Name : Patel Dharmik . R.
Branch :- Electrical
En. No. :- 151040109013
Roll no. :- 10

Global Warming
What is it?

What is Global Warming and What
is the Greenhouse Effect?
• Global Warming: Global warming refers to an average increase in
the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in the global
climate.
• The Greenhouse Effect: The warming of the atmosphere by the
trapping of long wave radiation being radiated to space. The gases
most responsible for this effect are water vapor and carbon dioxide.
• But how does the Greenhouse Effect work?

The Greenhouse Effect
• The Greenhouse Effect is unquestionably real and helps to
regulate the temperature of our planet. It is essential for life on Earth
and is one of Earth’s natural processes.
• Without a natural greenhouse effect, the temperature of the Earth
would be about (-18°C) instead of its present (14°C).
• The concern is not with the fact that we have a greenhouse effect,
but whether human activities are leading to an enhancement of the
greenhouse effect
• The Concern is real and the reality is that we are in deed
enhancing the greenhouse effect!!!

What are the Greenhouse Gases?
• Many chemical compounds found in the Earth’s atmosphere act as
“greenhouse gases.” These gases allow sunlight to enter the
atmosphere freely. When sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, some
of it is reflected back towards space as infrared radiation (heat).
Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat
in the atmosphere.
• There are many gases which exist that either directly or indirectly
act as greenhouse gases. Furthermore, some gases have more
dramatic effects then others.

Direct Greenhouse Gases
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Carbon dioxide is without doubt the most well known greenhouse
gas. It is also the greenhouse gas man contributes to most, primarily
through burning fossil fuels. Since the industrial revolution
concentrations of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere have increased
at an even faster rate.
• So how quickly are CO2 levels rising?

Main Sources of CO2
1) Stationary energy consumption (eg. power stations)
- coal fuelled power generation is the worst culprit for carbon dioxide emissions
-Oil and gas fuelled energy generation tends to have a lower carbon dioxide
emission but due to its high use, still accounts for about half of all human
caused C02 emissions.
- Even those energy generation strategies without apparent use of fossil fuels
generally have some associated carbon dioxide emissions. Nuclear power, for
instance, relies on large amounts of electricity for fuel processing and so
indirectly results in carbon dioxide emissions.

Main Sources of CO2
• 2) Transportation
- Globally, transport related emissions of carbon dioxide are growing rapidly.
The use of petroleum as a fossil fuel for transportation dominates carbon
dioxide emissions from this source.
- Despite the rising costs of fuel, fuel consumption levels continue to rise.
The large consumption of gas through vehicles is impacted by many factors
including the following; number of vehicles on the road, types of vehicles on
the road (SUV’s, smart cars, transport trucks, etc), traffic conditions, urban
sprawl (distance vehicles have to travel), and maintenance of vehicles
(emissions tests, oil changes).
- Energy use (stationary and transportation) are the main contributors to
human made CO2.

Direct Greenhouse Gases
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
• Sources: Natural – The Oceans,
the Atmosphere, Soils
Human Made – Agricultural soils,
Biomass burning, Livestock,
Transportation

Indirect Greenhouse Gases
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) act as indirect greenhouse gases by producing the
tropospheric greenhouse gas 'ozone' during their breakdown in the
atmosphere.
• Carbon monoxide (CO) - can lead to the formation of the tropospheric
greenhouse gas 'ozone'.
• Hydrogen (H2) - hydrogen increases the lifetime of some direct greenhouse
gases, such as methane.
• Volatile organic compounds or VOCs - encompasses many compounds
including hydrocarbons, alcohols, and organic acids. Man-made emissions
tend to be concentrated in highly populated areas such as cities

What Might Happen?
Cause and Effects
1) Global temperatures will rise!!!
• Is the climate warming? YES!
• Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.6°C since the
late-19th century, and about 0.2 to 0.3°C over the past 25 years
• How about each year, how hot is it really getting? Lets take a look
at the average temperatures since the 1880’s and see the
projections of where we are going.
• Then we can look at the top 20 hottest ever recorded yearly
temperatures!

2) The Ice is Melting!
• The Ocean waters are already rising due to increases in the earths
temperature (warm water expands!)
• Icebergs don't raise sea levels when they melt because they're
floating, which means they have displaced all the water they're ever
going to.
• Ice on land, like Greenland's, is a different matter. Pour that into
oceans and you deluge shorelines.
• Just an FYI, the melting permafrost will release vast amounts of
trapped carbon (CO2/CH4) into the air.
• Another FYI, glaciers, which have a very high albedo, are
diminishing, so more heat is being absorbed by the earth which will
result in higher temperatures.

