8. David Parlett
⢠Games historian
⢠Formal game versus informal play
⢠Game has two components
1. Ends - A goal
2. Means - A way to achieve that goal
9. Clark C. Abt
⢠Serious Games
⢠Activity
⢠Decision Makers
⢠Objectives
⢠Limiting context
10. Johann Huizinga
⢠Homo Ludens
⢠The Magic Circle
⢠Is outside ordinary life
⢠not serious
⢠utterly absorbing
⢠not associated with gain or proďŹt
⢠space and time boundaries
⢠has rules
⢠creates separate social groups
11. Roger Callois
⢠Man, Play and Games
⢠Play
⢠Free
⢠Separate
⢠Uncertain
⢠Unproductive
⢠Rules
⢠Make-believe
12. Bernard Suits
⢠Philosopher
⢠Grasshopper: Games, Life, and Utopia
⢠Activity
⢠Voluntary
⢠Changes state
⢠Rules
⢠InefďŹciency
⢠Rules are accepted
13. Chris Crawford
⢠The Art of Computer Game Design
⢠Representation
⢠Interaction
⢠ConďŹict
⢠Safety
14. Greg Costikyan
⢠quot;I Have No Words and I Must Designquot;
⢠Art or a form of culture
⢠Decision-making players
⢠Resource management
⢠Game tokens
⢠Goal
15. Brian Sutton-Smith
⢠The Study of Games
⢠Exercise of control systems
⢠Voluntary
⢠Contest between powers
⢠ConďŹned by rules
⢠Disequilibrial outcome
16. Salen and Zimmerman
⢠Rules of Play
⢠System
⢠Players
⢠ArtiďŹcial
⢠ConďŹict
⢠Rules
⢠QuantiďŹable outcome
17. Tracy Fullerton
⢠Closed, formal system that
⢠Engages players in structured conďŹict and
⢠Resolves its uncertainty in an unequal
outcome
18. Sutton-
Parlett Abt Huizinga Caillois Suits Crawford Costikyan S & Z Fullerton
Smith
Has rules â â â â â â â â â
ConďŹict or contest â â â â â
Goal oriented/outcome
â â â â â â â
oriented
Acitivity, process or
â â â â
event
Involves descision
â â â
making
Not serious and
â
Absorbing
Never associated with
â â
material gain
ArtiďŹcial/Safe/Outside
â â â â â
ordinary life/Boundaries
Creates special social
â
groups
Voluntary â â â
Uncertain â
Make believe/
â â
Representational
InefďŹcient â
Systems of parts/
â â â â
Resources and Tokens
A form of art â
Has players â â â â
19. The player perspective
⢠Flip the deďŹnition on its head
⢠Who is playing
⢠Are they playing
⢠Michael Apter & Paratelic states
20. Telic state Paratelic state
pleasant awareness
detachment
(relaxed) (fun)
tone
anxiety
repression
unpleasant (stress)
(tense)
low high
withdrawn arousal interested
From Michael Apter
21. Is it a game?
⢠Look at these online
⢠Darfur is Dying
⢠Alarmingly These Are Not Lovesick Zombies
⢠Chorewars
22. Summary
⢠What are games?
⢠Problems for deďŹnitions.
⢠Does taking a player approach solve this?