This presentation was made for training of Technical Working Groups in Swaziland after Dr.Pullanikkatil attended a training in Copenhagen, Denmark on Intended Natinally Determined Contributions (INDC). The presentation covers the climate change adaptation part and provides examples from INDCs of China, Mexico and Morocco.

1. INDCs on Adaptation
Why? How? What?
d_pullani@yahoo.com
Presentation on 8 July 2015 at TWG workshop
Mbabane, Swaziland
Deepa Pullanikkatil (PhD)
CANGO

2. Sharing from workshop in
Copenhagen
19-22 May 2015

3. Climate Change Impacts
 On almost all sectors
 Examples –
 Agriculture
 Forests
 Water

4. Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
Direct impacts from temperature/precipitation.
changes, plus:
• Increased variability in weather
• Extreme conditions (e.g., heat waves, hail storms, wind
storms)
Indirect impacts:
• Changing crop-weed competition dynamics
• Range changes of pests & pathogens
• Less-cold winters allow increase in pests
• Decreased biodiversity in natural ecosystems
(Patterson et al. 1999,FAO 2003, IPCC 2008, 2014)

5. Solutions - Adaptation for Agriculture
Crop management
adjustment
• Crop diversification
• Use of improved crop varieties
Livestock
management
adjustment
• Support to traditional breeding through
development of pastoral facilities and
securement capacities in grazing areas
• Increase productivity of livestock by
improving genetic potential and
development of agriculture/livestock
integration
• Support to village poultry farming
*Data collection using ' the latest Non-Annex I national communications'. UNFCC website

6. Irrigation
optimization,
water
management
• Drip irrigation
• Efficient sprinklers
• Reuse of wastewater, water
harvesting technologies
Capacity building
initiatives
• Farming technologies
• Strengthening agricultural data
collection
• Expanding micro credit
• Small business training facilities
Development of
early warning
systems for
extreme climate
events
• Development of early warning
systems for flooding and
development of flood maps and
areas prone to drought or livestock
disease

7. Impacts of climate change on forest
• Vulnerable to water availability (drought and waterlogging)
• Changes to species composition esp. Increase in invasive
species, pests and pathogens
• Changes in ecosystem services e.g. Decrease in pollinators
• Fires and pests plus warming

8. Forests for Adaptation / Adaptation for forests
 Forests have a good place in mitigation, but still relatively 'new' in
adaptation
 "Forests for adaptation“ - a safety net and buffer in times of shock
to reduce vulnerability, medicinal plants, mushrooms, wood
 "Adaptation for forests“- climate change drives changes in forest -
flooding, drought, wildfire, insects
 Fire monitoring
 Afforestation
 Corridors for migration of species
 Removal of invasive alien species

9. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA)
 "the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation
strategy to help people and communities adapt."
• healthy ecosystems are more resilient,
• so keep the forest goods and services functioning (and they can keep supporting the
people and reduce vulnerability)
• multiple social, economic, environmental and cultural benefits:
1. disaster risk reduction (flash floods)
2. livelihood sustenance and food security
3. biodiversity conservation
4. carbon sequestration
5. sustainable water management

10. Water
Impacts on:
 Water quantity
 Water availability
(precipitation frequency,
intensity and run-off)

11. Examples of water-related impacts
 Water supply : Costs, quality and quantity, drainage…
 Ecosyste services: Reduced services (provisioning,
regulating, supporting, cultural (e.g. tourism))
 Energy production: Hydropower,Costs, planning and
supply challenges
 Human health: Contamination, disease (cholera,
malaria)…
 Fishing: Resource depletion, quality reduction, species
inbalance (potential)

12. Main adaptation responses for water
 Increasing water use efficiency -drip irrigation
 Reducing pollution
 Integrated planning and practices within and between
sectors – IWRM
 Modelling of water and climate scenarios
 Recycle, reuse and reduce across uses
 Supply augumentation in the form of rainwater harvesting
and alternative supply sources
 Changes in agricultural land use practice, including crops
and irrigation practices

13. Looked at how climate change will
affect sectors
Agriculture
Forests
Water
Next
Why should we adapt?
Why include adaptation into INDC?

14. Why should we adapt?
 Our contribution to GHG is
minimal, but we face the
impacts of CC
 We do need to urgently
adapt!

15. Why?
 Lima Call for Climate Action "invites all Parties to consider
communicating their undertakings in adaptation planning
or consider including an adaptation component in their
INDCs” (1/CP.20, para 12).

16.  Raise the profile of adaptation planning, action, and needs at the
national and international level
 Articulates a long-term vision of nationally appropriate climate
resilient development
 Gain international recognition for existing national actions and
investments on adaptation
 Move from planning to action by outlining goals, objectives, targets,
activities, and a timeline
 Specify needs for support (information, capacity, technology and
financial) for completion and implementation of the national
adaptation plan and/or activities
Note: Based on UNDP/WRI guide
Why Adaptation in INDCs?

17. • Left open to countries to consider adaptation
Optional
• Either inclusion in INDC or communicating
undertakings in adaptation planning.
• No specification of format or 'instruments'
Flexible
• What will the function of adaptation INDCs
within the UNFCCC be?
• Will they undergo review?
• Will they inform the Adaptation Committee
and/or UNFCCC decisions?
• What is their role vis á vis funding bodies?
Unknown
Adaptation components - framework conditions
Countries have to interpret the function of their INDC on adaptation in
accordance with national priorities and aspirations for Paris outcome

18. Process for developing adaptation components of INDCs:
 Organisation, procedures, key actors, stakeholder engagement,
timeline, etc.
 Country specific and informed by:
 National priorities, key vulnerabilities, risks, impacts, and needs
 Status of NAP and other adaptation planning, strategies and
action processes
 Resources available: time, money, expertise/human resources,
and existing information on climate change and adaptation
How?