Ice is thinning
Antarctica, home to these Adélie penguins, is heating up. The annual
melt season has increased up to three weeks in 20 years.

At sea, in the Canadian high Arctic, a polar bear negotiates what was
once solid ice. Bears are drowning as warmer waters widen the
distance from floe to floe

3) Oceans Currents
• Warmer oceans can be mean colder continents within a hotter
globe.
• Larger amounts of fresh water are being added to our oceans.
• If oceans becomes diluted by freshwater, the salt concentration
drops, and the water gets lighter, idling on top and stalling some
currents.
• Ocean currents running between warm and cold regions serve as
natural thermoregulators, distributing heat from the equator toward
the poles.

4) Drought
• An increase in the occurrence of drought – Areas that lack
precipitation over a long period of time.
• As fast as global warming is transforming the oceans and the ice
caps, it's having an even more immediate effect on land.
• People, animals and plants living in dry, mountainous regions like
the western U.S. make it through summer thanks to snowpack that
collects on peaks all winter and slowly melts off in warm months.
Lately the early arrival of spring and the unusually blistering
summers have caused the snowpack to melt too early, so that by
the time it's needed, it's largely gone.
• Global warming is tipping other regions of the world into drought in
different ways. Higher temperatures bake moisture out of soil faster,
causing dry regions that live at the margins to cross the line into full-
blown crisis.

5) Flora and Fauna
• Hot, dry land can be murder on flora and fauna, and both are taking
a bad hit. Wildfires in such regions as Indonesia, the western U.S.
and even inland Alaska have been increasing as timberlands and
forest floors grow more parched. The blazes create a feedback loop
of their own, pouring more carbon into the atmosphere and reducing
the number of trees, which inhale CO2 and release oxygen.
• With habitats crashing, animals that live there are succumbing too.
Environmental groups can tick off scores of species that have been
determined to be at risk as a result of global warming.
• In Alaska, salmon populations are at risk as melting permafrost
pours mud into rivers, burying the gravel the fish need for spawning.
Small animals such as bushy-tailed wood rats, alpine chipmunks
and piñon mice are being chased upslope by rising temperatures,
following the path of the fleeing trees.

Pacific salmon populations fell sharply in 1997 and 1998,
when local ocean temperatures rose 6 degrees F.

6) Extreme Weather
• As the world warms, some extreme climate events, like the
frequency of heat waves and very heavy precipitation, are expected
to increase.
• Blizzards and snow storms may actually increase in intensity and
frequency in some colder locations
• As climate change gathers pace, devastation caused by extreme
weather is becoming more common.
• Many extreme weather events require energy, often in the form of
heat. As temperatures increase, extreme weather events will tend
to increase in severity.
• The number of hurricanes that occurred in 2004 was the third-
highest number in the 1950-2004 window.
• The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic
hurricane season in recorded history

Bushfires are becoming more and more common due to intense heat
and long periods without precipitation. Bushfire numbers are especially
on the rises in countries like the US and Australia

Tornadoes are increasing in number and in severity, perhaps an effect
of global warming

So what will you do
?

Top 10 Things You can do to
stop Global Warming
• 10.Plant a couple of additional trees around your
home.CO2 reduction = 20 lbs/year
• 9.Use a push mower to cut your lawn instead of a power
mower.CO2 reduction = 80 lbs/year
• 8.Replace your home’s refrigerator with a high-efficiency
model.CO2 reduction = 220 lbs/year
• 7.Buy food or other products with reusable or recyclable
packaging instead of non-recyclable packaging.CO2
reduction=230 lbs/year
• 6.Replace your washing machine with a low-energy, low-
water-use machine.CO2 reduction = 440 lbs/year

Top 10 Things You can do to
stop Global Warming
• 5. Install a solar thermal system to help provide your hot
water.CO2 reduction = 720 lbs/year
• 4. Recycle all of your homes waste: newsprint,
cardboard, glass and metal.CO2 reduction = 850
lbs/year
• 3.Leave your car at home two days a week (walk, bike or
take public transportation to work instead).CO2
reduction = 1,590 lbs/year
• 2. Insulate your home, tune up your furnace, and install
energy efficient shower heads.CO2 reductions = 2,480
lbs/year
• 1.Purchase a fuel efficient car (rated up to 32 mpg or
more) to replace your most frequently used automobile.

Thank you