emitted particulate mater based on functional unit
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
R & K exhaust Cooler Cement mill Coal mill LM crusher
kg/tonLMcrusherofcement
17. • SriLankan cement industry is one of the most growing industrial
sector.
• SriLanka’s per capita cement consumption is below than the
world average per capita cement consumption.
• There are many new cement manufacturing units and
cement grinding units are in progress in India.
• Still the reliable and acceptable LCA are not available for
specifically SriLankan conditions.
• The LCAs should be carried out for different types of cement.
The LCA of cement will help to better use of natural resources
with minimized environmental impact.
18. • Enclosing cement mill section and using rubber curtains as a barriers for dust.
• Control the corrosion of different transfer platforms.
• Provision of dust suction facility at ground level
• A comprehensive norm for cement industry (covering all pollutants, when
coal and/or alternate fuels are used.)
• Incentivizing the use of wastes as raw materials / fuels.
19. • Efforts for enrichment of low grade limestone
• Shifting emphasis from environment control to environment protection
(using globally accepted decision making tools like LCA to operational
mines.)
• Utilization of biodiesel for quarrying operations to lower lifecycle
emission profiles. Conclusions/ Recommendations
• Encouraging cement plants to take up LCA studies voluntarily for
continual improvement.
• Waste heat recovery system
20. • National policy to systemize supply on long term basis for
consistent quality waste derived fuel.
• Encouraging manufacture of blended cement and
incentivizing the conversion of OPC grinding facilities to PPC.
• Optimization of supply & distribution of fly ash within a cluster.
• Encouraging production of low energy cement.
• Encouraging creation of additional grinding capacities near
demand centers (Split location).
21. • Policy initiatives to discourage the usage of packed cement bags for
large infrastructure projects and bulk consumers.
• Encouraging the investments in bulk material handling and transport
facilities to bring down seepage loss
• Encouraging the cement plants to practice common / strategic
sourcing across the cement sector for environmental improvement in a
cluster.
• Encouraging creation of a Environmental Data Bank shared sourcing
center, (NCB as nodal agency to share experience and technical
participation).
22. REFERENCE
• Vijay Kulkarni and Ramachandran, T.V. 2009, Environmental Management,
• Ralph Home, Tim Grant and Karli Varghese, Published by CSIRO Publishing, 2009, Life Cycle Assessment –
Principles, practices and prospects
• INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 14040, First edition 1997-06- 15,
• Life Cycle Assessment: A Tool for Evaluating and Comparing Different Treatment Options for Plastic Wastes
• UNEP LCA Training Kit, Module e – Impact assessment, Life Cycle
• Internet access
• www.lcacenter.org
• http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/index.html
• http://www.scienceinthebox.com/en_UK/sustainability/lifecycleassessment_en. html
• http://www.youtube/lx3945tyr0