19. Possible information on adaptation for INDCs as outlined by
UNDP and WRI (table 7.1):
What (does it look like)

20. Adaptation Contribution
Adaptation goals/Targets for
each key sector
*Provide adaptation goals for key sectors or national
adaptation targets and timeframe
National finance allocation
to address adaptation
*Provide internal finance allocation for addressing
adaptation goals
External finance/investment
needs
*Present external financial/investment support needed
for addressing adaptation goals
Technology needs *Present components of support for external technology
and R&D needs to meet adaptation goals
Capacity building needs *Present details of external support needed for other
components capacity building to meet adaptation goals
Approach to monitor and
report progress towards
INDC-adaptation goals
*Present mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation,
indicators, prioritization processes and institutional
arrangements for achieving INDC adaptation goals

21. The 'what' - examples of sources of information
 National Communications to the UNFCCC; NAPs; TNA and TAP
reports; reports by national, multinational and civil society
organizations; IPCC Fifth Assessment Report; academic
research; national, sub-national or local assessments and
studies; international databases such as insurance industry
databases.
 National planning documents; national policies, regulations, or
procedural guidelines; national or sectoral databases of
projects and programs

23. The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or
goals
Outcome-based Goals/targets
OR
Process based targets
OR
Needs based targets
OR
A combination

24. The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or
goals
Outcome-based Goals/targets: Linked to the ultimate objective of the
Convention and national priorities.
May be qualitative or quantitative.
Examples could include:
 All communities increase their climate-resilience.
 Reduce the population living in areas identified as high risk to climate
hazards by X% by year Y with greater reductions in informal settlements.
 Identify areas at high risk to climate hazards and increase infrastructure
spending by X% by year Y.

25. The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or
goals…
Process-based Goals/targets: Process-based goals: focus on enhancing adaptation
planning, strengthening governance, building adaptive capacity, and mainstreaming
climate risk management into broader development activities.
Examples could include:
 The country has a NAP or equivalent process in place by year Y.
 Selected national government agencies incorporate climate risk screening into
their standard procedures by Year Y.
 Adaptation activities identified by the NAP process are fully resourced and under
implementation by year Y.

26. The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or goals…
Needs-based Goals/targets: focus on obtaining or accessing sufficient
resources (information, capacity, technology and finance) to fully support
identified adaptation needs.
Examples could include:
 A fully functional hydrometeorological reporting service, meeting WMO
standards, is established by year Y, and all citizens have timely access to
hydrometeorological information by year Z
 A climate-related university training program is in place by year X, and Y
students have graduated by year Z.
 Full funding is obtained for the cost of the first five years of the NAP
process.

27. The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or
goals…
Combination goals/targets: a combination of outcome-,
process- and need-based goals.
Examples – China, Morocco, Mexico

28. Example- China
 China is accelerating the implementation of the
National Strategy for Climate Adaptation,
 Strengthen overall resilience, with a sectoral
focus on water resources, urban planning, public
health, and disaster reduction and management.
 Improve its capacity to respond to extreme
climatic events

29. Example- China
 To optimize the allocation of water resources,
 To build watersaving society -recycled water, desalinated sea
water and rain and flood water;
 To enhance resistance to marine disasters and management
of coastal zones and to improve the resilience of coastal
areas against climatic disasters;
 To track, monitor and assess the impact of climate change
on biodiversity;
 To strengthen the construction of forestry infrastructure;

30. Example - China
 To take full consideration of climate change in
the planning, engineering and construction of the
distribution of productive forces, infrastructures
and major projects;
 To improve the emergency response mechanism
for extreme weather and climatic events; and
 To strengthen the development of disaster
reduction and relief management system.

31. Example - Morocco
 The goals for 2020:
 Substitution of water withdrawal (85
million m3 /year) from overexploited
aquifers by withdrawals from surface
water;
 Increase the current area under drip
irrigation from 154,000 ha at present
to 555,000 ha;
 Reconstitutionof forests on 200,000 ha.

32. Example - Morocco
 The goals for 2030:
 Desalination of 285 million m3/year of drinking
water supply to several cities and centres;
 Reuse 325 million m3/year of treated wastewater;
 Construction of 38 new dams and development of
an inventory and the treatment of all sites
vulnerableto flooding;
 Connection to the sewerage system and
wastewater treatment to reach 100 % of urban
areas;

33. Example - Morocco
 Massive conversion of surface and sprinkler
irrigation to drip irrigation over an area of
920,000 ha, resulting in water savings of2.4
billion m3/year;
 Conversion of nearly one million hectares
of grain crops to fruit plantations that are
likely to protect agricultural areas from all
forms of erosion, especially watererosion;
 Treatment to prevent erosion of 1.5million
ha over a periodof 20 years (75,000
ha/year), in 22 priority watersheds.

34. Example - Mexico
 Adaptation goals
 Reduce by at least 50% the number of municipalities in
the category of “most vulnerable” (160 municipalities)
 Achieve 0% deforestation rate by the year 2030
 Establish early warning systems and risk management at
all three levels of government
 Other countries – not include, some referred to their
national communications, Gabon focuses on coastal
erosion

35. Conclusion
The benefits of including adaptation into INDC include:
 Shows our commitment to adapting to change;
 Provides impetus to strengthening Swaziland’s institutional
and technical capacity for adaptation;
 Communicating Swaziland’s resource needs for adaptation;
 Provides targets and timelines for actions.

36. Thank you
Acknowledgement : Materials from INDC training in Copenhagen, UNEP/DTU